<s>
Lisa	B-Device
is	O
a	O
desktop	B-Device
computer	I-Device
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
released	O
on	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
to	O
present	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
in	O
a	O
machine	O
aimed	O
at	O
individual	O
business	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
underwent	O
many	O
changes	O
before	O
shipping	O
at	O
with	O
a	O
five-megabyte	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
affected	O
by	O
its	O
high	O
price	O
,	O
insufficient	O
software	O
,	O
unreliable	O
Apple	B-Device
FileWare	I-Device
floppy	B-Device
disks	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
immediate	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
cheaper	O
and	O
faster	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Considered	O
a	O
commercial	O
failure	O
(	O
albeit	O
one	O
with	O
technical	O
acclaim	O
)	O
,	O
Lisa	B-Device
introduced	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
advanced	O
features	O
that	O
reappeared	O
on	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
eventually	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatibles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
them	O
is	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
with	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
and	O
a	O
document-oriented	O
workflow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hardware	B-Architecture
was	O
more	O
advanced	O
overall	O
than	O
the	O
forthcoming	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
;	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
included	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
support	O
,	O
capacity	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
2	O
megabytes	O
(	O
MB	O
)	O
of	O
random-access	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
(	O
RAM	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
expansion	O
slots	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
larger	O
,	O
higher-resolution	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
its	O
associated	O
programs	O
(	O
most	O
notably	O
its	O
office	O
suite	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
ad	O
hoc	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
implementation	O
(	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
Motorola	O
MMU	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
placed	O
a	O
high	O
demand	O
on	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
and	O
,	O
to	O
some	O
extent	O
,	O
the	O
storage	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
cost-cutting	O
measures	O
designed	O
to	O
bring	O
it	O
more	O
into	O
the	O
consumer	O
market	O
,	O
advanced	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
delayed	O
availability	O
of	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
and	O
its	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
design	O
process	O
,	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
user	O
experience	O
feels	O
sluggish	O
overall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
workstation-tier	O
price	O
(	O
albeit	O
at	O
the	O
low	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
spectrum	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
)	O
and	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
technical	O
software	O
application	O
library	O
made	O
it	O
a	O
difficult	O
sell	O
for	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
technical	O
workstation	B-Device
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compounding	O
matters	O
,	O
the	O
runaway	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
and	O
Apple	O
's	O
decision	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
itself	O
,	O
mainly	O
via	O
the	O
lower-cost	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
were	O
further	O
impediments	O
to	O
its	O
acceptance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
after	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
was	O
forced	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
project	O
by	O
Apple	O
's	O
board	O
of	O
directors	O
,	O
he	O
appropriated	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
project	O
from	O
Jef	O
Raskin	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
originally	O
conceived	O
of	O
a	O
sub-	O
$	O
1,000	O
text-based	O
appliance	O
computer	O
in	O
1979	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
immediately	O
redefined	O
Macintosh	B-Device
as	O
a	O
less	O
expensive	O
and	O
more	O
focused	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
graphical	O
Lisa	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Macintosh	B-Device
launched	O
in	O
January	O
1984	O
,	O
it	O
quickly	O
surpassed	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
sluggish	O
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
then	O
began	O
assimilating	O
increasing	O
numbers	O
of	O
Lisa	B-Device
staff	O
,	O
as	O
he	O
had	O
done	O
with	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
division	O
after	O
assuming	O
control	O
over	O
Raskin	O
's	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
Lisa	B-Device
models	O
were	O
eventually	O
introduced	O
to	O
address	O
its	O
shortcomings	O
but	O
,	O
even	O
after	O
lowering	O
the	O
list	O
price	O
considerably	O
,	O
the	O
platform	O
failed	O
to	O
achieve	O
favorable	O
sales	O
numbers	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
much	O
less	O
expensive	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
model	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2/10	O
,	O
was	O
rebranded	O
as	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XL	I-Device
to	O
become	O
the	O
high-end	O
model	O
in	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
documentation	O
shipped	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
Lisa	B-Device
only	O
refers	O
to	O
it	O
as	O
"	O
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
"	O
,	O
Apple	O
officially	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
name	O
was	O
an	O
acronym	O
for	O
"	O
Locally	O
Integrated	O
Software	O
Architecture	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
LISA	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
's	O
first	O
daughter	O
was	O
named	O
Lisa	B-Device
Nicole	O
Brennan	O
(	O
born	O
in	O
1978	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
sometimes	O
inferred	O
that	O
the	O
name	O
also	O
had	O
a	O
personal	O
association	O
,	O
and	O
perhaps	O
that	O
the	O
acronym	O
was	O
a	O
backronym	O
invented	O
later	O
to	O
fit	O
the	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andy	O
Hertzfeld	O
states	O
the	O
acronym	O
was	O
reverse	O
engineered	O
from	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Lisa	B-Device
"	O
in	O
late	O
1982	O
by	O
the	O
Apple	O
marketing	O
team	O
,	O
after	O
they	O
had	O
hired	O
a	O
marketing	O
consultancy	O
firm	O
to	O
come	O
up	O
with	O
names	O
to	O
replace	O
"	O
Lisa	B-Device
"	O
and	O
"	O
Macintosh	B-Device
"	O
(	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
considered	O
by	O
Jef	O
Raskin	O
to	O
be	O
merely	O
internal	O
project	O
codenames	O
)	O
and	O
then	O
rejected	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
suggestions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Privately	O
,	O
Hertzfeld	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
software	O
developers	O
used	O
"	O
Lisa	B-Device
:	O
Invented	O
Stupid	O
Acronym	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
recursive	O
backronym	O
,	O
while	O
computer	O
industry	O
pundits	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Let	O
's	O
Invent	O
Some	O
Acronym	O
"	O
to	O
fit	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
began	O
in	O
1978	O
as	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
more	O
modern	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
then-conventional	O
design	O
epitomized	O
by	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
team	O
leader	O
Ken	O
Rothmuller	O
was	O
soon	O
replaced	O
by	O
John	O
Couch	O
,	O
under	O
whose	O
direction	O
the	O
project	O
evolved	O
into	O
the	O
"	O
window-and-mouse-driven	B-Application
"	O
form	O
of	O
its	O
eventual	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
Xerox	O
's	O
Palo	O
Alto	B-Device
Research	O
Center	O
,	O
research	O
had	O
already	O
been	O
underway	O
for	O
several	O
years	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
humanized	O
way	O
to	O
organize	O
the	O
computer	O
screen	O
,	O
today	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steve	O
Jobs	O
visited	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
in	O
1979	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
absorbed	O
and	O
excited	O
by	O
the	O
revolutionary	O
mouse-driven	O
GUI	B-Application
of	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
late	O
1979	O
,	O
Jobs	O
successfully	O
negotiated	O
a	O
payment	O
of	O
Apple	O
stock	O
to	O
Xerox	O
,	O
in	O
exchange	O
for	O
his	O
Lisa	B-Device
team	O
receiving	O
two	O
demonstrations	O
of	O
ongoing	O
research	O
projects	O
at	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Apple	O
team	O
saw	O
the	O
demonstration	O
of	O
the	O
Alto	B-Device
computer	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
see	O
in	O
action	O
the	O
basic	O
elements	O
of	O
what	O
constituted	O
a	O
workable	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
team	O
put	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
work	O
into	O
making	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
a	O
mainstream	O
commercial	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
a	O
major	O
project	O
at	O
Apple	O
,	O
which	O
reportedly	O
spent	O
more	O
than	O
$50million	O
on	O
its	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BYTE	B-Application
credited	O
Wayne	O
Rosing	O
with	O
being	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
person	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
hardware	B-Architecture
until	O
the	O
machine	O
went	O
into	O
production	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
point	O
he	O
became	O
technical	O
lead	O
for	O
the	O
entire	O
Lisa	B-Device
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hardware	B-Architecture
development	O
team	O
was	O
headed	O
by	O
Robert	O
Paratore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
industrial	O
design	O
,	O
product	O
design	O
,	O
and	O
mechanical	O
packaging	O
were	O
headed	O
by	O
Bill	O
Dresselhaus	O
,	O
the	O
Principal	O
Product	O
Designer	O
of	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
with	O
his	O
team	O
of	O
internal	O
product	O
designers	O
and	O
contract	O
product	O
designers	O
from	O
the	O
firm	O
that	O
eventually	O
became	O
IDEO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bruce	O
Daniels	O
was	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
applications	O
development	O
,	O
and	O
Larry	O
Tesler	O
was	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
system	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
interface	O
was	O
designed	O
in	O
a	O
six-month	O
period	O
,	O
after	O
which	O
the	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
applications	O
were	O
all	O
created	O
in	O
parallel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
after	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
was	O
forced	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
project	O
,	O
he	O
appropriated	O
the	O
existing	O
Macintosh	B-Device
project	O
,	O
which	O
Jef	O
Raskin	O
had	O
conceived	O
in	O
1979	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
text-based	O
appliance	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jobs	O
redefined	O
Macintosh	B-Device
as	O
a	O
cheaper	O
and	O
more	O
usable	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
leading	O
the	O
project	O
in	O
parallel	O
and	O
in	O
secret	O
,	O
and	O
substantially	O
motivated	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1981	O
,	O
below	O
the	O
announcement	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
InfoWorld	O
reported	O
on	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
"	O
McIntosh	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
Apple	O
computer	O
secretly	O
under	O
development	O
"	O
to	O
be	O
ready	O
for	O
release	O
within	O
a	O
year	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
described	O
Lisa	B-Device
as	O
having	O
a	O
68000	B-Device
and	O
128KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
"	O
designed	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
at	O
a	O
considerably	O
lower	O
price	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1982	O
,	O
the	O
magazine	O
reported	O
that	O
"	O
Apple	O
's	O
yet-to-be-announced	O
Lisa	B-Device
68000	B-Device
network	O
work	O
station	O
is	O
also	O
widely	O
rumored	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
mouse.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
low	O
sales	O
were	O
quickly	O
surpassed	O
by	O
the	O
January	O
1984	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
were	O
introduced	O
that	O
addressed	O
its	O
faults	O
and	O
lowered	O
its	O
price	O
considerably	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
failed	O
to	O
achieve	O
favorable	O
sales	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
much	O
less	O
expensive	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
project	O
assimilated	O
a	O
lot	O
more	O
Lisa	B-Device
staff	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
revision	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2/10	O
,	O
was	O
modified	O
and	O
sold	O
as	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XL	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high	O
cost	O
and	O
the	O
delays	O
in	O
its	O
release	O
date	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
discontinuation	O
although	O
it	O
was	O
repackaged	O
and	O
sold	O
at	O
$4	O
,	O
995	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
the	O
entire	O
Lisa	B-Device
platform	O
was	O
discontinued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
Sun	O
Remarketing	O
purchased	O
about	O
5,000	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XLs	I-Device
and	O
upgraded	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
Sun	O
Remarketing	O
,	O
Apple	O
disposed	O
of	O
approximately	O
2,700	O
unsold	O
Lisas	B-Device
in	O
a	O
guarded	O
landfill	O
in	O
Logan	O
,	O
Utah	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
receive	O
a	O
tax	O
write-off	O
on	O
the	O
unsold	O
inventory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
leftover	O
Lisa	B-Device
computers	O
and	O
spare	O
parts	O
were	O
available	O
until	O
Cherokee	O
Data	O
(	O
who	O
purchased	O
Sun	O
Remarketing	O
)	O
went	O
out	O
of	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
on	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
systems	O
with	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
to	O
be	O
sold	O
commercially	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
CPU	B-General_Concept
clocked	O
at	O
5MHz	O
and	O
has	O
1MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
speed	O
and	O
model	O
was	O
not	O
changed	O
from	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
1	O
to	O
the	O
repackaging	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	B-Architecture
as	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XL	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
real-time	O
clock	O
depends	O
on	O
a	O
4	O
x	O
AA-cell	B-Algorithm
NiCd	O
pack	O
of	O
batteries	O
that	O
only	O
lasts	O
for	O
a	O
few	O
hours	O
when	O
main	O
power	O
is	O
not	O
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
printers	O
supported	O
by	O
Lisa	B-Device
are	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Dot	I-Device
Matrix	I-Device
Printer	I-Device
,	O
Apple	B-Device
Daisy	I-Device
Wheel	I-Device
Printer	I-Device
,	O
the	O
Apple	O
ImageWriter	O
dot	O
matrix	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Canon	O
inkjet	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
slowest-clocked	O
version	O
of	O
Motorola	O
's	O
68000	B-Device
was	O
a	O
cost-cutting	O
measure	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
was	O
initially	O
expensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
price	O
had	O
come	O
down	O
,	O
Apple	O
had	O
already	O
designed	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
software	O
around	O
the	O
timing	O
of	O
the	O
5MHz	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	B-Device
had	O
been	O
in	O
development	O
for	O
such	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
initially	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
and	O
much	O
of	O
its	O
development	O
was	O
done	O
on	O
a	O
pre-chip	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
much	O
slower	O
than	O
the	O
shipping	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	B-Device
software	O
was	O
primarily	O
coded	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
to	O
save	O
development	O
time	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
high	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sophistication	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
software	O
(	O
which	O
included	O
a	O
multitasking	O
GUI	B-Application
requiring	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
)	O
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
the	O
slow	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
lack	O
of	O
hardware	B-Architecture
graphics	O
acceleration	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
implementation	O
,	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
impression	O
that	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
system	O
was	O
very	O
slow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
productivity	O
study	O
done	O
in	O
1984	O
rated	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
above	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
perhaps	O
countering	O
the	O
high	O
degree	O
of	O
focus	O
on	O
UI	O
snappiness	O
and	O
other	O
factors	O
in	O
perceived	O
speed	O
rather	O
than	O
actual	O
productivity	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
designed	O
to	O
use	O
slower	O
(	O
albeit	O
more	O
reliable	O
)	O
parity	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
features	O
that	O
reduced	O
speed	O
but	O
increased	O
stability	O
and	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	B-Device
is	O
able	O
to	O
operate	O
when	O
RAM	B-Architecture
chips	I-Architecture
failed	O
on	O
its	O
memory	O
boards	O
,	O
unlike	O
later	O
Macintosh	B-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
reducing	O
the	O
cost	O
to	O
owners	O
by	O
enabling	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
partially-failed	O
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
system	O
isolates	O
the	O
failed	O
chip	O
or	O
chips	O
and	O
uses	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
board	O
's	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
particularly	O
important	O
given	O
the	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
individual	O
RAM	B-Architecture
chips	I-Architecture
Lisa	B-Device
used	O
in	O
1983	O
for	O
a	O
consumer	O
system	O
(	O
at	O
around	O
$	O
2,500	O
in	O
cost	O
to	O
Apple	O
per	O
machine	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RAM	B-Architecture
could	O
be	O
upgraded	O
to	O
2	O
MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
later	O
called	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
1	O
,	O
has	O
two	O
Apple	B-Device
FileWare	I-Device
5.25-inch	O
double-sided	O
variable-speed	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
more	O
commonly	O
known	O
by	O
Apple	O
's	O
internal	O
code	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
drive	O
,	O
"	O
Twiggy	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
had	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
very	O
high	O
capacity	O
of	O
approximately	O
871kB	O
each	O
,	O
but	O
proved	O
to	O
be	O
unreliable	O
and	O
required	O
nonstandard	O
diskettes	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Competing	O
systems	O
implementing	O
that	O
level	O
of	O
per-diskette	O
data	O
storage	O
had	O
to	O
utilize	O
much	O
larger	O
8	B-Device
"	I-Device
floppy	B-Device
disks	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
it	O
used	O
a	O
Twiggy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
in	O
the	O
prototype	O
stage	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
launched	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
with	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
Sony	O
400KB	O
3.5	B-Device
"	I-Device
"	O
microfloppy	O
"	O
disk	O
drives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1984	O
also	O
saw	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
revision	O
of	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
included	O
a	O
single	O
Sony	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
provided	O
free	O
upgrades	O
for	O
Lisa	B-Device
1	O
owners	O
to	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
including	O
the	O
replacement	O
of	O
the	O
Twiggy	B-Device
drives	I-Device
with	O
a	O
single	O
Sony	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
shipped	O
with	O
a	O
minifloppy	O
(	O
5.25-inch	O
)	O
drive	O
that	O
stored	O
even	O
less	O
data	O
:	O
360KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
slower	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
the	O
protective	O
shell	O
of	O
the	O
Sony	O
microfloppy	O
drive	O
diskettes	B-Device
,	O
which	O
improves	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
optional	O
external	O
5MB	O
or	O
,	O
later	O
,	O
a	O
10MB	O
Apple	B-Device
ProFile	I-Device
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
(	O
originally	O
designed	O
and	O
produced	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
III	I-Device
by	O
a	O
third	O
party	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2/10	O
,	O
an	O
optional	O
10MB	O
compact	O
internal	O
proprietary	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
manufactured	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Widget	O
"	O
,	O
was	O
also	O
offered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Widget	O
was	O
incompatible	O
with	O
earlier	O
Lisa	B-Device
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
reliability	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
,	O
Apple	O
included	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
Lisa	B-Device
1	O
,	O
several	O
mechanisms	O
involved	O
with	O
disk	O
storage	O
that	O
were	O
innovative	O
and	O
not	O
present	O
on	O
at	O
least	O
the	O
early	O
releases	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
nor	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
block	O
sparing	O
was	O
implemented	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
set	O
aside	O
bad	O
blocks	O
,	O
even	O
on	O
floppy	B-Device
disks	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
feature	O
was	O
the	O
redundant	O
storage	O
of	O
critical	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
information	O
,	O
for	O
recovery	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
corruption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
hardware	B-Architecture
revision	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
January	O
1984	O
and	O
was	O
priced	O
between	O
and	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
much	O
less	O
expensive	O
than	O
the	O
original	O
model	O
and	O
dropped	O
the	O
Twiggy	O
floppy	B-Device
drives	I-Device
in	O
favor	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
400K	O
Sony	O
microfloppy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
has	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
512	O
KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
2/5	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
bundled	O
with	O
an	O
external	O
5	O
-	O
or	O
10-megabyte	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
officially	O
announced	O
,	O
Apple	O
offered	O
free	O
upgrades	O
to	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2/5	O
to	O
all	O
Lisa	B-Device
1	O
owners	O
,	O
by	O
swapping	O
the	O
pair	O
of	O
Twiggy	B-Device
drives	I-Device
for	O
a	O
single	O
3.5-inch	O
drive	O
,	O
and	O
updating	O
the	O
boot	O
ROM	O
and	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
ROM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
's	O
new	O
front	O
faceplate	O
accommodates	O
the	O
reconfigured	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
and	O
it	O
includes	O
the	O
new	O
inlaid	O
Apple	O
logo	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
Snow	O
White	O
design	O
language	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
2/10	O
has	O
a	O
10MB	O
internal	B-Device
hard	I-Device
drive	I-Device
(	O
but	O
no	O
external	O
parallel	O
port	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
standard	O
configuration	O
of	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developing	O
early	O
Macintosh	B-Device
software	O
required	O
a	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
relatively	O
few	O
third-party	O
hardware	B-Architecture
offerings	O
for	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
as	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
earlier	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
AST	O
offered	O
a	O
memory	O
board	O
,	O
which	O
–	O
when	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
standard	O
Apple	O
512	O
KB	O
memory	O
board	O
–	O
expands	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
to	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
of	O
memory	O
,	O
the	O
maximum	O
amount	O
that	O
the	O
MMU	B-General_Concept
can	O
address	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Late	O
in	O
the	O
product	O
life	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
there	O
were	O
third-party	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
SCSI	O
controllers	O
,	O
and	O
double-sided	O
3.5-inch	O
floppy-disk	O
upgrades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
original	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
has	O
expansion	O
slots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
motherboard	O
has	O
a	O
very	O
basic	O
backplane	B-Architecture
with	O
virtually	O
no	O
electronic	O
components	O
,	O
but	O
plenty	O
of	O
edge	O
connector	O
sockets	O
and	O
slots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
RAM	B-Architecture
slots	O
,	O
one	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
upgrade	O
slot	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
slot	O
,	O
all	O
in	O
parallel	O
placement	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
other	O
end	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
three	O
"	O
Lisa	B-Device
"	O
slots	O
in	O
parallel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
1985	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2/10	O
(	O
with	O
integrated	O
10MB	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
)	O
was	O
rebranded	O
as	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XL	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
given	O
a	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	O
kit	O
,	O
enabling	O
it	O
to	O
reboot	O
into	O
Macintosh	B-Device
mode	O
and	O
positioning	O
it	O
as	O
Apple	O
's	O
high-end	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
discontinued	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XL	I-Device
,	O
leaving	O
an	O
eight-month	O
void	O
in	O
Apple	O
's	O
high-end	O
product	O
line	O
until	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
report	O
that	O
many	O
Lisa	B-Device
machines	O
were	O
never	O
sold	O
and	O
were	O
disposed	O
of	O
by	O
Apple	O
is	O
particularly	O
interesting	O
in	O
light	O
of	O
Sculley	O
's	O
decision	O
concerning	O
the	O
increased	O
demand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
features	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
enabled	O
by	O
a	O
crude	O
hardware	B-Architecture
circuit	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
Sun-1	B-Device
workstation	B-Device
(	O
c	O
.	O
1982	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
features	O
a	O
full	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motorola	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
an	O
MMU	B-General_Concept
(	O
memory-management	O
unit	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
ready	O
in	O
time	O
,	O
so	O
third	O
parties	O
such	O
as	O
Apple	O
had	O
to	O
come	O
up	O
with	O
their	O
own	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
sluggishness	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
solution	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
a	O
cost-cutting	O
compromise	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
system	O
differed	O
from	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Application
system	I-Application
which	O
would	O
not	O
gain	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
until	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
,	O
released	O
eighteen	O
years	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Motorola	O
's	O
initial	O
MMU	B-General_Concept
also	O
was	O
disliked	O
for	O
its	O
high	O
cost	O
and	O
slow	O
performance	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
,	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
on	O
elements	O
from	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
III	I-Device
SOS	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
released	O
three	O
years	O
earlier	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
disk	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
also	O
organizes	O
its	O
files	O
in	O
hierarchical	O
directories	O
,	O
as	O
do	O
UNIX	B-Device
workstations	I-Device
of	O
the	O
time	O
which	O
were	O
the	O
main	O
competition	O
to	O
Lisa	B-Device
in	O
terms	O
of	O
price	O
and	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
File	B-Application
system	I-Application
directories	O
correspond	O
to	O
GUI	B-Application
folders	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
previous	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
computers	O
from	O
which	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
borrowed	O
heavily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
first	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
whose	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
could	O
not	O
utilize	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
in	O
its	O
first	O
versions	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
system	O
was	O
designed	O
around	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
being	O
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conceptually	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
resembles	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
envisioned	O
as	O
an	O
office	O
computing	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
resembles	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
from	O
a	O
software	O
standpoint	O
,	O
in	O
that	O
its	O
software	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
integrated	O
"	O
office	O
suite	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
office	O
software	O
suite	O
shipped	O
long	O
before	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
,	O
although	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
constituent	O
components	O
differ	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	B-Device
shipped	O
with	O
no	O
presentation	O
package	O
and	O
Office	O
shipped	O
without	O
a	O
project	O
management	O
package	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
Lisa	B-Device
has	O
two	O
main	O
user	O
modes	O
:	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
Office	I-Device
System	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Workshop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
Office	I-Device
System	I-Device
is	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
environment	O
for	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Workshop	O
is	O
a	O
program	O
development	O
environment	O
and	O
is	O
almost	O
entirely	O
text-based	O
,	O
though	O
it	O
uses	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
text	O
editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
Office	I-Device
System	I-Device
was	O
eventually	O
renamed	O
"	O
7/7	O
"	O
,	O
in	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
seven	O
supplied	O
application	O
programs	O
:	O
LisaWrite	B-Device
,	O
LisaCalc	O
,	O
LisaDraw	O
,	O
LisaGraph	O
,	O
LisaProject	B-Operating_System
,	O
LisaList	O
,	O
and	O
LisaTerminal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
frailties	O
,	O
and	O
costly	O
recalls	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
very	O
high	O
price	O
point	O
,	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
failure	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
in	O
the	O
marketplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NASA	O
purchased	O
Lisa	B-Device
machines	O
,	O
mainly	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
LisaProject	B-Operating_System
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
Computer	O
History	O
Museum	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
releasing	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
Lisa	B-Device
OS	O
,	O
following	O
a	O
check	O
by	O
Apple	O
to	O
ensure	O
this	O
would	O
not	O
impact	O
other	O
intellectual	O
property	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
its	O
40th	O
anniversary	O
on	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
Lisa	B-Device
OS	O
Software	O
version	O
3.1	O
'	O
s	O
source	O
code	O
is	O
available	O
under	O
an	O
Apple	O
Academic	O
License	O
Agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
Apple	O
presented	O
users	O
with	O
what	O
is	O
generally	O
,	O
but	O
imprecisely	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
document-oriented	O
paradigm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
presents	O
tasks	O
,	O
with	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
stationery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
opening	O
LisaWrite	B-Device
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
to	O
begin	O
to	O
do	O
word	O
processing	O
,	O
users	O
initially	O
"	O
tear	O
off	O
stationery	O
"	O
,	O
visually	O
,	O
that	O
represents	O
the	O
task	O
of	O
word	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Either	O
that	O
,	O
or	O
they	O
open	O
an	O
existing	O
LisaWrite	B-Device
document	O
that	O
resembles	O
that	O
stationery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
contrast	O
,	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
most	O
other	O
GUI	B-Application
systems	O
focus	O
primarily	O
on	O
the	O
program	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
accomplish	O
a	O
task	O
—	O
directing	O
users	O
to	O
that	O
first	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
problem	O
is	O
compounded	O
by	O
the	O
contemporary	O
practice	O
of	O
naming	O
programs	O
with	O
very	O
unintuitive	O
names	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Chrome	B-Application
and	O
Safari	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
frequently	O
cited	O
example	O
with	O
Lisa	B-Device
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
LisaTerminal	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
person	O
tears	O
off	O
"	O
terminal	O
stationery	O
"	O
—	O
a	O
broken	O
metaphor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
"	O
power	O
user	O
"	O
could	O
have	O
somewhat	O
laboriously	O
customized	O
the	O
Apple	O
menu	O
in	O
many	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
(	O
prior	O
to	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
)	O
to	O
contain	O
folders	O
that	O
are	O
task-oriented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tab	O
systems	O
are	O
typically	O
add-ons	O
for	O
contemporary	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
and	O
can	O
be	O
organized	O
in	O
a	O
task-based	O
manner	O
—	O
such	O
as	O
having	O
a	O
"	O
web	O
browsing	O
"	O
tab	O
that	O
contains	O
various	O
web	O
browser	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
Linux	B-Application
desktop	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
combine	O
some	O
unintuitive	O
program	O
names	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Amarok	O
)	O
with	O
task-based	O
organization	O
(	O
menus	O
that	O
organize	O
programs	O
by	O
task	O
)	O
—	O
in	O
the	O
desire	O
to	O
make	O
utilizing	O
Linux	B-Application
desktop	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
less	O
of	O
a	O
challenge	O
for	O
those	O
switching	O
from	O
the	O
dominant	O
desktop	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
and	O
Mozilla	B-Application
Firefox	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
opposite	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
paradigm	O
where	O
the	O
brand	O
name	O
and	O
the	O
program	O
name	O
are	O
intentionally	O
made	O
more	O
invisible	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
introduction	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
fully	O
translated	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
and	O
documentation	O
were	O
commercially	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
British	O
,	O
French	O
,	O
West	O
German	O
,	O
Italian	O
,	O
and	O
Spanish	O
markets	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
several	O
Scandinavian	O
versions	O
shortly	O
thereafter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
interface	O
for	O
the	O
OS	O
,	O
all	O
seven	O
applications	O
,	O
LisaGuide	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
diagnostics	O
(	O
in	O
ROM	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
fully	O
translated	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
programming	O
required	O
,	O
using	O
resource	O
files	O
and	O
a	O
translation	O
kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboard	O
can	O
identify	O
its	O
native	O
language	O
layout	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
entire	O
user	O
experience	O
will	O
be	O
in	O
that	O
language	O
,	O
including	O
any	O
hardware	B-Architecture
diagnostic	O
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
several	O
non-English	O
keyboard	O
layouts	O
are	O
available	O
,	O
the	O
Dvorak	O
keyboard	O
layout	O
was	O
never	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
though	O
such	O
porting	O
had	O
been	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
III	I-Device
,	O
IIe	O
,	O
and	O
IIc	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
later	O
done	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keyboard-mapping	O
on	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
is	O
complex	O
and	O
requires	O
building	O
a	O
new	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
kernels	O
contain	O
images	O
for	O
all	O
layouts	O
,	O
so	O
due	O
to	O
serious	O
memory	O
constraints	O
,	O
keyboard	O
layouts	O
are	O
stored	O
as	O
differences	O
from	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
standard	O
layouts	O
;	O
thus	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
bytes	B-Application
are	O
needed	O
to	O
accommodate	O
most	O
additional	O
layouts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
exception	O
is	O
the	O
Dvorak	O
layout	O
that	O
moves	O
just	O
about	O
every	O
key	O
and	O
thus	O
requires	O
hundreds	O
of	O
extra	O
bytes	B-Application
of	O
precious	O
kernel	O
storage	O
regardless	O
of	O
whether	O
it	O
is	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
localization	O
effort	O
resulted	O
in	O
about	O
as	O
many	O
Lisa	B-Device
unit	O
sales	O
outside	O
the	O
US	O
as	O
inside	O
the	O
US	O
over	O
the	O
product	O
's	O
lifespan	O
,	O
while	O
setting	O
new	O
standards	O
for	O
future	O
localized	O
software	O
products	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
global	O
project	O
coordination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
1984	O
,	O
following	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
Apple	O
introduced	O
MacWorks	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
emulation	O
environment	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
to	O
run	O
Macintosh	B-Application
System	I-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacWorks	O
helped	O
make	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
more	O
attractive	O
to	O
potential	O
customers	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
enable	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
emulation	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
until	O
September	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
could	O
not	O
support	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
on	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
1985	O
,	O
re-branded	O
MacWorks	O
XL	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
the	O
primary	O
system	O
application	O
designed	O
to	O
turn	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
into	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XL	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
significant	O
impediment	O
to	O
third-party	O
software	O
on	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
,	O
when	O
first	O
launched	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
Office	I-Device
System	I-Device
could	O
not	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
write	O
programs	O
for	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
separate	O
development	O
OS	O
,	O
called	O
Lisa	B-Device
Workshop	O
,	O
was	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
Lisa	B-Device
Workshop	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
,	O
a	O
Macintosh-native	O
development	O
system	O
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
lifetime	O
,	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
never	O
went	O
beyond	O
the	O
original	O
seven	O
applications	O
that	O
Apple	O
had	O
deemed	O
enough	O
to	O
"	O
do	O
everything	O
"	O
,	O
although	O
UniPress	O
Software	O
did	O
offer	O
UNIX	B-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
III	I-Operating_System
for	O
$495	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Santa	O
Cruz	O
Operation	O
(	O
SCO	O
)	O
offered	O
Microsoft	B-Application
XENIX	I-Application
(	O
version	O
3	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
UNIX-like	B-Operating_System
command-line	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
—	O
and	O
the	O
Multiplan	B-Device
spreadsheet	O
(	O
version	O
2.1	O
)	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BYTE	B-Application
wrote	O
in	O
February	O
1983	O
after	O
previewing	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
that	O
it	O
was	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
development	O
in	O
computers	O
in	O
the	O
last	O
five	O
years	O
,	O
easily	O
outpacing	O
[	O
the	O
IBM	O
PC ]	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
was	O
a	O
commercial	O
failure	O
for	O
Apple	O
,	O
the	O
largest	O
since	O
the	O
failure	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
III	I-Device
of	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
sold	O
approximately	O
10,000	O
Lisa	B-Device
machines	O
at	O
a	O
price	O
of	O
,	O
generating	O
total	O
sales	O
of	O
against	O
a	O
development	O
cost	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
high	O
price	O
put	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
at	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
price	O
realm	O
of	O
technical	O
workstations	B-Device
,	O
but	O
without	O
much	O
of	O
a	O
technical	O
application	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
features	O
that	O
some	O
much	O
more	O
expensive	O
competing	O
systems	O
included	O
were	O
such	O
things	O
as	O
hardware	B-Architecture
graphics	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
(	O
which	O
increased	O
perceived	O
system	O
power	O
by	O
improving	O
GUI	B-Application
snappiness	O
)	O
and	O
higher-resolution	O
portrait	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
requisite	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
paradigm	O
was	O
novel	O
but	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
associated	O
UI	O
snappiness	O
with	O
power	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
that	O
was	O
so	O
simplistic	O
as	O
to	O
miss	O
the	O
mark	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
overall	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
largest	O
Lisa	B-Device
customer	O
was	O
NASA	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
LisaProject	B-Operating_System
for	O
project	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
not	O
slowed	O
purely	O
by	O
having	O
a	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
(	O
the	O
lowest	O
clock	O
offered	O
by	O
Motorola	O
)	O
,	O
sophisticated	O
parity	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
slow	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
interface	O
(	O
for	O
the	O
ProFile	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
graphics	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
(	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
increased	O
cost	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
had	O
its	O
software	O
mainly	O
coded	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
multitask	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
advanced	O
features	O
like	O
the	O
clipboard	O
for	O
pasting	O
data	O
between	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computing	O
critics	O
complained	O
about	O
the	O
relatively	O
primitive	O
hardware	B-Architecture
(	O
"	O
off-the-shelf	O
components	O
"	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
PC	O
but	O
admitted	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
success	O
simply	O
due	O
to	O
IBM	O
's	O
mindshare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
the	O
less-expensive	O
and	O
less-powerful	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
had	O
already	O
become	O
entrenched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
x86	B-Operating_System
platform	O
's	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
with	O
the	O
CP/M	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
was	O
helpful	O
for	O
the	O
PC	O
,	O
given	O
that	O
many	O
existing	O
business	O
software	O
applications	O
were	O
originally	O
written	O
for	O
CP/M	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
attempted	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
PC	O
,	O
via	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DOS	O
was	O
very	O
primitive	O
when	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
OS	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
CLI	O
was	O
familiar	O
territory	O
for	O
most	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1984	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
further	O
eroded	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
marketability	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
public	O
perceived	O
that	O
Apple	O
was	O
abandoning	O
it	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
marketing	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
clashed	O
with	O
promotion	O
of	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
since	O
Apple	O
had	O
not	O
made	O
the	O
platforms	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macintosh	B-Device
was	O
superficially	O
faster	O
(	O
mainly	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
UI	O
responsiveness	O
)	O
than	O
Lisa	B-Device
but	O
much	O
more	O
primitive	O
in	O
other	O
key	O
aspects	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
(	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
famous	O
bomb	O
and	O
completely	O
frozen	O
machines	O
for	O
so	O
many	O
years	O
)	O
,	O
very	O
small	O
amount	O
of	O
non-upgradable	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
no	O
ability	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
(	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
heavy	O
criticism	O
about	O
frequent	O
disk-swapping	O
)	O
,	O
no	O
sophisticated	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
a	O
smaller	O
display	O
(	O
with	O
lower	O
resolution	O
)	O
,	O
lack	O
of	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
,	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
built-in	O
screensaver	O
,	O
inability	O
to	O
multitask	O
,	O
lack	O
of	O
parity	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
lack	O
of	O
expansion	O
slots	O
,	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
calculator	O
with	O
a	O
paper	O
tape	O
and	O
RPN	O
,	O
more	O
primitive	O
office	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
beat	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
in	O
terms	O
of	O
having	O
sound	O
support	O
(	O
Lisa	B-Device
had	O
only	O
a	O
beep	O
)	O
,	O
having	O
square	O
pixels	O
(	O
which	O
reduced	O
perceived	O
resolution	O
but	O
removed	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
display	O
artifacts	O
)	O
,	O
having	O
a	O
nearly	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
having	O
more	O
resources	O
placed	O
into	O
marketing	O
(	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
increase	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
price	O
tag	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
being	O
coded	O
primarily	O
in	O
assembly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
features	O
,	O
like	O
protected	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
,	O
remained	O
absent	O
from	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
platform	O
for	O
eighteen	O
years	O
,	O
when	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
was	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
desktop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
was	O
also	O
designed	O
to	O
readily	O
support	O
multiple	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
making	O
booting	O
between	O
them	O
intuitive	O
and	O
convenient	O
—	O
something	O
that	O
has	O
taken	O
a	O
very	O
long	O
time	O
to	O
achieve	O
since	O
Lisa	B-Device
,	O
at	O
least	O
as	O
a	O
standard	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lisa	B-Device
2	O
and	O
its	O
Mac	O
ROM-enabled	O
sibling	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XL	I-Device
are	O
the	O
final	O
two	O
releases	O
in	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
line	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
April	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
XL	I-Device
is	O
a	O
hardware	B-Architecture
and	O
software	O
conversion	O
kit	O
to	O
effectively	O
reboot	O
Lisa	B-Device
into	O
Macintosh	B-Device
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
Apple	O
offered	O
all	O
Lisa	B-Device
and	O
XL	O
owners	O
the	O
opportunity	O
to	O
return	O
their	O
computer	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
additional	O
payment	O
of	O
,	O
in	O
exchange	O
for	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
and	O
Hard	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
20	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reportedly	O
,	O
2,700	O
working	O
but	O
unsold	O
Lisa	B-Device
computers	O
were	O
buried	O
in	O
a	O
landfill	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
project	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
,	O
borrowed	O
heavily	O
from	O
Lisa	B-Device
's	O
GUI	B-Application
paradigm	O
and	O
directly	O
took	O
many	O
of	O
its	O
staff	O
,	O
to	O
create	O
Apple	O
's	O
flagship	O
platform	O
of	O
the	O
next	O
several	O
decades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
column-based	O
interface	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
utilized	O
by	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
,	O
had	O
originally	O
been	O
developed	O
for	O
Lisa	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
culture	O
of	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
on	O
Lisa	B-Device
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
1988	O
conception	O
of	O
Pink	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
attempt	O
to	O
re-architect	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
of	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
