<s>
The	O
Applix	B-Device
1616	I-Device
was	O
a	O
kit	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
produced	O
by	O
a	O
small	O
company	O
called	O
Applix	O
in	O
Sydney	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
from	O
1986	O
to	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
ran	O
a	O
custom	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
multiuser	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
was	O
resident	O
in	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
version	O
of	O
Minix	B-Operating_System
was	O
also	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
1616	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
the	O
MGR	O
Window	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andrew	O
Morton	O
,	O
designer	O
of	O
the	O
1616	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
founders	O
of	O
Applix	O
,	O
later	O
became	O
the	O
maintainer	O
of	O
the	O
2.6	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ltd	O
.	O
in	O
approximately	O
1984	O
to	O
sell	O
a	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
card	O
they	O
had	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	O
IIc	O
that	O
allowed	O
it	O
to	O
run	O
CP/M	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ltd.	O
,	O
was	O
in	O
no	O
way	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
North	O
American	O
company	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
name	O
that	O
produced	O
Applixware	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
running	O
at	B-Device
7.5MHz	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
68010	B-Device
running	O
at	B-Device
15MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
on	O
board	O
bit	B-Algorithm
mapped	I-Algorithm
colour	O
graphics	O
(	O
no	O
"	O
text	O
"	O
mode	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
timing	O
provided	O
by	O
a	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
6845	I-General_Concept
CRT	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
dual	O
RS-232	O
serial	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
using	O
a	O
Zilog	B-Device
Z8530	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
parallel	B-Device
port	I-Device
for	O
Centronics-type	O
printers	O
or	O
general	O
purpose	O
I/O	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
board	O
also	O
had	O
four	O
80-pin	O
expansion	B-Device
slots	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1616	O
shared	O
this	O
backplane	B-Architecture
with	O
a	O
platform	O
developed	O
by	O
Andrew	O
Morton	O
for	O
Keno	O
Computer	O
Systems	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
1616	O
to	O
use	O
expansion	B-Device
boards	I-Device
developed	O
for	O
the	O
Keno	O
Computer	O
Systems	O
platform	O
(	O
primarily	O
the	O
34010	B-General_Concept
graphics	B-Architecture
coprocessor	I-Architecture
)	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
form-factor	O
was	O
different	O
,	O
which	O
left	O
the	O
KCS	O
cards	O
sticking	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
1616	O
case	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
is	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
ZRDOS	O
(	O
a	O
CP/M	B-Application
clone	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
can	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
smart	O
disk	O
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
has	O
an	O
optional	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
implemented	O
in	O
fast	O
Static	B-Architecture
RAM	I-Architecture
and	O
PALs	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
NCR5380	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
hard	O
disk	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
controller	O
was	O
mapped	O
into	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
's	O
address	O
space	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
considerably	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
one	O
on	O
the	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TMS34010	B-General_Concept
card	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Andrew	O
Morton	O
for	O
Keno	O
Computer	O
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
34010	B-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
bit-addressable	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
with	O
instructions	O
for	O
two-dimensional	O
graphics	O
primitives	O
and	O
arbitrary	O
width	O
arithmetic	O
operations	O
on	O
pixel	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philip	O
Hutchison	O
developed	O
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68030	I-Device
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
card	O
(	O
small	O
run	O
of	O
working	O
double	O
sided	O
PCBs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1616/OS	O
was	O
initially	O
little	O
more	B-Device
than	O
a	O
powerful	O
monitor	O
,	O
with	O
commands	O
for	O
dumping	O
and	O
modifying	O
memory	O
,	O
loading	O
and	O
saving	O
to	O
tape	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
built	O
in	O
macro	O
assembler	B-Language
and	O
full	O
screen	O
editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
gained	O
a	O
hierarchical	B-Application
file	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
preemptive	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
,	O
support	O
for	O
multiple	B-Operating_System
users	I-Operating_System
with	O
access	O
controls	O
(	O
although	O
no	O
memory	O
protection	O
)	O
,	O
lightweight	O
threads	O
,	O
message	O
passing	O
primitives	O
and	O
pipes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultimately	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
had	O
around	O
250	O
system	O
calls	O
,	O
and	O
78	O
commands	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
shell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
had	O
enough	O
similarity	O
to	O
Unix	B-Application
that	O
porting	O
Unix	B-Application
source	O
to	O
the	O
1616/OS	O
was	O
relatively	O
painless	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Colin	O
McCormack	O
ported	O
Minix	B-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
1616	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
worked	O
around	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
when	O
fork( )	O
ing	O
by	O
copying	O
BSS	O
,	O
heap	O
and	O
stack	O
of	O
the	O
child	O
and	O
parent	O
processes	O
before	O
scheduling	O
each	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
MMU	O
on	O
the	O
RAM	O
expansion	B-Device
card	I-Device
was	O
developed	O
to	O
support	O
Colin	O
's	O
Minix	B-Operating_System
port	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
's	O
unclear	O
if	O
it	O
was	O
ever	O
used	O
for	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conal	O
Walsh	O
ported	O
the	O
CP/M	B-Application
clone	O
ZRDOS	O
to	O
the	O
Z80-based	O
disk	O
controller	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
operating	O
in	O
this	O
mode	O
,	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
acted	O
as	O
a	O
console	O
for	O
ZRDOS	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
was	O
still	O
possible	O
to	O
suspend	O
the	O
connection	O
to	O
ZRDOS	O
,	O
and	O
run	O
1616	O
programs	O
,	O
provided	O
they	O
did	O
n't	O
need	O
disk	O
I/O	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
strictly	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
MGR	O
windowing	O
system	O
run	O
under	O
1616/OS	O
,	O
but	O
usurped	O
the	O
console	O
video	O
and	O
keyboard	O
,	O
and	O
added	O
virtual	O
tty	O
devices	O
for	O
each	O
window	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Unix	B-Application
and	O
Minix	B-Operating_System
programs	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
be	O
ported	O
to	O
1616/OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
messaging	O
or	O
bulletin	O
board	O
systems	O
were	O
written	O
,	O
including	O
Usenet	B-Application
and	O
Fidonet	O
gateways	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
utilities	O
to	O
allow	O
safe	O
shell-level	O
dial-up	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
collection	O
of	O
1616/OS	O
shareware	O
eventually	O
grew	O
to	O
thirty-one	O
800kB	O
floppies	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
meetings	O
were	O
held	O
on	O
the	O
second	O
Saturday	O
of	O
the	O
month	O
,	O
and	O
often	O
finished	O
well	O
after	O
midnight	O
after	O
consumption	O
of	O
much	O
pizza	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
brought	O
their	O
latest	O
1616-related	O
creations	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
and	O
share	O
,	O
and	O
discussion	O
ranged	O
from	O
hardware	O
design	O
,	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
theory	O
,	O
language	O
design	O
,	O
to	O
politics	O
and	O
philosophy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Mortons	O
sold	O
the	O
shop	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
meetings	O
moved	O
to	O
their	O
house	O
at	B-Device
Yerrinbool	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
Southern	O
Highlands	O
,	O
NSW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
group	O
still	O
meets	O
on	O
the	O
second	O
Saturday	O
of	O
every	O
month	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
many	O
years	O
since	O
an	O
Applix	B-Device
1616	I-Device
has	O
been	O
booted	O
at	B-Device
one	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
everyone	O
being	O
older	O
,	O
the	O
meetings	O
tend	O
to	O
end	O
somewhat	O
before	O
midnight	O
,	O
and	O
pizza	B-Language
is	O
consumed	O
in	O
moderation	O
.	O
</s>
