<s>
Permissions	O
are	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
controlling	O
and	O
regulating	O
access	O
to	O
specific	O
system	O
-	O
and	O
device-level	O
functions	O
by	O
software	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
types	O
of	O
permissions	O
cover	O
functions	O
that	O
may	O
have	O
privacy	O
implications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
access	O
a	O
device	O
's	O
hardware	O
features	O
(	O
including	O
the	O
camera	B-Protocol
and	O
microphone	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
personal	O
data	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
device	O
storage	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
contacts	B-Protocol
list	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
present	O
geographical	B-Application
location	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Permission	O
systems	O
are	O
common	O
on	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
where	O
permissions	O
needed	O
by	O
specific	O
apps	B-Application
must	O
be	O
disclosed	O
via	O
the	O
platform	O
's	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
tablets	B-Device
,	O
typical	O
types	O
of	O
permissions	O
regulate	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
storage	B-General_Concept
and	O
personal	O
information	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
contacts	B-Protocol
,	O
calendar	O
appointments	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
internal	O
camera	B-Protocol
and/or	O
microphone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
communications	O
interfaces	O
(	O
including	O
their	O
hardware	O
identifiers	O
and	O
signal	O
strength	O
where	O
applicable	O
,	O
and	O
requests	O
to	O
enable	O
them	O
)	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Near-field	O
communication	O
(	O
NFC	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
"	O
overlay	O
"	O
themselves	O
within	O
other	O
apps	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OAuth	O
ones	O
)	O
of	O
web	O
services	O
stored	O
in	O
system	O
storage	B-General_Concept
for	O
sharing	O
between	O
apps	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
Android	B-Application
6.0	I-Application
"	I-Application
Marshmallow	I-Application
"	I-Application
,	O
permissions	O
were	O
automatically	O
granted	O
to	O
apps	B-Application
at	O
runtime	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
were	O
presented	O
upon	O
installation	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Marshmallow	B-Application
,	O
certain	O
permissions	O
now	O
require	O
the	O
app	O
to	O
request	O
permission	O
at	O
runtime	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usage	O
of	O
permissions	O
on	O
Android	O
are	O
sometimes	O
abused	O
by	O
app	O
developers	O
to	O
gather	O
personal	O
information	O
and	O
deliver	O
advertising	O
;	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
apps	B-Application
for	O
using	O
a	O
phone	O
's	O
camera	B-Protocol
flash	O
as	O
a	O
flashlight	O
(	O
which	O
have	O
grown	O
largely	O
redundant	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
such	O
functionality	O
at	O
the	O
system	O
level	O
on	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Android	O
)	O
have	O
been	O
known	O
to	O
require	O
a	O
large	O
array	O
of	O
unnecessary	O
permissions	O
beyond	O
what	O
is	O
actually	O
needed	O
for	O
the	O
stated	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
iOS	O
imposes	O
a	O
similar	O
requirement	O
for	O
permissions	O
to	O
be	O
granted	O
at	O
runtime	O
,	O
with	O
particular	O
controls	O
offered	O
for	O
enabling	O
of	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
and	O
location	O
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WebPermissions	O
is	O
a	O
permission	O
system	O
for	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
needs	O
some	O
data	O
behind	O
a	O
permission	O
,	O
it	O
must	O
request	O
it	O
first	O
.	O
</s>
