<s>
The	O
Apple	O
IIGS	B-Device
(	O
styled	O
as	O
II	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
fifth	O
and	O
most	O
powerful	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
family	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
personal	O
computer	O
produced	O
by	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
featuring	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
look	O
and	O
feel	O
,	O
and	O
resolution	O
and	O
color	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
and	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
,	O
it	O
remains	O
compatible	O
with	O
earlier	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
microcomputer	O
is	O
a	O
radical	O
departure	O
from	O
any	O
previous	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
,	O
with	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
65C816	B-General_Concept
microprocessor	B-Architecture
,	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
megabytes	O
of	O
random-access	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
(	O
RAM	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
and	O
bundled	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
from	O
Apple	O
with	O
a	O
color	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
color	O
was	O
introduced	O
on	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
six	O
months	O
later	O
)	O
and	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
interface	O
for	O
keyboards	B-Device
,	O
mice	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
input	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
set	O
forth	O
a	O
promising	O
future	O
and	O
evolutionary	O
advancement	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
line	O
,	O
but	O
Apple	O
chose	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
no	O
new	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
models	O
were	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
ceased	O
IIGS	B-Device
production	O
in	O
December	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
made	O
significant	O
improvements	O
over	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
and	O
Apple	O
IIc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
emulates	B-Application
its	O
predecessors	O
via	O
a	O
custom	O
chip	O
called	O
the	O
Mega	B-Device
II	I-Device
and	O
uses	O
the	O
then-new	O
WDC	B-General_Concept
65C816	I-General_Concept
16-bit	B-Device
microprocessor	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
processor	O
runs	O
at	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
8-bit	O
processors	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
earlier	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
65C816	B-General_Concept
allows	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
to	O
address	O
considerably	O
more	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
clock	O
was	O
a	O
deliberate	O
decision	O
to	O
limit	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
performance	O
to	O
less	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
decision	O
had	O
a	O
critical	O
effect	O
on	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
success	O
;	O
the	O
original	O
65C816	B-General_Concept
processor	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
was	O
certified	O
to	O
run	O
at	O
up	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Faster	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
65C816	B-General_Concept
processor	O
were	O
readily	O
available	O
,	O
with	O
speeds	O
of	O
between	O
5	O
and	O
14MHz	O
,	O
but	O
Apple	O
kept	O
the	O
machine	O
at	O
2.8MHz	O
throughout	O
its	O
production	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
graphical	O
capabilities	O
are	O
superior	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
series	O
,	O
with	O
higher	O
resolution	O
video	O
modes	O
and	O
more	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
clever	O
programming	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
display	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
3,200	O
colors	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Audio	O
is	O
generated	O
by	O
a	O
built-in	O
Ensoniq	O
5503	O
digital	O
synthesizer	O
chip	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
its	O
own	O
dedicated	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
32	O
channels	O
of	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
supports	O
both	O
5.25-inch	O
and	O
3.5-inch	O
floppy	B-Device
disks	I-Device
and	O
has	O
seven	O
general-purpose	O
expansion	O
slots	O
compatible	O
with	O
those	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
,	O
II+	O
,	O
and	O
IIe	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
has	O
a	O
memory	O
expansion	O
slot	O
for	O
up	O
8MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
has	O
ports	O
for	O
external	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
two	O
serial	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
for	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
printers	O
and	O
modems	B-Application
(	O
which	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
network	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
port	O
to	O
connect	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
and	O
composite	O
and	O
RGB	O
video	O
ports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
real-time	O
clock	O
is	O
maintained	O
by	O
a	O
built-in	O
battery	O
(	O
a	O
non-replaceable	O
3.6-volt	O
lithium	O
battery	O
;	O
removable	O
in	O
a	O
later-revision	O
motherboard	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
also	O
supports	O
booting	O
from	O
an	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
server	O
,	O
via	O
the	O
AppleTalk	B-Application
protocol	O
,	O
over	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
cabling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
over	O
a	O
decade	O
before	O
NetBoot	B-Device
offered	O
the	O
same	O
capability	O
to	O
computers	O
running	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	O
8	O
and	O
beyond	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
supporting	O
all	O
graphics	O
modes	O
of	O
previous	B-Device
Apple	I-Device
II	I-Device
models	I-Device
(	O
40	O
and	O
80	O
columns	O
text	O
,	O
Low	O
and	O
Double-Low	O
,	O
High	O
and	O
Double-High	O
resolution	O
)	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
's	O
Video	O
Graphics	O
Chip	O
(	O
VGC	O
)	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
graphic	O
mode	O
called	O
"	O
Super-High	O
Resolution	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
mode	O
offers	O
an	O
increased	O
screen	O
resolution	O
and	O
a	O
vastly	O
wider	O
color	O
palette	O
,	O
with	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
limitations	O
of	O
earlier	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
graphic	O
modes	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
color	O
bleeding	O
and	O
fringing	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
's	O
sound	O
is	O
provided	O
by	O
an	O
Ensoniq	O
5503	O
Digital	O
Oscillator	O
Chip	O
(	O
DOC	O
)	O
wavetable	O
synthesis	O
chip	O
designed	O
by	O
Bob	O
Yannes	O
,	O
creator	O
of	O
the	O
SID	O
synthesizer	O
chip	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chip	O
has	O
32	O
oscillators	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
32	O
voices	O
(	O
with	O
limited	O
capabilities	O
when	O
all	O
used	O
independently	O
)	O
,	O
though	O
Apple	O
's	O
firmware	O
pairs	O
them	O
for	O
16	O
voices	O
,	O
to	O
produce	O
fuller	O
and	O
more	O
flexible	O
sound	O
,	O
as	O
do	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
tools	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
the	O
Apple	O
MIDISynth	O
toolset	O
goes	O
even	O
a	O
step	O
further	O
for	O
richer	O
sound	O
,	O
grouping	O
four	O
oscillators	O
per	O
voice	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
limit	O
of	O
seven-voice	O
audio	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
is	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
15-voice	O
system	O
,	O
because	O
one	O
voice	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
sound	O
generator	O
"	O
consisting	O
of	O
two	O
oscillators	O
,	O
is	O
always	O
reserved	O
as	O
a	O
dedicated	O
clock	O
for	O
the	O
sound	O
chip	O
's	O
timing	O
interrupt	O
generator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
Corps	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
audio	O
chip	O
violated	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
1981	O
settlement	O
with	O
the	O
company	O
that	O
prohibited	O
Apple	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
from	O
getting	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
music	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
64	O
KB	O
of	O
dedicated	O
memory	O
(	O
DOC-RAM	O
)	O
on	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
motherboard	B-Device
,	O
separate	O
from	O
system	O
memory	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
Ensoniq	O
chip	O
to	O
store	O
its	O
sampled	O
wavetable	O
instruments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
exploit	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
audio	O
capabilities	O
,	O
during	O
its	O
introduction	O
,	O
Apple	O
sold	O
Bose	O
Roommate	O
amplified	O
speakers	O
for	O
the	O
computer	O
(	O
matching	O
its	O
platinum	O
color	O
and	O
with	O
custom	O
Bose/Apple	O
logo	O
grille	O
covers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
other	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
machines	O
before	O
it	O
,	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
is	O
highly	O
expandable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SCSI	B-Architecture
host	O
adapters	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
connect	O
external	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
devices	O
such	O
as	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
and	O
a	O
CD-ROM	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
mass-storage	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
adapters	O
supporting	O
more	O
recent	O
internal	O
2.5-inch	O
IDE	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
common	O
class	O
of	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
expansion	O
cards	O
is	O
accelerator	O
cards	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Applied	O
Engineering	O
's	O
TransWarp	O
GS	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
original	O
processor	O
with	O
a	O
faster	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applied	O
Engineering	O
developed	O
the	O
PC	B-Device
Transporter	I-Device
,	O
which	O
is	O
essentially	O
an	O
IBM-PC/XT	B-Device
on	O
a	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
cards	O
were	O
also	O
produced	O
,	O
including	O
ones	O
allowing	O
new	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
Ethernet	O
and	O
CompactFlash	B-Device
cards	I-Device
to	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steve	O
Wozniak	O
said	O
in	O
January	O
1985	O
that	O
Apple	O
was	O
investigating	O
the	O
65816	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
that	O
an	O
8MHz	O
version	O
would	O
"	O
beat	O
the	O
pants	O
off	O
a	O
68000	O
in	O
most	O
applications	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
any	O
product	O
using	O
it	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rumors	O
spread	O
about	O
his	O
work	O
on	O
an	O
"	O
Apple	B-Device
IIx	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIx	O
was	O
said	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
CPU	O
,	O
one	O
megabyte	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
better	O
graphics	O
and	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
IIx	O
"	O
was	O
the	O
code	O
name	O
for	O
Apple	O
's	O
first	O
internal	O
project	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
next-generation	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
based	O
on	O
the	O
65816	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
samples	O
of	O
the	O
65816	B-General_Concept
were	O
also	O
problematic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
problems	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
cancellation	O
of	O
the	O
IIx	O
project	O
,	O
but	O
later	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
project	O
was	O
formed	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
updated	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
project	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
released	O
IIGS	B-Device
,	O
was	O
known	O
by	O
various	O
codenames	O
while	O
the	O
new	O
system	O
was	O
being	O
developed	O
,	O
including	O
"	O
Phoenix	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
Rambo	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
Gumby	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
Cortland	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
rumors	O
of	O
several	O
vastly	O
enhanced	O
prototypes	B-Application
built	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
at	O
Apple	O
but	O
none	O
were	O
ever	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mark	O
Twain	O
prototype	B-Application
(	O
named	O
for	O
Twain	O
's	O
famous	O
quote	O
"	O
The	O
reports	O
of	O
my	O
death	O
are	O
greatly	O
exaggerated	O
"	O
)	O
was	O
expected	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
"	O
ROM	O
04	O
"	O
revision	O
(	O
although	O
prototypes	B-Application
that	O
have	O
been	O
discovered	O
do	O
not	O
contain	O
any	O
new	O
ROM	O
code	O
)	O
and	O
featured	O
an	O
8MHz	O
65C816	B-General_Concept
,	O
built-in	O
SuperDrive	B-Device
,	O
2MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
design	O
features	O
from	O
the	O
unsuccessful	O
Apple	B-Device
III	I-Device
lived	O
on	O
in	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
GS/OS	B-Application
borrowing	O
elements	O
from	O
SOS	O
(	O
including	O
,	O
by	O
way	O
of	O
ProDOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
SOS	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
)	O
,	O
a	O
unique	O
keyboard	B-Device
feature	O
for	O
dual-speed	O
arrow	O
keys	O
,	O
and	O
colorized	O
ASCII	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
commemorative	O
celebration	O
marking	O
the	O
10th	O
anniversary	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
series	O
 '	O
development	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
itself	O
celebrating	O
the	O
same	O
anniversary	O
,	O
a	O
special	O
limited	O
edition	O
was	O
introduced	O
at	O
product	O
launch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
its	O
release	O
in	O
September	O
1986	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
making	O
a	O
kit	O
that	O
would	O
upgrade	O
an	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
to	O
a	O
IIGS	B-Device
available	O
for	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
followed	O
an	O
Apple	O
practice	O
of	O
making	O
logic	B-Device
board	I-Device
upgrades	O
available	O
that	O
dated	O
from	O
the	O
earliest	O
days	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
until	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
 '	O
return	O
to	O
Apple	O
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIe-to-IIGS	O
upgrade	O
replaced	O
the	O
IIe	B-Device
motherboard	B-Device
with	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
IIGS	B-Device
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
would	O
take	O
their	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
machines	O
into	O
an	O
authorized	O
Apple	O
dealership	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
IIe	B-Device
motherboard	B-Device
and	O
lower	O
baseboard	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
were	O
swapped	O
for	O
an	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
motherboard	B-Device
with	O
a	O
new	O
baseboard	O
(	O
with	O
matching	O
cut-outs	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
built-in	O
ports	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
metal	O
sticker	O
ID	O
badges	O
replaced	O
those	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
IIe	B-Device
,	O
rebranding	O
the	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Retained	O
were	O
the	O
upper	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
IIe	B-Device
case	O
,	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
speaker	O
and	O
power	O
supply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Original	O
IIGS	B-Device
motherboards	B-Device
(	O
those	O
produced	O
between	O
1986	O
and	O
mid-1989	O
)	O
have	O
electrical	O
connections	O
for	O
the	O
IIe	B-Device
power	O
supply	O
and	O
keyboard	B-Device
present	O
,	O
although	O
only	O
about	O
half	O
of	O
those	O
produced	O
have	O
the	O
physical	O
plug	O
connectors	O
factory-presoldered	O
in	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
mostly	O
reserved	O
for	O
the	O
upgrade	O
kits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
upgrade	O
cost	O
US$500	O
,	O
plus	O
the	O
trade-in	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
existing	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
although	O
functional	O
,	O
lacked	O
a	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
and	O
did	O
not	O
mimic	O
all	O
the	O
features	O
and	O
functions	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cards	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
GS	O
did	O
not	O
fit	O
in	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
's	O
slanted	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
end	O
,	O
most	O
users	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
upgrade	O
did	O
not	O
save	O
them	O
much	O
money	O
once	O
they	O
purchased	O
a	O
3.5-inch	O
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
,	O
analog	O
RGB	O
monitor	O
,	O
and	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
that	O
runs	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
two	O
major	O
categories	O
:	O
8-bit	O
software	O
compatible	O
with	O
earlier	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
systems	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
IIe	B-Device
and	O
IIc	O
,	O
and	O
16-bit	B-Device
IIGS	B-Device
software	O
,	O
which	O
takes	O
advantage	O
of	O
its	O
advanced	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
near-clone	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
was	O
95%	O
compatible	O
with	O
contemporary	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
reviewer	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
successfully	O
ran	O
demo	O
programs	O
that	O
came	O
on	O
cassette	O
with	O
his	O
1977	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
can	O
run	O
all	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
earlier	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
:	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
DOS	I-Operating_System
,	O
ProDOS	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
Pascal	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
the	O
Apple	O
II+	O
,	O
IIe	B-Device
,	O
and	O
IIc	O
,	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
also	O
includes	O
Applesoft	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
and	O
a	O
machine-language	O
monitor	O
(	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
very	O
simple	O
assembly	O
language	O
programming	O
)	O
in	O
ROM	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
even	O
with	O
no	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
loaded	O
from	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
8-bit	O
software	O
runs	O
twice	O
as	O
fast	O
unless	O
the	O
user	O
turns	O
down	O
the	O
processor	O
speed	O
in	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
control	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
System	O
Software	O
utilizes	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
somewhat	O
like	O
GEM	B-Application
for	O
PCs	O
and	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
of	O
contemporary	O
Atari	O
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
System	O
Software	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ProDOS	B-Operating_System
16	I-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
original	O
ProDOS	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
8-bit	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
it	O
was	O
modified	O
so	O
that	O
16-bit	B-Device
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
software	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
it	O
,	O
ProDOS	B-Operating_System
16	I-Operating_System
was	O
written	O
largely	O
in	O
8-bit	O
code	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
take	O
full	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
System	O
Software	O
versions	O
(	O
starting	O
with	O
version	O
4.0	O
)	O
replaced	O
ProDOS	B-Operating_System
16	I-Operating_System
with	O
a	O
new	O
16-bit	B-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
known	O
as	O
GS/OS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
better	O
utilizes	O
the	O
unique	O
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
and	O
includes	O
many	O
valuable	O
new	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
System	O
Software	O
was	O
substantially	O
enhanced	O
and	O
expanded	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
during	O
which	O
it	O
was	O
developed	O
,	O
culminating	O
in	O
its	O
final	O
official	O
version	O
,	O
System	O
6.0.1	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
System	O
Software	O
provides	O
a	O
mouse-driven	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
using	O
concepts	O
such	O
as	O
windows	O
,	O
menus	O
,	O
and	O
icons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
one	O
major	O
application	O
can	O
run	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
although	O
other	O
,	O
smaller	O
programs	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
Desk	B-Application
Accessories	I-Application
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
has	O
a	O
Finder	O
application	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
's	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
manipulate	O
files	O
and	O
launch	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
companies	O
complained	O
that	O
Apple	O
did	O
not	O
provide	O
technical	O
information	O
and	O
development	O
tools	O
to	O
create	O
IIGS-specific	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
reported	O
that	O
both	O
Cinemaware	O
and	O
Intergalactic	O
Development	O
had	O
to	O
write	O
their	O
own	O
tools	O
to	O
maximize	O
their	O
use	O
of	O
IIGS	B-Device
audio	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
latter	O
stating	O
that	O
"	O
these	O
sorts	O
of	O
problems	O
…	O
are	O
becoming	O
well-known	O
throughout	O
the	O
industry	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
System	O
Software	O
can	O
be	O
extended	O
through	O
various	O
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Desk	B-Application
Accessories	I-Application
are	O
small	O
programs	O
ranging	O
from	O
a	O
calculator	O
to	O
simple	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
while	O
running	O
any	O
standard	O
desktop	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Classic	O
Desk	B-Application
Accessories	I-Application
also	O
serve	O
as	O
small	O
programs	O
available	O
while	O
running	O
other	O
applications	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
use	O
the	O
text	O
screen	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
even	O
from	O
non-desktop	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
features	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
features	O
that	O
were	O
never	O
planned	O
for	O
by	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
designers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
known	O
as	O
"	O
Marinetti	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
party	O
UNIX-like	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
kernel	B-Operating_System
was	O
produced	O
,	O
called	O
GNO/ME	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
runs	O
under	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
and	O
provides	O
preemptive	B-Operating_System
multitasking	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
a	O
system	O
called	O
The	O
Manager	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
Finder	O
more	O
like	O
the	O
one	O
on	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
allowing	O
major	O
software	O
(	O
other	O
than	O
just	O
the	O
"	O
accessory	O
"	O
programs	O
)	O
to	O
run	O
simultaneously	O
through	O
cooperative	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
previewing	O
the	O
computer	O
,	O
BYTE	O
stated	O
in	O
October	O
1986	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
designers	O
 '	O
achievements	O
are	O
remarkable	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
burden	O
of	O
the	O
classic	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
architecture	O
,	O
now	O
as	O
venerable	O
(	O
and	O
outdated	O
)	O
as	O
COBOL	B-Application
and	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
,	O
may	O
have	O
weighed	O
them	O
down	O
and	O
denied	O
them	O
any	O
technological	O
leaps	O
beyond	O
an	O
exercise	O
in	O
miniaturization.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
added	O
that	O
"	O
hog-tied	O
by	O
 [ classic ] 	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
compatibility	O
,	O
[	O
the	O
IIGS ]	O
approaches	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
match	O
or	O
exceed	O
current	O
computer	O
capabilities	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
or	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
,	O
and	O
predicted	O
that	O
many	O
vendors	O
would	O
"	O
enhance	O
existing	O
products	O
for	O
the	O
 [ classic ] 	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
instead	O
of	O
writing	O
new	O
software	O
"	O
that	O
fully	O
exploited	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
inCider	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
September	O
had	O
warned	O
that	O
the	O
next	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
"	O
needs	O
(	O
at	O
least	O
)	O
...	O
a	O
megabyte	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
...	O
That	O
's	O
what	O
the	O
market	O
wants	O
"	O
,	O
indeed	O
reported	O
in	O
November	O
that	O
"	O
Rather	O
than	O
risk	O
investing	O
time	O
and	O
money	O
in	O
programs	O
that	O
work	O
only	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
software	O
developers	O
have	O
simply	O
upgraded	O
old	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
programs	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
most	O
interesting	O
program	O
available	O
specifically	O
for	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
at	O
this	O
time	O
is	O
LearningWays	O
 '	O
Explore-a-Story	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
simultaneously	O
for	O
the	O
good	O
old	O
128K	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
and	O
IIc	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
praised	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
"	O
incredible	O
"	O
legacy	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
compatibility	O
,	O
graphics	O
,	O
and	O
sound	O
,	O
stated	O
that	O
only	O
its	O
slower	O
speed	O
made	O
the	O
computer	O
significantly	O
inferior	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
and	O
expected	O
that	O
Apple	O
would	O
soon	O
introduce	O
new	O
products	O
to	O
better	O
distinguish	O
the	O
two	O
product	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
concluded	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
is	O
an	O
incredibly	O
fine	O
computer	O
,	O
arguably	O
the	O
finest	O
assemblage	O
of	O
chips	O
and	O
resistors	O
ever	O
soldered	O
together	O
...	O
Ladies	O
and	O
gentlemen	O
of	O
Apple	O
,	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
user	O
community	O
,	O
you	O
have	O
earned	O
our	O
gratitude	O
and	O
admiration.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
described	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
in	O
November	O
1986	O
as	O
"	O
two	O
machines	O
in	O
one	O
—	O
a	O
product	O
that	O
bridges	O
the	O
gap	O
between	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
,	O
and	O
in	O
so	O
doing	O
poses	O
what	O
may	O
be	O
serious	O
competition	O
for	O
the	O
Commodore	B-Device
Amiga	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
series	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
described	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
graphics	O
"	O
as	O
different	O
as	O
night	O
and	O
day	O
"	O
from	O
the	O
earlier	O
Apple	B-Device
IIs	I-Device
and	O
the	O
audio	O
as	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
class	O
by	O
themselves	O
...	O
 [ it ] 	O
justifies	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
to	O
many	O
music	O
fans	O
and	O
fanatics	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
reported	O
that	O
"	O
well	O
over	O
one	O
hundred	O
outside	O
developers	O
were	O
actively	O
engaged	O
in	O
creating	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
"	O
,	O
and	O
predicted	O
that	O
"	O
as	O
new	O
products	O
are	O
developed	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
,	O
people	O
will	O
move	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
pure	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
and	O
toward	O
the	O
newer	O
titles	O
with	O
their	O
improved	O
performance	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
s	O
Apple	O
Applications	O
in	O
December	O
1987	O
reported	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
that	O
"	O
Many	O
publishers	O
have	O
canceled	O
or	O
postponed	O
their	O
plans	O
for	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
software	O
and	O
instead	O
are	O
cautiously	O
introducing	O
programs	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	O
IIc	O
and	O
IIe	B-Device
"	O
,	O
while	O
"	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
products	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
are	O
simply	O
versions	O
of	O
"	O
older	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
software	O
"	O
that	O
incorporate	O
color	O
and	O
use	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
interface	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
little	O
IIGS	B-Device
software	O
was	O
available	O
,	O
it	O
said	O
,	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
hottest	O
product	O
...	O
is	O
AppleWorks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
mouse	B-Device
interface	O
,	O
no	O
color	O
,	O
no	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
AppleWorks	B-Device
from	O
the	O
IIe	B-Device
and	O
IIc	O
world	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
stated	O
that	O
many	O
customers	O
either	O
chose	O
the	O
slightly	O
more	O
expensive	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
or	O
kept	O
their	O
inexpensive	O
IIc	O
or	O
IIe	B-Device
which	O
ran	O
AppleWorks	B-Device
well	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
"	O
in	O
a	O
strange	O
position	O
"	O
in	O
between	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
is	O
an	O
excellent	O
replacement	O
for	O
the	O
[	O
earlier	O
models	O
from	O
the ]	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
line	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
's	O
awfully	O
late	O
in	O
coming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
is	O
more	O
trailing-edge	O
than	O
leading-edge	O
in	O
many	O
areas	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
speed	O
and	O
graphics	O
inferior	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
and	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
computers	O
,	O
he	O
wrote	O
,	O
have	O
both	O
larger	O
software	O
libraries	O
that	O
use	O
their	O
power	O
and	O
lower	O
prices	O
;	O
Webster	O
found	O
that	O
a	O
IIGS	B-Device
package	O
costing	O
was	O
comparable	O
to	O
a	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
concluded	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
qualified	O
approval	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
:	O
"	O
It	O
was	O
necessary	O
to	O
prevent	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
line	O
from	O
dying	O
off	O
during	O
the	O
next	O
year	O
or	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
BYTE	O
review	O
in	O
April	O
1987	O
concluded	O
that	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
"	O
has	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
powerful	O
computer	O
"	O
but	O
needed	O
a	O
faster	O
CPU	O
and	O
more	O
addressable	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
magazine	O
advised	O
potential	O
customers	O
to	O
compare	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
's	O
more	O
powerful	O
68000	O
CPU	O
with	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
's	O
greater	O
expandability	O
and	O
large	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
software	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
1988	O
urged	O
Apple	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
computer	O
faster	O
,	O
stating	O
that	O
"	O
no	O
matter	O
which	O
way	O
you	O
cut	O
it	O
,	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
is	O
slow	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
IIGS-specific	O
programs	O
could	O
not	O
keep	O
up	O
with	O
user	O
actions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
the	O
magazine	O
stated	O
"	O
One	O
of	O
the	O
biggest	O
complaints	O
of	O
IIGS-specific	O
software	O
is	O
the	O
way	O
it	O
imitates	O
the	O
pace	O
of	O
a	O
zombie	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
You	O
'd	O
think	O
16-bit	B-Device
software	O
had	O
died	O
and	O
voodoo-transformed	O
into	O
a	O
shuffling	O
,	O
stumbling	O
imitation	O
of	O
real	O
computer	O
applications.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
reported	O
that	O
year	O
that	O
after	O
increases	O
in	O
September	O
,	O
a	O
IIGS	B-Device
with	O
color	O
monitor	O
,	O
two	O
disk	O
drives	O
,	O
and	O
ImageWriter	O
II	O
cost	O
more	O
than	O
,	O
a	O
price	O
the	O
magazine	O
called	O
"	O
staggering	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
in	O
production	O
between	O
September	O
1986	O
and	O
December	O
1992	O
,	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
remained	O
relatively	O
unchanged	O
from	O
its	O
inception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
those	O
years	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
Apple	O
did	O
produce	O
some	O
maintenance	O
updates	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
which	O
mainly	O
comprised	O
two	O
new	O
ROM-based	O
updates	O
and	O
a	O
revamped	O
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
rumored	O
that	O
several	O
prototypes	B-Application
that	O
greatly	O
enhanced	O
the	O
machine	O
's	O
features	O
and	O
capabilities	O
were	O
designed	O
and	O
even	O
built	O
,	O
though	O
only	O
one	O
has	O
ever	O
been	O
publicly	O
exposed	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
limitation	O
of	O
this	O
include	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
built-in	O
RAM	B-Application
Disk	I-Application
ca	O
n't	O
be	O
set	O
larger	O
than	O
4MB	O
(	O
even	O
if	O
more	O
RAM	B-Architecture
is	O
present	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
firmware	O
contains	O
the	O
very	O
early	O
System	O
1.x	O
toolsets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
incompatible	O
with	O
most	O
native	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
software	O
written	O
from	O
late-1987	O
onward	O
,	O
and	O
OS	O
support	O
only	O
lasted	O
up	O
to	O
System	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
startup	O
splash	O
screen	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
ROM	O
only	O
displays	O
the	O
words	O
"	O
Apple	B-Device
IIgs	I-Device
"	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
fashion	O
that	O
previous	B-Device
Apple	I-Device
II	I-Device
models	I-Device
identify	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
early	O
production	O
runs	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
had	O
a	O
faulty	O
video	O
graphics	O
controller	O
(	O
VGC	O
)	O
chip	O
that	O
produced	O
strange	O
cosmetic	O
glitches	O
in	O
emulated	B-Application
(	O
IIe/IIc	O
)	O
video	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
users	O
noticed	O
this	O
when	O
using	O
AppleWorks	B-Device
classic	O
or	O
the	O
Mousedesk	O
application	O
that	O
was	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
System	O
1	O
and	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
upgrade	O
was	O
vital	O
,	O
as	O
software	O
developers	O
,	O
including	O
Apple	O
,	O
ceased	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
ROM	O
upon	O
its	O
release	O
(	O
most	O
native	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
software	O
written	O
from	O
late-1987	O
onwards	O
would	O
not	O
run	O
unless	O
a	O
ROM	O
01	O
or	O
higher	O
was	O
present	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
included	O
the	O
GS/OS	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
update	O
also	O
allows	O
up	O
to	O
8MB	O
for	O
the	O
RAM	B-Application
Disk	I-Application
,	O
added	O
some	O
new	O
features	O
for	O
programmers	O
,	O
and	O
reported	O
the	O
ROM	O
version	O
and	O
copyright	O
information	O
on	O
the	O
startup	O
splash	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
1988	O
,	O
Apple	O
began	O
shipping	O
IIGS	B-Device
units	O
with	O
512KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
as	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
done	O
by	O
preinstalling	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
Memory	O
Expansion	O
Card	O
(	O
that	O
was	O
once	O
sold	O
separately	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
memory	O
expansion	O
slot	O
—	O
the	O
card	O
had	O
256KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
on	O
board	O
with	O
empty	O
sockets	O
for	O
further	O
expansion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
built-in	O
memory	O
on	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
remained	O
at	O
256KB	O
and	O
existing	O
users	O
were	O
not	O
offered	O
this	O
upgrade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
1989	O
,	O
Apple	O
increased	O
the	O
standard	O
amount	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
shipped	O
in	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
to	O
1.125MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
time	O
the	O
additional	O
memory	O
was	O
built-in	O
on	O
the	O
motherboard	B-Device
,	O
which	O
required	O
a	O
layout	O
change	O
and	O
allowed	O
for	O
other	O
minor	O
improvements	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
update	O
introduced	O
both	O
a	O
new	O
motherboard	B-Device
and	O
a	O
new	O
ROM	O
firmware	O
update	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
neither	O
was	O
offered	O
to	O
existing	O
owners	O
—	O
even	O
as	O
an	O
upgrade	O
option	O
(	O
the	O
new	O
ROM	O
,	O
now	O
two	O
chips	O
,	O
is	O
incompatible	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
single-socket	O
motherboard	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
cited	O
the	O
reason	O
an	O
upgrade	O
was	O
not	O
being	O
offered	O
was	O
that	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
machine	O
could	O
be	O
obtained	O
in	O
existing	O
machines	O
by	O
installing	O
System	O
5	O
and	O
a	O
fully	O
populated	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
Memory	O
Expansion	O
Card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
newer	O
toolsets	O
increased	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
by	O
up	O
to	O
10%	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
less	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
loaded	O
from	O
disk	O
,	O
tool	O
ROM	O
read	O
access	O
being	O
faster	O
than	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
their	O
highly	O
optimized	O
routines	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
older	O
toolsets	O
(	O
pre-GS/OS	O
-based	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
several	O
bug	O
fixes	O
,	O
also	O
added	O
were	O
more	O
programmer	O
assistance	O
commands	O
and	O
features	O
,	O
a	O
cleaned-up	O
control	O
panel	O
with	O
improved	O
mouse	B-Device
control	O
and	O
RAM	B-Application
Disk	I-Application
functionality	O
,	O
more	O
flexible	O
Appletalk	B-Application
support	O
and	O
slot-mapping	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
hardware	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
motherboard	B-Device
is	O
a	O
cleaner	O
design	O
that	O
drew	O
less	O
power	O
and	O
resolved	O
audio	O
noise	O
issues	O
that	O
interfered	O
with	O
the	O
Ensoniq	O
synthesizer	O
in	O
the	O
original	O
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
four	O
times	O
more	O
RAM	B-Architecture
is	O
built-in	O
,	O
with	O
double	O
the	O
ROM	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
enhanced	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
microcontroller	O
provides	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
sticky	O
keys	O
,	O
mouse	B-Device
emulation	B-Application
,	O
and	O
keyboard	B-Device
LED	O
support	O
(	O
available	O
on	O
extended	O
keyboards	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware	O
shadowing	O
of	O
Text	O
Page	O
2	O
was	O
introduced	O
,	O
improving	O
compatibility	O
and	O
performance	O
with	O
the	O
classic	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
video	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
the	O
Apple-IIe-to-IIGS	O
upgrade	O
was	O
removed	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
cost-cutting	O
measures	O
had	O
some	O
chips	O
soldered	O
in	O
place	O
rather	O
than	O
being	O
socketed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
firmware	O
only	O
worked	O
in	O
this	O
motherboard	B-Device
and	O
no	O
new	O
firmware	O
updates	O
were	O
ever	O
issued	O
,	O
users	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
this	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
as	O
the	O
"	O
ROM	O
3	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
and	O
Apple	O
IIc	O
built-in	O
keyboards	B-Device
before	O
it	O
,	O
the	O
detached	O
IIGS	B-Device
keyboard	B-Device
differs	O
depending	O
on	O
what	O
region	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
it	O
was	O
sold	O
in	O
,	O
with	O
extra	O
local	O
language	O
characters	O
and	O
symbols	O
printed	O
on	O
certain	O
keycaps	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
French	O
accented	O
characters	O
on	O
the	O
Canadian	O
IIGS	B-Device
keyboard	B-Device
such	O
as	O
"	O
à	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
é	O
"	O
,	O
"	O
ç	O
"	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
British	O
Pound	O
"	O
£	O
"	O
symbol	O
on	O
the	O
UK	O
IIGS	B-Device
keyboard	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
previous	B-Device
Apple	I-Device
II	I-Device
models	I-Device
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
layout	O
and	O
shape	O
of	O
keys	O
were	O
the	O
same	O
standard	O
for	O
all	O
countries	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ROMs	O
inside	O
the	O
computer	O
were	O
also	O
the	O
same	O
for	O
all	O
countries	O
,	O
including	O
support	O
for	O
all	O
the	O
different	O
international	O
keyboards	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
composite	O
video	O
output	O
is	O
NTSC-only	O
on	O
all	O
IIGS	B-Device
systems	O
;	O
users	O
in	O
PAL	O
countries	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
RGB	O
monitor	O
or	O
TVs	O
which	O
featured	O
RGB	B-Protocol
SCART	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
settings	O
is	O
a	O
QWERTY/DVORAK	O
keyboard	B-Device
toggle	O
for	O
all	O
countries	O
,	O
much	O
like	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	O
IIc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Outside	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
shipped	O
with	O
a	O
different	O
220V	O
clip-in	O
power	O
supply	O
,	O
making	O
this	O
and	O
the	O
plastic	O
keycaps	O
the	O
only	O
physical	O
differences	O
(	O
and	O
also	O
very	O
modular	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
converting	O
a	O
non-localized	O
machine	O
to	O
a	O
local	O
one	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
designed	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
Card	I-Device
to	O
transit	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
customers	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
LC	I-Device
,	O
particularly	O
schools	O
who	O
had	O
a	O
large	O
investment	O
in	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Apple	O
discussed	O
creating	O
an	O
LC	O
plug-in	O
IIGS	B-Device
card	O
,	O
they	O
felt	O
that	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
selling	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
an	O
entire	O
LC	O
and	O
abandoned	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
educational	O
community	O
had	O
a	O
substantial	O
investment	O
in	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
software	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
upgrading	O
to	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
a	O
less	O
attractive	O
proposition	O
than	O
had	O
been	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIe	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
Apple	O
software	O
designers	O
Dave	O
Lyons	O
and	O
Andy	O
Nicholas	O
spearheaded	O
a	O
program	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
IIGS	B-Device
software	B-Application
emulator	I-Application
they	O
called	O
Gus	O
in	O
their	O
spare	O
time	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
seeing	O
the	O
need	O
to	O
help	O
switch	O
their	O
educational	O
customers	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
(	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
sell	O
Power	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
)	O
,	O
Apple	O
unofficially	O
distributed	O
the	O
software	O
for	O
free	O
to	O
schools	O
and	O
other	O
institutions	O
that	O
signed	O
a	O
non-disclosure	O
agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
never	O
offered	O
for	O
public	O
sale	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
now	O
readily	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
many	O
third-party	O
classic	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
emulators	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gus	O
represents	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
few	O
software	B-Application
emulators	I-Application
developed	O
within	O
Apple	O
(	O
officially	O
or	O
otherwise	O
)	O
,	O
including	O
MacWorks	B-Application
and	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	O
X	O
Classic	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
,	O
which	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
was	O
the	O
standard	O
for	O
most	O
input	O
peripherals	O
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
,	O
first	O
appeared	O
on	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
other	O
standardized	O
ports	O
and	O
addition	O
of	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
set	O
a	O
benchmark	O
which	O
allowed	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
Apple	O
to	O
consolidate	O
their	O
peripheral	O
offerings	O
across	O
both	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
product	O
lines	O
,	O
permitting	O
one	O
device	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
multiple	O
,	O
disparate	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
is	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
Apple	O
product	O
to	O
bear	O
the	O
new	O
brand-unifying	O
color	O
scheme	O
,	O
a	O
warm	O
gray	O
color	O
Apple	O
dubbed	O
"	O
Platinum	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIGS	B-Device
is	O
also	O
the	O
second	O
major	O
computer	O
design	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
Apple	O
IIc	O
,	O
where	O
Apple	O
worked	O
with	O
Hartmut	O
Esslinger	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
Frog	O
Design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
inclusion	O
of	O
a	O
professional-grade	O
sound	O
chip	O
in	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
was	O
hailed	O
by	O
both	O
developers	O
and	O
users	O
,	O
and	O
hopes	O
were	O
high	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
;	O
however	O
,	O
it	O
drew	O
another	O
lawsuit	O
from	O
Apple	O
Corps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
an	O
earlier	O
trademark	O
dispute	O
with	O
the	O
business	O
arm	O
of	O
The	B-Application
Beatles	I-Application
,	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
had	O
agreed	O
not	O
to	O
release	O
music-related	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
Corps	O
considered	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
the	O
Ensoniq	O
chip	O
in	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
a	O
violation	O
of	O
that	O
agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
Carmack	O
,	O
co-founder	O
of	O
id	O
Software	O
,	O
started	O
his	O
career	O
by	O
writing	O
commercial	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
,	O
working	O
with	O
John	O
Romero	O
and	O
Tom	O
Hall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wolfenstein	B-Application
3D	I-Application
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
1981	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
game	O
Castle	B-Application
Wolfenstein	I-Application
,	O
came	O
full-circle	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
mainstream	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
Zany	B-Device
Golf	I-Device
and	O
The	B-Application
Immortal	I-Application
,	O
both	O
designed	O
by	O
Will	O
Harvey	O
,	O
originated	O
as	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
games	I-Device
that	O
were	O
ported	O
to	O
other	O
platforms	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
Genesis	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pangea	O
Software	O
started	O
as	O
an	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
game	O
developer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Naughty	O
Dog	O
started	O
with	O
the	O
classic	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
machines	O
,	O
but	O
later	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
1988	O
,	O
inCider	O
magazine	O
reported	O
Apple	O
was	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
new	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
stated	O
it	O
had	O
a	O
faster	O
CPU	O
,	O
improved	O
graphics	O
(	O
double	O
the	O
vertical	O
resolution	O
,	O
256	O
colors	O
per	O
scanline	O
and	O
4,096	O
colors	O
per	O
screen	O
)	O
,	O
768KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
256KB	O
of	O
ROM	O
,	O
128KB	O
of	O
sound	O
DOC-RAM	O
and	O
a	O
built-in	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
reported	O
on	O
speculation	O
that	O
Apple	O
would	O
announce	O
at	O
the	O
May	O
AppleFest	O
a	O
"	O
IIGS	B-Device
Plus	O
"	O
with	O
a	O
processor	O
two	O
to	O
three	O
times	O
faster	O
,	O
768KB	O
to	O
1MB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
a	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
speculation	O
was	O
partially	O
based	O
on	O
Apple	O
CEO	O
John	O
Sculley	O
stating	O
that	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
would	O
receive	O
a	O
new	O
CPU	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
new	O
computer	O
appeared	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
August	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
started	O
shipping	O
with	O
1MB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
in	O
the	O
base	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VTech	O
,	O
makers	O
of	O
the	O
8-bit	O
Apple	O
II-compatible	O
Laser	B-Device
128	I-Device
,	O
announced	O
plans	O
for	O
a	O
IIGS-compatible	O
computer	O
in	O
1988	O
for	O
under	O
$600	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
prototype	B-Application
in	O
1989	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
computer	O
was	O
never	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cirtech	O
produced	O
a	O
working	O
prototype	B-Application
of	O
a	O
black-and-white	O
Macintosh	B-Device
hardware	O
emulation	B-Application
plug-in	O
card	O
for	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
dubbed	O
"	O
Duet	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
68020	O
processor	O
,	O
custom	O
ROM	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
8MB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
Cirtech	O
claimed	O
it	O
outperformed	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
IIcx	O
.	O
</s>
