<s>
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
(	O
formerly	O
known	O
as	O
iBooks	B-Device
between	O
January	O
2010	O
and	O
September	O
2018	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
e-book	O
reading	O
and	O
store	O
application	O
by	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
for	O
its	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
macOS	B-Application
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
devices	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
announced	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
iBooks	B-Device
,	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
on	O
January	O
27	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
and	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
in	O
mid-2010	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
4	O
update	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
iBooks	B-Device
was	O
not	O
pre-loaded	O
onto	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
users	O
could	O
install	O
it	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
from	O
the	O
iTunes	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
it	O
became	O
an	O
integrated	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
10	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Apple	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
,	O
Craig	O
Federighi	O
announced	O
that	O
iBooks	B-Device
would	O
also	O
be	O
provided	O
with	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Mavericks	I-Operating_System
in	O
fall	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
primarily	O
receives	O
EPUB	O
content	O
from	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
store	O
,	O
but	O
users	O
can	O
also	O
add	O
their	O
own	O
EPUB	O
and	O
Portable	B-Application
Document	I-Application
Format	I-Application
(	O
PDF	B-Application
)	O
files	O
via	O
data	B-General_Concept
synchronization	I-General_Concept
with	O
iTunes	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
files	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
to	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
through	O
Safari	B-Application
or	O
Apple	O
Mail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
product	O
information	O
as	O
of	O
March	O
2010	O
,	O
iBooks	B-Device
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
"	O
read	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
any	O
page	O
[	O
to	O
the	O
user ]	O
"	O
using	O
VoiceOver	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
at	O
an	O
education-focused	O
special	O
event	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
free	O
release	O
of	O
iBooks	B-Application
2	I-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
operate	O
in	O
landscape	O
mode	O
and	O
allows	O
for	O
interactive	O
reading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
application	O
,	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
,	O
was	O
announced	O
for	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
allowing	O
anyone	O
to	O
create	O
interactive	O
textbooks	O
for	O
reading	O
in	O
iBooks	B-Device
;	O
and	O
the	O
iBooks	B-Device
Store	O
was	O
expanded	O
with	O
a	O
textbook	O
category	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
Conference	O
,	O
an	O
annual	O
gathering	O
of	O
digital	O
content	O
creators	O
around	O
Apple	O
's	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
,	O
has	O
convened	O
between	O
2015	O
and	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
discontinued	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
its	O
functionality	O
having	O
been	O
integrated	O
into	O
Pages	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2018	O
,	O
iBooks	B-Device
was	O
renamed	O
"	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
"	O
upon	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
12	I-Operating_System
and	O
macOS	B-Device
Mojave	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
iBooks	B-Device
was	O
announced	O
alongside	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
at	O
a	O
press	O
conference	O
in	O
January	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
store	O
itself	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
America	O
three	O
days	O
before	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
iTunes	O
9.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
supposedly	O
to	O
prevent	O
too	O
much	O
traffic	O
on	O
Apple	O
's	O
servers	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
have	O
been	O
overloaded	O
with	O
previous	O
releases	O
of	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
day	O
of	O
its	O
launch	O
,	O
on	O
March	O
31	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
iBooks	B-Device
Store	O
collection	O
comprised	O
some	O
60,000	O
titles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
8	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
that	O
iBooks	B-Device
would	O
be	O
updated	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
and	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
with	O
iOS	B-Application
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
iBooks	B-Device
was	O
not	O
supported	O
on	O
first-generation	O
iPhones	B-Device
and	O
iPod	B-Device
Touches	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
8	O
,	O
2010	O
at	O
the	O
WWDC	O
Keynote	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
iBooks	B-Device
would	O
be	O
updated	O
that	O
month	O
to	O
read	O
PDF	B-Application
files	I-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
annotate	O
both	O
PDFs	B-Application
and	O
eBooks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
July	O
1	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Apple	O
expanded	O
iBooks	B-Device
availability	O
to	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
its	O
release	O
for	O
older	O
devices	B-Operating_System
running	O
iOS	B-Application
4	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
3GS	I-Operating_System
and	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
,	O
iBooks	B-Device
received	O
criticism	O
for	O
its	O
slow	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
iBooks	B-Application
2	I-Application
,	O
which	O
supported	O
interactive	O
textbooks	O
on	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
;	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
iBooks	B-Application
2	I-Application
was	O
accompanied	O
by	O
a	O
new	O
Mac	O
app	O
,	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
23	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
iBooks	B-Device
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
10	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
iBooks	B-Device
for	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Mavericks	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
15	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Apple	O
pushed	O
version	O
3.2	O
of	O
iBooks	B-Device
for	O
iOS	B-Application
with	O
a	O
redesigned	O
interface	O
to	O
match	O
the	O
"	O
flat	O
"	O
style	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
dropped	O
support	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
6	I-Operating_System
and	O
earlier	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
annual	O
WWDC	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
Apple	O
unveiled	O
that	O
iBooks	B-Device
will	O
be	O
a	O
pre-installed	O
app	O
in	O
the	O
next	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Podcasts	B-Operating_System
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
17	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Apple	O
bundled	O
version	O
4.0	O
of	O
iBooks	B-Device
for	O
iOS	B-Application
with	O
iOS	B-Application
8.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
20	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Apple	O
bundled	O
version	O
4.1	O
of	O
iBooks	B-Device
for	O
iOS	B-Application
with	O
iOS	B-Application
8.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
24	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Apple	O
renamed	O
iBooks	B-Device
to	O
Books	O
in	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
11.3	O
beta	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
macOS	B-Application
10.13.4	O
beta	O
iBooks	B-Device
to	O
Books	O
on	O
March	O
5	O
,	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
renamed	O
back	O
to	O
iBooks	B-Device
in	O
a	O
next	O
intermittent	O
10.13.4	O
macOS	B-Application
beta	O
,	O
showing	O
some	O
uncertainty	O
about	O
the	O
marketing	O
decision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2019	O
,	O
Apple	O
renamed	O
the	O
app	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
19	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
Apple	O
included	O
an	O
Audiobooks	O
app	O
with	O
watchOS	B-Device
6	I-Device
to	O
play	O
from	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
Audiobook	O
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supported	O
e-book	O
formats	O
of	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
are	O
EPUB	O
and	O
PDF	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
version	O
2.0	O
,	O
it	O
also	O
supports	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
iBook	B-Device
format	O
(	O
IBA	O
)	O
,	O
generated	O
with	O
the	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
format	O
is	O
based	O
upon	O
the	O
EPUB	O
format	O
but	O
depends	O
on	O
a	O
custom	O
widget	O
code	O
in	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
app	O
to	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
version	O
3	O
,	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
(	O
under	O
name	O
iBooks	B-Device
)	O
started	O
to	O
render	O
text	O
written	O
in	O
18	O
different	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
three	O
viewing	O
background	O
themes	O
to	O
choose	O
from	O
,	O
except	O
when	O
reading	O
PDF	B-Application
documents	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
in	O
2014	O
,	O
an	O
additional	O
"	O
Auto-Night	O
Theme	O
"	O
was	O
introduced	O
,	O
which	O
dynamically	O
changes	O
the	O
theme	O
from	O
'	O
Normal	O
 '	O
or	O
'	O
Sepia	O
 '	O
to	O
'	O
Night	O
 '	O
and	O
vice	O
versa	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ambient	O
light	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
in	O
2015	O
,	O
a	O
fourth	O
background	O
theme	O
was	O
added	O
:	O
Gray	O
:	O
light	O
grey	O
text	O
on	O
a	O
dark	O
gray	O
background	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
also	O
stacks	O
books	O
that	O
belong	O
to	O
a	O
series	O
when	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
All	O
Books	O
"	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tapping	O
the	O
unpurchased	O
book	O
takes	O
the	O
user	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
store	O
allowing	O
for	O
quick	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Book	O
or	O
Full	O
Screen	O
layout	O
,	O
pages	B-Application
are	O
turned	O
by	O
tapping	O
or	O
dragging	O
the	O
page	O
,	O
animated	O
to	O
imitate	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
a	O
paper	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
May	O
2011	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
app	O
(	O
under	O
name	O
iBooks	B-Device
)	O
included	O
a	O
free	O
copy	O
of	O
Winnie-the-Pooh	O
,	O
the	O
1926	O
book	O
by	O
A	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
macOS	B-Application
Monterey	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
late	O
2021	O
,	O
Apple	O
added	O
a	O
Cover	O
tag	O
to	O
user-editable	O
metadata	O
tags	O
for	O
books	O
,	O
while	O
removing	O
other	O
editable	O
tags	O
for	O
Year	O
,	O
Category	O
,	O
Comments	O
,	O
and	O
Description	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
coincided	O
with	O
the	O
Mac	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
app	O
being	O
ported	O
from	O
the	O
iOS/iPadOS	O
version	O
using	O
Catalyst	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
Store	O
(	O
formerly	O
iBook	B-Device
Store	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
ePub	O
content	O
sales	O
and	O
delivery	O
system	O
that	O
delivers	O
eBooks	O
to	O
any	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
device	I-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
and	O
iPod	B-Device
Touch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
not	O
currently	O
support	O
either	O
the	O
downloading	O
or	O
reading	O
of	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
directly	O
on	O
Windows	O
or	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
,	O
but	O
it	O
does	O
support	O
the	O
downloading	O
and	O
reading	O
of	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
on	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
Mavericks	I-Operating_System
and	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
unveiling	O
of	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
publishers	O
Penguin	O
Books	O
,	O
HarperCollins	O
,	O
Simon	O
&	O
Schuster	O
,	O
Macmillan	O
Publishers	O
,	O
and	O
Hachette	O
Book	O
Group	O
USA	O
committed	O
to	O
producing	O
content	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
Store	O
(	O
under	O
name	O
iBooks	B-Device
Store	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
Store	O
also	O
provides	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
30,000	O
+	O
free	O
books	O
available	O
from	O
Project	O
Gutenberg	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
provides	O
content	O
channeled	O
through	O
Draft2Digital	O
or	O
Smashwords	O
,	O
allowing	O
independent	O
authors	O
and	O
publishers	O
to	O
self-publish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
day	O
before	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
event	O
,	O
Terry	O
McGraw	O
,	O
the	O
CEO	O
of	O
McGraw-Hill	O
,	O
appeared	O
to	O
divulge	O
information	O
to	O
Erin	O
Burnett	O
on	O
CNBC	O
about	O
the	O
upcoming	O
iPad	B-Device
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
quickly	O
picked	O
up	O
and	O
disseminated	O
by	O
rumor	O
sites	O
and	O
eventually	O
mainstream	O
media	O
outlets	O
as	O
revelation	O
of	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
McGraw	O
Hill	O
was	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
presentation	O
at	O
the	O
Apple	O
media	O
event	O
and	O
there	O
was	O
speculation	O
that	O
the	O
exclusion	O
was	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
this	O
release	O
of	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
30%	O
revenue	O
share	O
that	O
Apple	O
receives	O
from	O
the	O
in-app	O
purchase	O
mechanism	O
,	O
the	O
financial	O
viability	O
of	O
competing	O
bookstore	O
apps	O
run	O
by	O
other	O
book	O
retailers	O
is	O
uncertain	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
,	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
Store	O
still	O
does	O
not	O
provide	O
consumers	O
access	O
to	O
any	O
e-books	O
except	O
for	O
free	O
works	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ones	O
that	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
competitor	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
updated	O
its	O
iOS	B-Application
Kindle	O
app	O
in	O
July	O
2013	O
to	O
bypass	O
the	O
30%	O
revenue	O
share	O
by	O
requiring	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
purchase	O
content	O
using	O
the	O
Kindle	O
Store	O
's	O
website	O
instead	O
of	O
using	O
the	O
Kindle	O
app	O
;	O
users	O
can	O
still	O
get	O
free	O
e-books	O
or	O
samples	O
while	O
using	O
the	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Jobs	O
's	O
death	O
,	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
iBooks	B-Application
2	I-Application
,	O
which	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
interactive	O
textbooks	O
on	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
argued	O
that	O
these	O
iPad	B-Device
textbooks	O
would	O
be	O
more	O
engaging	O
for	O
students	O
than	O
paper	O
textbooks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
simultaneously	O
released	O
a	O
free	O
Mac	O
app	O
,	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
these	O
interactive	O
textbooks	O
in	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
fashion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
introduced	O
two	O
proprietary	B-Application
file	O
formats	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
files	O
is	O
its	O
native	O
file	O
format	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
opened	O
and	O
edited	O
in	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
files	O
are	O
zip	B-General_Concept
archives	I-General_Concept
disguised	O
as	O
Mac	O
bundles	B-Application
,	O
and	O
store	O
their	O
data	O
in	O
an	O
XML	B-Protocol
file	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
the	O
format	O
for	O
exported	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
documents	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
opened	O
by	O
the	O
iBooks	B-Device
app	O
on	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
and	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
format	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
extension	O
of	O
EPUB3	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
read	O
with	O
the	O
iBooks	B-Device
app	O
on	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
TechRadar	O
's	O
Steve	O
Paris	O
called	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
"	O
incredibly	O
simple	O
to	O
use	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
noted	O
a	O
few	O
bugs	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
release	O
,	O
and	O
criticized	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
it	O
only	O
supported	O
H.264	O
video	O
files	O
,	O
despite	O
iPads	B-Device
being	O
compatible	O
with	O
more	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Macworld	O
called	O
it	O
an	O
"	O
impressive	O
"	O
tool	O
,	O
but	O
said	O
it	O
was	O
"	O
constrained	O
"	O
by	O
its	O
exclusive	O
compatibility	O
with	O
iPads	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
's	O
license	O
agreement	O
was	O
controversial	O
upon	O
release	O
,	O
for	O
stating	O
that	O
documents	O
created	O
with	O
the	O
tool	O
could	O
only	O
be	O
sold	O
for	O
a	O
fee	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
accepted	O
and	O
exclusively	O
distributed	O
by	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
proprietary	B-Application
file	O
format	O
was	O
also	O
criticized	O
by	O
critics	O
,	O
including	O
Daniel	O
Glazman	O
,	O
who	O
compared	O
it	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
"	O
embrace	O
,	O
extend	O
,	O
extinguish	O
"	O
strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
Gruber	O
argued	O
that	O
no	O
open	O
format	O
could	O
have	O
fully	O
supported	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
's	O
capabilities	O
,	O
a	O
sentiment	O
echoed	O
in	O
Macworld	O
's	O
review	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
EPUB	O
export	O
to	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
although	O
textbooks	O
exported	O
in	O
EPUB	O
supported	O
fewer	O
features	O
than	O
iBooks	B-Device
textbooks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
books	O
created	O
using	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
include	O
How	O
to	O
Say	O
Cheese	O
,	O
Physics	O
in	O
Motion	O
,	O
NASA	O
's	O
Destionation	O
:	O
Jupiter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
2015	O
and	O
2017	O
,	O
an	O
annual	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
Conference	O
was	O
held	O
;	O
Tidbits	O
reports	O
that	O
some	O
authors	O
called	O
the	O
tool	O
"	O
best	O
in	O
class	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
equivalent	O
on	O
any	O
other	O
platform	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
Apple	O
had	O
"	O
let	O
the	O
entire	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
ecosystem	O
stagnate	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Author	O
Denise	O
Clifton	O
reported	O
that	O
despite	O
the	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
version	O
of	O
her	O
book	O
being	O
the	O
"	O
best	O
and	O
most	O
advanced	O
"	O
,	O
it	O
"	O
sold	O
fewer	O
copies	O
than	O
any	O
other	O
"	O
edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
downloaded	O
interactive	O
textbook	O
on	O
the	O
iBooks	B-Device
Store	O
was	O
only	O
downloaded	O
3,000	O
times	O
in	O
total	O
,	O
despite	O
being	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
abandoned	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
,	O
and	O
recommended	O
that	O
authors	O
use	O
Apple	O
's	O
Pages	B-Application
word	O
processor	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
intervening	O
years	O
,	O
Apple	O
had	O
built	O
most	O
of	O
iBook	B-Device
Author	O
's	O
functionality	O
into	O
Pages	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
latter	O
can	O
export	O
these	O
books	O
in	O
standard	O
EPUB	O
format	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
2020	O
,	O
Pages	B-Application
only	O
supported	O
image	O
galleries	O
,	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
audio	O
,	O
and	O
lacked	O
iBooks	B-Device
Author	O
's	O
more	O
advanced	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
critics	O
have	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
Apple	B-Application
Books	I-Application
(	O
under	O
name	O
iBooks	B-Device
)	O
interface	O
is	O
a	O
near-exact	O
replica	O
of	O
Classics	O
by	O
Andrew	O
Kaz	O
and	O
Phill	O
Ryu	O
,	O
released	O
over	O
a	O
year	O
prior	O
and	O
even	O
featured	O
in	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
TV	O
commercials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2011	O
,	O
Apple	O
was	O
sued	O
by	O
New	O
York	O
publisher	O
John	O
T	O
.	O
Colby	O
over	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
iBook	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Colby	O
claims	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
owner	O
of	O
a	O
trademark	O
on	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
ibooks	B-Device
"	O
as	O
applied	O
to	O
published	O
books	O
,	O
after	O
acquiring	O
the	O
assets	O
of	O
deceased	O
publisher	O
Byron	O
Preiss	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
published	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
sci-fi	O
and	O
fantasy	O
books	O
under	O
the	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
previously	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
iBook	B-Device
"	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
laptops	O
that	O
it	O
sold	O
until	O
2006	O
,	O
but	O
Colby	O
claims	O
exclusive	O
right	O
to	O
the	O
term	O
as	O
applied	O
to	O
published	O
books	O
,	O
including	O
e-books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
began	O
using	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
iBooks	B-Device
"	O
in	O
2010	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
e-books	O
sold	O
for	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Byron	O
Preiss	O
published	O
more	O
than	O
1,000	O
books	O
under	O
the	O
"	O
ibooks	B-Device
"	O
brand	O
starting	O
in	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
judge	O
stated	O
:	O
"	O
They	O
have	O
offered	O
no	O
evidence	O
that	O
consumers	O
who	O
use	O
Apple	O
's	O
iBooks	B-Device
software	O
to	O
download	O
ebooks	O
have	O
come	O
to	O
believe	O
that	O
Apple	O
has	O
also	O
entered	O
the	O
publishing	O
business	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
publisher	O
of	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
downloaded	O
books	O
,	O
despite	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
each	O
book	O
bears	O
the	O
imprint	O
of	O
its	O
actual	O
publisher.	O
"	O
</s>
