<s>
The	O
Arabic	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
alphabet	I-Protocol
,	O
Arabizi	B-Protocol
,	O
Franco-Arabic	B-Protocol
(	O
)	O
,	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
Romanized	O
alphabets	O
for	O
informal	O
Arabic	O
dialects	O
in	O
which	O
Arabic	O
script	O
is	O
transcribed	O
or	O
encoded	B-General_Concept
into	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
Latin	O
script	O
and	O
Arabic	O
numerals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
informal	O
chat	O
alphabets	O
were	O
originally	O
used	O
primarily	O
by	O
youth	O
in	O
the	O
Arab	O
world	O
in	O
very	O
informal	O
settings	O
—	O
especially	O
for	O
communicating	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
or	O
for	O
sending	O
messages	B-Device
via	O
cellular	O
phones	O
—	O
though	O
use	O
is	O
not	O
necessarily	O
restricted	O
by	O
age	O
anymore	O
and	O
these	O
chat	O
alphabets	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
other	O
media	O
such	O
as	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
chat	O
alphabets	O
differ	O
from	O
more	O
formal	O
and	O
academic	O
Arabic	O
transliteration	O
systems	O
,	O
in	O
that	O
they	O
use	O
numerals	O
and	O
multigraphs	O
instead	O
of	O
diacritics	O
for	O
letters	O
such	O
as	O
qāf	O
(	O
)	O
or	O
ḍād	O
(	O
)	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
exist	O
in	O
the	O
basic	O
Latin	O
script	O
(	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
that	O
what	O
is	O
being	O
transcribed	O
is	O
an	O
informal	O
dialect	O
and	O
not	O
Standard	O
Arabic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
Arabic	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
alphabets	I-Protocol
also	O
differ	O
from	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
as	O
each	O
is	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
particular	O
phonology	O
of	O
the	O
Arabic	O
dialect	O
being	O
transcribed	O
and	O
the	O
orthography	O
of	O
the	O
dominant	O
European	O
language	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
—	O
typically	O
the	O
language	O
of	O
the	O
former	O
colonists	O
,	O
and	O
typically	O
either	O
French	O
or	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
their	O
widespread	O
use	O
,	O
including	O
in	O
public	O
advertisements	O
by	O
large	O
multinational	O
companies	O
,	O
large	O
players	O
in	O
the	O
online	O
industry	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Microsoft	O
have	O
introduced	O
tools	O
that	O
convert	O
text	O
written	O
in	O
Arabish	B-Protocol
to	O
Arabic	O
(	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Translator	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Arabic	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
alphabet	I-Protocol
is	O
never	O
used	O
in	O
formal	O
settings	O
and	O
is	O
rarely	O
,	O
if	O
ever	O
,	O
used	O
for	O
long	O
communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
last	O
decades	O
of	O
the	O
20th	O
century	O
,	O
Western	O
text-based	O
communication	O
technologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
mobile	O
phone	O
text	O
messaging	O
,	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
email	O
,	O
bulletin	B-Application
board	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
IRC	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
became	O
increasingly	O
prevalent	O
in	O
the	O
Arab	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
users	O
of	O
mobile	O
phones	O
and	O
computers	O
use	O
Arabish	B-Protocol
even	O
though	O
their	O
system	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
displaying	O
Arabic	O
script	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
communication	O
systems	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
IRC	B-Protocol
,	O
bulletin	B-Application
board	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
and	O
blogs	O
,	O
are	O
often	O
run	O
on	O
systems	O
or	O
over	O
protocols	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
code	O
pages	O
or	O
alternate	O
character	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
Arabic	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
alphabet	I-Protocol
has	O
become	O
commonplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
one	O
2020	O
paper	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
survey	O
done	O
in	O
and	O
around	O
Nazareth	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
now	O
"	O
a	O
high	O
degree	O
of	O
normativization	O
or	O
standardisation	O
in	O
Arabizi	B-Protocol
orthography.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
represented	O
using	O
the	O
numeral	O
3	O
because	O
the	O
latter	O
looks	O
like	O
a	O
vertical	O
reflection	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
former	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
many	O
letters	O
are	O
distinguished	O
from	O
others	O
solely	O
by	O
a	O
dot	O
above	O
or	O
below	O
the	O
main	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
character	O
,	O
the	O
transliterations	O
of	O
these	O
letters	O
frequently	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
letter	O
or	O
number	O
with	O
an	O
apostrophe	B-Language
added	O
before	O
or	O
after	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Letters	O
Arabic	O
chat	O
alphabetWriting	O
Arabizi	B-Protocol
:	O
Orthographic	O
Variation	O
in	O
Romanized	O
Lebanese	O
Arabic	O
on	O
Twitter	O
,	O
Sullivan	O
,	O
Natalie	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
The	O
University	O
of	O
Texas	O
at	O
Austin	O
,	O
http://hdl.handle.net/2152/72420Dua'a	O
Abu	O
Elhija	O
(	O
2014	O
)	O
A	O
new	O
writing	O
system	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Developing	O
orthographies	O
for	O
writing	O
Arabic	O
dialects	O
in	O
electronic	O
media	O
,	O
Writing	O
Systems	O
Research	O
,	O
6:2	O
,	O
190-214	O
,	O
DOI	O
:	O
10.1080/17586801.2013.868334	O
IPA	O
2	O
a	O
e	O
è	O
b	O
p	O
t	O
s	O
th	O
t	O
j	O
g	O
dj	O
7	O
h	O
kh	O
7	O
 '	O
5	O
d	O
z	O
th	O
dh	O
d	O
r	O
z	O
s	O
sh	O
ch	O
$	O
s	O
9	O
d	O
dh	O
9	O
 '	O
D	O
t	O
6	O
T	O
z	O
th	O
dh	O
6	O
 '	O
3	O
gh	O
3	O
 '	O
8	O
f	O
v	O
2	O
g	O
q	O
8	O
9	O
k	O
g	O
ch	O
l	O
m	O
n	O
h	O
a	O
e	O
ah	O
eh	O
é	O
,	O
a	O
e	O
eh	O
at	O
et	O
é	O
w	B-Device
o	O
ou	O
oo	O
u	O
y	O
i	O
ee	O
ei	O
ai	O
a	O
é	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
the	O
different	O
varieties	O
of	O
Arabic	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
alphabets	I-Protocol
is	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
particular	O
phonology	O
of	O
the	O
Arabic	O
dialect	O
being	O
transcribed	O
and	O
the	O
orthography	O
of	O
the	O
dominant	O
European	O
language	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
—	O
typically	O
the	O
language	O
of	O
the	O
former	O
colonists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Below	O
are	O
some	O
examples	O
of	O
Arabic	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
alphabet	I-Protocol
varieties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frequent	O
use	O
of	O
y	O
and	O
w	B-Device
to	O
represent	O
ى	O
and	O
و	O
demonstrates	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
English	O
orthography	O
on	O
the	O
romanization	O
of	O
Egyptian	O
Arabic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
in	O
Egyptian	O
Arabizi	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
numeral	O
2	O
can	O
represent	O
either	O
a	O
Hamza	O
or	O
a	O
qāf	O
pronounced	O
as	O
a	O
glottal	O
stop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
characteristics	O
of	O
Franco-Arabic	B-Protocol
as	O
it	O
's	O
used	O
to	O
transcribe	O
Darija	O
is	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
long	O
consonant	O
clusters	O
that	O
are	O
typically	O
unorthodox	O
in	O
other	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
educators	O
and	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
intelligentsia	O
mourn	O
the	O
deterioration	O
and	O
degradation	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
,	O
literary	O
,	O
academic	O
language	O
,	O
conservative	O
Muslims	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Pan-Arabists	O
and	O
some	O
Arab-nationalists	O
,	O
view	O
the	O
Arabic	B-Protocol
Chat	I-Protocol
Alphabet	I-Protocol
as	O
a	O
detrimental	O
form	O
of	O
Westernization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arabic	B-Protocol
chat	I-Protocol
alphabets	I-Protocol
emerged	O
amid	O
a	O
growing	O
trend	O
among	O
Arab	O
youth	O
,	O
from	O
Morocco	O
to	O
Iraq	O
,	O
to	O
incorporate	O
former	O
colonial	O
languages	O
—	O
especially	O
English	O
and	O
French	O
—	O
into	O
Arabic	O
through	O
code	O
switching	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
slang	O
.	O
</s>
