<s>
An	O
architectural	B-Architecture
drawing	I-Architecture
or	O
architect	B-Application
's	O
drawing	O
is	O
a	O
technical	B-Application
drawing	I-Application
of	O
a	O
building	O
(	O
or	O
building	O
project	O
)	O
that	O
falls	O
within	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectural	B-Architecture
drawings	I-Architecture
are	O
used	O
by	O
architects	B-Application
and	O
others	O
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
purposes	O
:	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
design	O
idea	O
into	O
a	O
coherent	O
proposal	O
,	O
to	O
communicate	O
ideas	O
and	O
concepts	O
,	O
to	O
convince	O
clients	O
of	O
the	O
merits	O
of	O
a	O
design	O
,	O
to	O
assist	O
a	O
building	O
contractor	O
to	O
construct	O
it	O
based	O
on	O
design	O
intent	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
record	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
planned	O
development	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
record	O
of	O
a	O
building	O
that	O
already	O
exists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectural	B-Architecture
drawings	I-Architecture
are	O
made	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
conventions	O
,	O
which	O
include	O
particular	O
views	O
(	O
floor	B-Application
plan	I-Application
,	O
section	B-Application
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
had	O
a	O
major	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
methods	O
used	O
to	O
design	O
and	O
create	O
technical	B-Application
drawings	I-Application
,	O
making	O
manual	O
drawing	O
almost	O
obsolete	O
,	O
and	O
opening	O
up	O
new	O
possibilities	O
of	O
form	O
using	O
organic	O
shapes	O
and	O
complex	O
geometry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
drawings	O
are	O
created	O
using	O
CAD	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectural	B-Architecture
drawings	I-Architecture
are	O
drawn	O
to	O
scale	O
so	O
that	O
relative	O
sizes	O
are	O
correctly	O
represented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architects	B-Application
normally	O
use	O
a	O
scale	O
ruler	O
with	O
different	O
scales	O
marked	O
on	O
each	O
edge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
disclaimer	O
"	O
Do	O
not	O
scale	O
off	O
dimensions	O
"	O
is	O
commonly	O
inscribed	O
on	O
architects	B-Application
 '	O
drawings	O
,	O
to	O
guard	O
against	O
errors	O
arising	O
in	O
the	O
copying	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
section	B-Application
deals	O
with	O
the	O
conventional	O
views	O
used	O
to	O
represent	O
a	O
building	O
or	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
the	O
Types	O
of	O
architectural	B-Architecture
drawing	I-Architecture
section	B-Application
below	O
for	O
drawings	O
classified	O
according	O
to	O
their	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
floor	B-Application
plan	I-Application
is	O
the	O
most	O
fundamental	O
architectural	O
diagram	O
,	O
a	O
view	O
from	O
above	O
showing	O
the	O
arrangement	O
of	O
spaces	O
in	O
a	O
building	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
a	O
map	O
,	O
but	O
showing	O
the	O
arrangement	O
at	O
a	O
particular	O
level	O
of	O
a	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technically	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
horizontal	O
section	B-Application
cut	O
through	O
a	O
building	O
(	O
conventionally	O
at	O
four	O
feet	O
/	O
one	O
metre	O
and	O
twenty	O
centimetres	O
above	O
floor	O
level	O
)	O
,	O
showing	O
walls	O
,	O
windows	O
and	O
door	O
openings	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
at	O
that	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
context	O
the	O
site	O
plan	O
forms	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
legal	O
agreement	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
requirement	O
for	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
drawn	O
up	O
by	O
a	O
licensed	O
professional	O
:	O
architect	B-Application
,	O
engineer	O
,	O
landscape	O
architect	B-Application
or	O
land	O
surveyor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
elevation	O
is	O
a	O
view	O
of	O
a	O
building	O
seen	O
from	O
one	O
side	O
,	O
a	O
flat	O
representation	O
of	O
one	O
façade	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architects	B-Application
also	O
use	O
the	O
word	O
elevation	O
as	O
a	O
synonym	B-Application
for	O
façade	B-Application
,	O
so	O
the	O
"	O
north	O
elevation	O
"	O
is	O
the	O
north-facing	O
wall	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cross	B-Application
section	I-Application
,	O
also	O
simply	O
called	O
a	O
section	B-Application
,	O
represents	O
a	O
vertical	O
plane	O
cut	O
through	O
the	O
object	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
a	O
floor	B-Application
plan	I-Application
is	O
a	O
horizontal	O
section	B-Application
viewed	O
from	O
the	O
top	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
section	B-Application
view	O
,	O
everything	O
cut	O
by	O
the	O
section	B-Application
plane	O
is	O
shown	O
as	O
a	O
bold	O
line	O
,	O
often	O
with	O
a	O
solid	O
fill	O
to	O
show	O
objects	O
that	O
are	O
cut	O
through	O
,	O
and	O
anything	O
seen	O
beyond	O
generally	O
shown	O
in	O
a	O
thinner	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Observatorium	O
drawing	O
illustrated	O
here	O
,	O
the	O
section	B-Application
shows	O
the	O
dome	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
from	O
the	O
outside	O
,	O
a	O
second	O
dome	O
that	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
seen	O
inside	O
the	O
building	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
space	O
between	O
the	O
two	O
accommodates	O
a	O
large	O
astronomical	O
telescope	O
:	O
relationships	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
difficult	O
to	O
understand	O
from	O
plans	O
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sectional	O
elevation	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
cross	B-Application
section	I-Application
,	O
with	O
elevations	O
of	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
seen	O
beyond	O
the	O
section	B-Application
plane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geometrically	O
,	O
a	O
cross	B-Application
section	I-Application
is	O
a	O
horizontal	O
orthographic	O
projection	O
of	O
a	O
building	O
on	O
to	O
a	O
vertical	O
plane	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
vertical	O
plane	O
cutting	O
through	O
the	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Axonometric	O
is	O
a	O
word	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
by	O
architects	B-Application
for	O
hundreds	O
of	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
axonometric	O
view	O
is	O
not	O
readily	O
generated	O
by	O
CAD	B-Application
programmes	O
which	O
create	O
views	O
from	O
a	O
three	O
dimensional	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Section	B-Application
drawings	O
at	O
large	O
scale	O
are	O
a	O
standard	O
way	O
of	O
showing	O
building	O
construction	O
details	O
,	O
typically	O
showing	O
complex	O
junctions	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
floor	O
to	O
wall	O
junction	O
,	O
window	O
openings	O
,	O
eaves	O
and	O
roof	O
apex	O
)	O
that	O
cannot	O
be	O
clearly	O
shown	O
on	O
a	O
drawing	O
that	O
includes	O
the	O
full	O
height	O
of	O
the	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
full	O
set	O
of	O
construction	O
details	O
needs	O
to	O
show	O
plan	O
details	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
vertical	O
section	B-Application
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
a	O
sash	O
window	O
would	O
be	O
left	O
to	O
the	O
carpenter	O
,	O
who	O
would	O
fully	O
understand	O
what	O
was	O
required	O
,	O
but	O
unique	O
decorative	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
façade	B-Application
would	O
be	O
drawn	O
up	O
in	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perspective	B-Architecture
in	O
drawing	O
is	O
an	O
approximate	O
representation	O
on	O
a	O
flat	O
surface	O
of	O
an	O
image	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
perceived	O
by	O
the	O
eye	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perspective	B-Architecture
is	O
the	O
view	O
from	O
a	O
particular	O
fixed	O
viewpoint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lines	O
leading	O
away	O
into	O
the	O
distance	O
appear	O
to	O
converge	O
at	O
a	O
vanishing	B-General_Concept
point	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
categorization	O
of	O
artificial	O
perspective	B-Architecture
is	O
by	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
vanishing	B-General_Concept
points	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
One-point	O
perspective	B-Architecture
where	O
objects	O
facing	O
the	O
viewer	O
are	O
orthogonal	O
,	O
and	O
receding	O
lines	O
converge	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
vanishing	B-General_Concept
point	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two-point	O
perspective	B-Architecture
reduces	O
distortion	O
by	O
viewing	O
objects	O
at	O
an	O
angle	O
,	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
horizontal	O
lines	O
receding	O
to	O
one	O
of	O
two	O
vanishing	B-General_Concept
points	I-General_Concept
,	O
both	O
located	O
on	O
the	O
horizon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three-point	O
perspective	B-Architecture
introduces	O
additional	O
realism	O
by	O
making	O
the	O
verticals	O
recede	O
to	O
a	O
third	O
vanishing	B-General_Concept
point	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
is	O
above	O
or	O
below	O
depending	O
upon	O
whether	O
the	O
view	O
is	O
seen	O
from	O
above	O
or	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
normal	O
convention	O
in	O
architectural	O
perspective	B-Architecture
is	O
to	O
use	O
two-point	O
perspective	B-Architecture
,	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
verticals	O
drawn	O
as	O
verticals	O
on	O
the	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three-point	O
perspective	B-Architecture
gives	O
a	O
casual	O
,	O
photographic	O
snapshot	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
professional	O
architectural	O
photography	O
,	O
conversely	O
,	O
a	O
view	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
or	O
a	O
perspective	B-Architecture
control	O
lens	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
eliminate	O
the	O
third	O
vanishing	B-General_Concept
point	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
that	O
all	O
the	O
verticals	O
are	O
vertical	O
on	O
the	O
photograph	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
the	O
perspective	B-Architecture
convention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aerial	O
perspective	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
technique	O
in	O
painting	O
,	O
for	O
indicating	O
distance	O
by	O
approximating	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
the	O
atmosphere	O
on	O
distant	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
aerial	B-Application
view	I-Application
or	O
bird	B-Application
's	I-Application
eye	I-Application
view	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
view	O
as	O
seen	O
(	O
or	O
imagined	O
)	O
from	O
a	O
high	O
vantage	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
J	O
M	O
Gandy	O
's	O
perspective	B-Architecture
of	O
the	O
Bank	O
of	O
England	O
(	O
see	O
illustration	O
at	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
this	O
article	O
)	O
,	O
Gandy	O
portrayed	O
the	O
building	O
as	O
a	O
picturesque	O
ruin	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
internal	O
plan	O
arrangement	O
,	O
a	O
precursor	O
of	O
the	O
cutaway	B-Application
view	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
montage	O
image	O
is	O
produced	O
by	O
superimposing	O
a	O
perspective	B-Architecture
image	O
of	O
a	O
building	O
on	O
to	O
a	O
photographic	O
background	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Care	O
is	O
needed	O
to	O
record	O
the	O
position	O
from	O
which	O
the	O
photograph	O
was	O
taken	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
generate	O
the	O
perspective	B-Architecture
using	O
the	O
same	O
viewpoint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architects	B-Application
(	O
and	O
other	O
designers	O
)	O
start	O
investigating	O
a	O
new	O
design	O
with	O
sketches	O
and	O
diagrams	O
,	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
rough	O
design	O
that	O
provides	O
an	O
adequate	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
particular	O
design	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
architects	B-Application
actively	O
seek	O
innovation	O
,	O
thereby	O
increasing	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
problems	O
to	O
be	O
resolved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectural	O
legend	B-Application
often	O
refers	O
to	O
designs	O
made	O
on	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
an	O
envelope	O
or	O
on	O
a	O
napkin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
phases	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
architects	B-Application
use	O
diagrams	O
to	O
develop	O
,	O
explore	O
,	O
and	O
communicate	O
ideas	O
and	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
exploded	B-Application
view	I-Application
diagram	O
shows	O
component	O
parts	O
dis-assembled	O
in	O
some	O
way	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
each	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
on	O
its	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
cutaway	B-Application
view	I-Application
parts	O
of	O
the	O
exterior	O
are	O
omitted	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
interior	O
,	O
or	O
details	O
of	O
internal	O
construction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
common	O
in	O
technical	O
illustration	O
,	O
including	O
many	O
building	O
products	O
and	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
cutaway	B-Application
is	O
in	O
fact	O
little-used	O
in	O
architectural	B-Architecture
drawing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectural	B-Architecture
drawings	I-Architecture
are	O
produced	O
for	O
a	O
specific	O
purpose	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
classified	O
accordingly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
elements	O
are	O
often	O
included	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
sheet	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
a	O
sheet	O
showing	O
a	O
plan	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
principal	O
façade	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Working	O
drawings	O
may	O
include	O
tones	O
or	O
hatches	B-Application
to	O
emphasize	O
different	O
materials	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
are	O
diagrams	O
,	O
not	O
intended	O
to	O
appear	O
realistic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
architectural	O
illustrator	O
or	O
graphic	O
designer	O
may	O
be	O
employed	O
to	O
prepare	O
specialist	O
presentation	O
images	O
,	O
usually	O
perspectives	O
or	O
highly	O
finished	O
site	O
plans	O
,	O
floor	B-Application
plans	I-Application
and	O
elevations	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architects	B-Application
need	O
an	O
accurate	O
set	O
of	O
survey	O
drawings	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
their	O
working	O
drawings	O
,	O
to	O
establish	O
exact	O
dimensions	O
for	O
the	O
construction	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
architects	B-Application
have	O
made	O
record	O
drawings	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
understand	O
and	O
emulate	O
the	O
great	O
architecture	O
known	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Renaissance	O
,	O
architects	B-Application
from	O
all	O
over	O
Europe	O
studied	O
and	O
recorded	O
the	O
remains	O
of	O
the	O
Roman	O
and	O
Greek	O
civilizations	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
these	O
influences	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
architecture	O
of	O
the	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Colen	O
Campbell	O
's	O
Vitruvius	O
Brittanicus	O
,	O
illustrations	O
of	O
English	O
buildings	O
by	O
Inigo	O
Jones	O
and	O
Sir	O
Christopher	O
Wren	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Campbell	O
himself	O
and	O
other	O
prominent	O
architects	B-Application
of	O
the	O
era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
comprehensive	O
set	O
of	O
drawings	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
building	O
construction	O
project	O
:	O
these	O
will	O
include	O
not	O
only	O
architect	B-Application
's	O
drawings	O
,	O
but	O
structural	O
and	O
other	O
engineering	B-Architecture
drawings	I-Architecture
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Location	O
drawings	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
general	O
arrangement	O
drawings	O
,	O
include	O
floor	B-Application
plans	I-Application
,	O
sections	O
and	O
elevations	O
:	O
they	O
show	O
where	O
the	O
construction	O
elements	O
are	O
located	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
latter	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
,	O
all	O
architectural	B-Architecture
drawings	I-Architecture
were	O
manually	O
produced	O
,	O
if	O
not	O
by	O
the	O
architects	B-Application
,	O
then	O
by	O
trained	O
(	O
but	O
less	O
skilled	O
)	O
draftsmen	O
(	O
or	O
drafters	O
)	O
,	O
who	O
did	O
not	O
generate	O
the	O
design	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
make	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
less	O
important	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
system	O
has	O
continued	O
with	O
CAD	B-Application
drafting	O
:	O
many	O
design	O
architects	B-Application
have	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
knowledge	O
of	O
CAD	B-Application
software	I-Application
programmes	O
,	O
relying	O
upon	O
others	O
to	O
take	O
their	O
designs	O
beyond	O
the	O
sketch	O
stage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
traditional	O
tools	O
of	O
the	O
architect	B-Application
were	O
the	O
drawing	O
board	O
or	O
drafting	O
table	O
,	O
T-square	B-Application
and	O
set	O
squares	O
,	O
protractor	O
,	O
compasses	O
,	O
pencil	B-Device
,	O
and	O
drawing	O
pens	O
of	O
different	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lettering	O
would	O
either	O
be	O
done	O
by	O
hand	O
,	O
mechanically	O
using	O
a	O
stencil	B-Algorithm
,	O
or	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ink	O
lines	O
were	O
drawn	O
with	O
a	O
ruling	B-Application
pen	I-Application
,	O
a	O
relatively	O
sophisticated	O
device	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
dip-in	O
pen	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
adjustable	O
line	O
width	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
producing	O
a	O
very	O
fine	O
controlled	O
line	O
width	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developments	O
in	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
included	O
the	O
parallel	O
motion	O
drawing	O
board	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
more	O
complex	O
improvements	O
on	O
the	O
basic	O
T-square	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
reliable	O
technical	B-Application
drawing	I-Application
pens	O
allowed	O
for	O
faster	O
drafting	O
and	O
stenciled	O
lettering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer-aided	B-Application
design	I-Application
(	O
generally	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
acronym	O
CAD	B-Application
)	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
computer	O
software	O
to	O
create	O
drawings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
technical	B-Application
drawings	I-Application
of	O
all	O
kinds	O
are	O
made	O
using	O
CAD	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
CAD	B-Application
drawing	O
encourages	O
a	O
proliferation	O
of	O
detail	O
and	O
increased	O
expectations	O
of	O
accuracy	O
,	O
aspects	O
which	O
reduce	O
the	O
efficiency	O
originally	O
expected	O
from	O
the	O
move	O
to	O
computerization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Professional	O
CAD	B-Application
software	I-Application
such	O
as	O
AutoCAD	B-Algorithm
is	O
complex	O
and	O
requires	O
both	O
training	O
and	O
experience	O
before	O
the	O
operator	O
becomes	O
fully	O
productive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
skilled	O
CAD	B-Application
operators	O
are	O
often	O
divorced	O
from	O
the	O
design	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simpler	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
SketchUp	B-Application
and	O
Vectorworks	B-Application
allows	O
for	O
more	O
intuitive	O
drawing	O
and	O
is	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
design	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CAD	B-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
all	O
kinds	O
of	O
drawings	O
,	O
from	O
working	O
drawings	O
to	O
photorealistic	O
perspective	B-Architecture
views	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Architectural	B-Application
renderings	I-Application
(	O
also	O
called	O
visualizations	O
)	O
are	O
made	O
by	O
creating	O
a	O
three-dimensional	O
model	O
using	O
CAD	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
software	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
Autodesk	B-Language
3ds	I-Language
Max	I-Language
)	O
is	O
then	O
used	O
to	O
apply	O
color	O
and	O
texture	O
to	O
surfaces	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
represent	O
shadows	O
and	O
reflections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
is	O
the	O
logical	O
development	O
of	O
CAD	B-Application
drawing	O
,	O
a	O
relatively	O
new	O
technology	O
but	O
fast	O
becoming	O
mainstream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
form	O
of	O
management	O
,	O
not	O
necessarily	O
by	O
the	O
architect	B-Application
,	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
place	O
to	O
resolve	O
conflicting	O
priorities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
starting	O
point	O
of	O
BIM	B-Architecture
is	O
spatial	O
design	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
also	O
enables	O
components	O
to	O
be	O
quantified	O
and	O
scheduled	O
directly	O
from	O
the	O
information	O
embedded	O
in	O
the	O
model	O
..	O
Building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modelling	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
into	O
3	O
different	O
levels	O
ranging	O
from	O
0-3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
levels	O
represent	O
BIM	B-Architecture
maturity	O
and	O
distinguishes	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
cooperation	O
in	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individuals	O
are	O
working	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
CAD	B-Application
files	I-Application
separately	O
and	O
working	O
using	O
their	O
own	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
architectural	B-Algorithm
animation	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
short	O
film	O
showing	O
how	O
a	O
proposed	O
building	O
will	O
look	O
:	O
the	O
moving	O
image	O
makes	O
three-dimensional	O
forms	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
understand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
animation	O
is	O
generated	O
from	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
hundreds	O
or	O
even	O
thousands	O
of	O
still	O
images	O
,	O
each	O
made	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
an	O
architectural	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
computer-generated	O
building	O
is	O
created	O
using	O
a	O
CAD	B-Application
programs	I-Application
,	O
and	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
realistic	O
views	O
from	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
viewpoints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
’s	O
important	O
to	O
understand	O
that	O
architects	B-Application
are	O
problem	O
solvers	O
and	O
critical	O
thinking	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
since	O
the	O
dawn	O
of	O
man	O
is	O
still	O
being	O
carried	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
pure	O
drafting	O
,	O
which	O
involves	O
manually	O
drawing	O
plans	O
for	O
construction	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
often	O
because	O
of	O
CAD	B-Application
,	O
they	O
are	O
training	O
architects	B-Application
to	O
exercise	O
human	O
centered	O
designer	O
and	O
to	O
dive	O
deeper	O
into	O
the	O
culture	O
to	O
ultimately	O
understand	O
clientele	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Human	O
centered	O
design	O
involves	O
the	O
human	O
perspective	B-Architecture
in	O
all	O
steps	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
process.The	O
unpredictability	O
and	O
complexity	O
of	O
humans	O
are	O
unmatched	O
with	O
any	O
pre-programmed	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
reality	O
in	O
architectural	O
projects	O
helps	O
designers	O
understand	O
spaces	O
from	O
a	O
cognitive	O
perspective	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
coordination	O
is	O
often	O
difficult	O
,	O
programs	O
like	O
BIM	B-Architecture
help	O
improve	O
workflow	O
between	O
both	O
architects	B-Application
clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prints	O
of	O
architectural	B-Architecture
drawings	I-Architecture
are	O
still	O
sometimes	O
called	O
blueprints	B-Application
,	O
after	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
processes	O
which	O
produced	O
a	O
white	O
line	O
on	O
blue	O
paper	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
was	O
superseded	O
by	O
the	O
dye-line	O
print	O
system	O
which	O
prints	O
black	O
on	O
white	O
coated	O
paper	O
(	O
Whiteprint	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
colour	O
printing	O
is	O
now	O
commonplace	O
,	O
it	O
remains	O
expensive	O
above	O
A3	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
architect	B-Application
's	O
working	O
drawings	O
still	O
tend	O
to	O
adhere	O
to	O
the	O
black	O
and	O
white	O
/	O
greyscale	O
aesthetic	O
.	O
</s>
