<s>
Apple	B-Device
M1	I-Device
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
ARM-based	O
systems-on-a-chip	B-Architecture
(	O
SoCs	O
)	O
designed	B-Device
by	I-Device
Apple	I-Device
Inc	I-Device
.	I-Device
as	O
a	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPU	O
)	O
and	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
for	O
its	O
Mac	B-Device
desktops	B-Device
and	O
notebooks	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
and	O
iPad	B-Device
Air	I-Device
tablets	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
chip	I-Device
initiated	O
Apple	O
's	O
third	O
change	B-Device
to	O
the	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
used	O
by	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
switching	O
from	O
Intel	O
to	O
Apple	B-Device
silicon	I-Device
14	O
years	O
after	O
they	O
were	O
switched	B-Device
from	I-Device
PowerPC	I-Device
to	I-Device
Intel	I-Device
,	O
and	O
26	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
transition	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
series	I-Device
to	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
introduction	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
had	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
fastest	O
CPU	B-Architecture
core	I-Architecture
"	O
in	O
low	O
power	O
silicon	O
"	O
and	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
best	O
CPU	O
performance	O
per	O
watt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
successor	O
,	O
Apple	B-Device
M2	I-Device
,	O
was	O
announced	O
on	O
June	O
6	O
,	O
2022	O
at	O
WWDC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
M1	B-Device
chip	I-Device
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
professional-focused	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
and	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
chips	O
in	O
October	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
is	O
a	O
higher-powered	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
,	O
with	O
more	O
GPU	B-Architecture
cores	B-Architecture
and	O
memory	B-General_Concept
bandwidth	I-General_Concept
and	O
a	O
larger	O
die	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
introduced	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
in	O
2022	O
,	O
combining	O
two	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
chips	O
in	O
one	O
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
chips	O
differ	O
largely	O
in	O
size	O
and	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
functional	B-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
:	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
original	O
M1	B-Device
has	O
about	O
16	O
billion	O
transistors	B-Application
,	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
has	O
114	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
both	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
SoC	O
in	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
version	O
5.13	O
on	O
June	O
27	O
,	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
chips	I-Device
contain	O
an	O
architectural	O
defect	O
that	O
permits	O
sandboxed	O
applications	O
to	O
exchange	O
data	O
,	O
violating	O
the	O
security	O
model	O
,	O
an	O
issue	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
mostly	O
harmless	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
has	O
four	O
high-performance	O
"	O
Firestorm	O
"	O
and	O
four	O
energy-efficient	O
"	O
Icestorm	O
"	O
cores	B-Architecture
,	O
first	O
seen	O
on	O
the	O
A14	B-Device
Bionic	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
a	O
hybrid	O
configuration	O
similar	O
to	O
ARM	B-Architecture
DynamIQ	O
and	O
Intel	O
's	O
Lakefield	O
,	O
Alder	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
and	O
Raptor	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
combination	O
allows	O
power-use	O
optimizations	O
not	O
possible	O
with	O
previous	O
Apple	B-Device
–	I-Device
Intel	I-Device
architecture	I-Device
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
claims	O
the	O
energy-efficient	O
cores	B-Architecture
use	O
one-tenth	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
the	O
high-performance	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high-performance	O
cores	B-Architecture
have	O
an	O
unusually	O
large	O
192KB	O
of	O
L1	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
and	O
128KB	O
of	O
L1	O
data	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
and	O
share	O
a	O
12MB	O
L2	O
cache	O
;	O
the	O
energy-efficient	O
cores	B-Architecture
have	O
a	O
128KB	O
L1	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
,	O
64KB	O
L1	O
data	B-General_Concept
cache	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
a	O
shared	O
4MB	O
L2	O
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SoC	O
also	O
has	O
a	O
8MB	O
System	O
Level	O
Cache	O
shared	O
by	O
the	O
GPU	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
and	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
use	O
the	O
same	O
ARM	B-Architecture
big.LITTLE	I-Architecture
design	O
as	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
,	O
with	O
eight	O
high-performance	O
"	O
Firestorm	O
"	O
(	O
six	O
in	O
the	O
lower-binned	O
variants	O
of	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
)	O
and	O
two	O
energy-efficient	O
"	O
Icestorm	O
"	O
cores	B-Architecture
,	O
providing	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
ten	O
cores	B-Architecture
(	O
eight	O
in	O
the	O
lower-binned	O
variants	O
of	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high-performance	O
cores	B-Architecture
are	O
clocked	O
at	O
3228	O
MHz	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
high-efficiency	O
cores	B-Architecture
are	O
clocked	O
at	O
2064	O
MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
eight	O
high-performance	O
cores	B-Architecture
are	O
split	O
into	O
two	O
clusters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
high-efficiency	O
cores	B-Architecture
share	O
4	O
MB	O
of	O
L2	O
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
and	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
have	O
24	O
MB	O
and	O
48	O
MB	O
respectively	O
of	O
system	O
level	O
cache	O
(	O
SLC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
combines	O
two	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
chips	O
in	O
one	O
package	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
20	O
CPU	B-Architecture
cores	I-Architecture
and	O
96MB	O
system	O
level	O
cache	O
(	O
SLC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
integrates	O
an	O
Apple	O
designed	O
eight-core	O
(	O
seven	O
in	O
some	O
base	O
models	O
)	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
GPU	B-Architecture
core	O
is	O
split	O
into	O
16	O
Execution	B-General_Concept
Units	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
each	O
contain	O
eight	O
Arithmetic	B-General_Concept
Logic	I-General_Concept
Units	I-General_Concept
(	O
ALUs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
total	O
,	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
GPU	B-Architecture
contains	O
up	O
to	O
128	O
Execution	B-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
or	O
1024	O
ALUs	O
,	O
which	O
Apple	O
says	O
can	O
execute	O
up	O
to	O
24,576	O
threads	O
simultaneously	O
and	O
which	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
floating	O
point	O
(	O
FP32	O
)	O
performance	O
of	O
2.6	O
TFLOPs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
integrates	O
a	O
16-core	O
(	O
14	O
in	O
some	O
base	O
models	O
)	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
integrates	O
a	O
32-core	O
(	O
24	O
in	O
some	O
base	O
models	O
)	O
GPU	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
total	O
,	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
GPU	B-Architecture
contains	O
up	O
to	O
512	O
execution	B-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
or	O
4096	O
ALUs	O
,	O
which	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
floating	O
point	O
(	O
FP32	O
)	O
performance	O
of	O
10.4	O
TFLOPs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
features	O
a	O
48	O
-	O
or	O
64-core	O
GPU	B-Architecture
with	O
up	O
to	O
8192	O
ALUs	O
and	O
21	O
TFLOPs	O
of	O
FP32	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
uses	O
a	O
128-bit	O
LPDDR4X	O
SDRAM	O
in	O
a	O
unified	O
memory	O
configuration	O
shared	O
by	O
all	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SoC	O
and	O
RAM	O
chips	O
are	O
mounted	O
together	O
in	O
a	O
system-in-a-package	B-Algorithm
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
has	O
256-bit	O
LPDDR5	O
SDRAM	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
has	O
512-bit	O
LPDDR5	O
SDRAM	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
SoC	O
has	O
66.67GB/s	O
memory	B-General_Concept
bandwidth	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
has	O
200GB/s	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
has	O
a	O
400GB/s	O
bandwidth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
comes	O
in	O
memory	O
configurations	O
of	O
16GB	O
and	O
32GB	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
comes	O
in	O
configurations	O
of	O
32GB	O
and	O
64GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
doubles	O
the	O
specs	O
of	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
for	O
a	O
1024-bit	O
or	O
1-kilobit	O
memory	O
bus	O
with	O
800GB/s	O
bandwidth	O
in	O
a	O
64GB	O
or	O
128GB	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
contains	O
dedicated	O
neural	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
hardware	I-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
16-core	O
Neural	O
Engine	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
executing	O
11	O
trillion	O
operations	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
components	O
include	O
an	O
image	B-General_Concept
signal	I-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
PCIe	O
storage	O
controller	O
,	O
a	O
USB4	O
controller	O
that	O
includes	O
Thunderbolt	O
3	O
support	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Secure	O
Enclave	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
,	O
Max	O
and	O
Ultra	O
support	O
Thunderbolt	O
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
has	O
video	O
codec	O
encoding	O
support	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
and	O
H.264	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
decoding	O
support	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
and	O
ProRes	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
,	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
,	O
and	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
have	O
a	O
media	O
engine	O
which	O
has	O
hardware-accelerated	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
ProRes	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
ProRes	B-Algorithm
RAW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
media	O
engine	O
includes	O
a	O
video	O
decode	O
engine	O
(	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
has	O
two	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
video	O
encode	O
engine	O
(	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
has	O
two	O
and	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
has	O
four	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
ProRes	B-Algorithm
encode	O
and	O
decode	O
engine	O
(	O
again	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
has	O
two	O
and	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
has	O
four	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
supports	O
High	O
Power	O
Mode	O
on	O
the	O
16-inch	O
MacBook	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
for	O
intensive	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
supports	O
two	O
6K	O
displays	O
at	O
60Hz	O
over	O
Thunderbolt	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
supports	O
a	O
third	O
6K	O
display	O
over	O
Thunderbolt	O
and	O
a	O
4K	B-Architecture
monitor	I-Architecture
over	O
HDMI	B-Protocol
2.0	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
parameters	O
of	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
processors	O
are	O
doubled	O
in	O
M1	B-Device
Ultra	I-Device
processors	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
essentially	O
two	O
M1	B-Device
Max	I-Device
processors	O
operating	O
in	O
parallel	O
;	O
they	O
are	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
package	O
(	O
in	O
size	O
being	O
bigger	O
than	O
Socket	O
AM4	O
AMD	O
Ryzen	O
processor	O
)	O
and	O
seen	O
as	O
one	O
processor	O
in	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M1	B-Device
recorded	O
competitive	O
performance	O
and	O
efficiency	O
in	O
popular	O
benchmarks	O
(	O
Geekbench	B-Application
5	O
,	O
Cinebench	O
R23	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2020	O
M1-equipped	O
Mac	B-Device
Mini	I-Device
draws	O
7	O
watts	O
when	O
idle	O
and	O
39	O
watts	O
at	O
maximum	O
load	O
,	O
compared	O
with	O
20	O
watts	O
idle	O
and	O
122	O
watts	O
maximum	O
load	O
for	O
the	O
2018	O
6-core	O
Intel	O
i7	O
Mac	B-Device
mini	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
energy	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
M1	B-Device
increases	O
battery	O
life	O
of	O
M1-based	O
MacBooks	B-Device
by	O
50%	O
compared	O
to	O
previous	O
Intel-based	O
MacBooks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
release	O
,	O
the	O
MacBook	B-Device
Air	I-Device
(	O
M1	B-Device
,	O
2020	O
)	O
and	O
MacBook	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
(	O
M1	B-Device
,	O
2020	O
)	O
were	O
praised	O
by	O
critics	O
for	O
their	O
CPU	O
performance	O
and	O
battery	O
life	O
,	O
particularly	O
compared	O
to	O
previous	O
MacBooks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
its	O
release	O
,	O
some	O
users	O
who	O
charged	O
M1	B-Device
devices	O
through	O
USB-C	O
hubs	O
reported	O
bricking	O
their	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Operating_System
Big	I-Operating_System
Sur	I-Operating_System
11.2.2	O
includes	O
a	O
fix	O
to	O
prevent	O
2019	O
or	O
later	O
MacBook	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
models	O
and	O
2020	O
or	O
later	O
MacBook	B-Device
Air	I-Device
models	O
from	O
being	O
damaged	O
by	O
certain	O
third-party	O
USB-C	O
hubs	O
and	O
docks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
flaw	O
in	O
M1	B-Device
processors	I-Device
,	O
given	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
M1racles	O
"	O
,	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
May	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
sandboxed	O
applications	O
can	O
exchange	O
data	O
without	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
knowledge	O
by	O
using	O
an	O
unintentionally	O
writable	O
processor	B-General_Concept
register	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
covert	O
channel	O
,	O
violating	O
the	O
security	O
model	O
and	O
constituting	O
a	O
minor	O
vulnerability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
discovered	O
by	O
Hector	O
Martin	O
,	O
founder	O
of	O
the	O
Asahi	O
Linux	B-Application
project	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
on	O
Apple	B-Device
Silicon	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2022	O
a	O
flaw	O
termed	O
"	O
Augury	O
"	O
was	O
announced	O
involving	O
the	O
Data-Memory	O
Dependent	O
Prefetcher	B-General_Concept
(	O
DMP	O
)	O
in	O
M1	B-Device
chips	I-Device
,	O
discovered	O
by	O
researchers	O
at	O
Tel	O
Aviv	O
University	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Illinois	O
Urbana-Champaign	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Washington	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
MIT	O
researchers	O
announced	O
they	O
had	O
found	O
a	O
speculative	B-General_Concept
execution	I-General_Concept
vulnerability	O
in	O
M1	B-Device
chips	I-Device
which	O
they	O
called	O
"	O
Pacman	O
"	O
after	O
pointer	O
authentication	O
codes	O
(	O
PAC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
