<s>
AppleTalk	O
is	O
a	O
discontinued	O
proprietary	O
suite	B-Protocol
of	I-Protocol
networking	I-Protocol
protocols	I-Protocol
developed	O
by	O
Apple	O
Computer	O
for	O
their	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleTalk	O
includes	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
features	O
that	O
allow	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
connected	O
with	O
no	O
prior	O
setup	O
or	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
centralized	O
router	B-Protocol
or	O
server	O
of	O
any	O
sort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
were	O
also	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
and	O
compatibles	O
and	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleTalk	O
support	O
was	O
also	O
available	O
in	O
most	O
networked	O
printers	O
(	O
especially	O
laser	O
printers	O
)	O
,	O
some	O
file	B-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
routers	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
reimplementation	O
of	O
most	O
of	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
support	O
on	O
that	O
protocol	O
,	O
and	O
AppleTalk	O
became	O
unsupported	O
as	O
of	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
v10.6	I-Device
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
AppleTalk	O
's	O
more	O
advanced	O
autoconfiguration	O
features	O
have	O
since	O
been	O
introduced	O
in	O
Bonjour	B-Application
,	O
while	O
Universal	B-Application
Plug	I-Application
and	I-Application
Play	I-Application
serves	O
similar	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
computer	O
in	O
January	O
1983	O
,	O
Apple	O
invested	O
considerable	O
effort	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
(	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
)	O
system	O
for	O
the	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Known	O
as	O
AppleNet	B-Protocol
,	O
it	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
seminal	O
Xerox	B-Protocol
XNS	I-Protocol
protocol	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
but	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
custom	O
1Mbit/s	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
system	O
rather	O
than	O
Xerox	O
's	O
2.94	O
Mbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleNet	B-Protocol
was	O
announced	O
early	O
in	O
1983	O
with	O
a	O
full	O
introduction	O
at	O
the	O
target	O
price	O
of	O
$500	O
for	O
plug-in	O
AppleNet	B-Protocol
cards	O
for	O
the	O
Lisa	B-Device
and	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
early	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
systems	O
were	O
just	O
coming	O
to	O
market	O
,	O
including	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
,	O
Econet	B-Device
,	O
and	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
months	O
later	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
,	O
AppleNet	B-Protocol
was	O
cancelled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
We	O
built	O
and	O
used	O
AppleNet	B-Protocol
in-house	O
,	O
but	O
we	O
realized	O
that	O
if	O
we	O
had	O
shipped	O
it	O
,	O
we	O
would	O
have	O
seen	O
new	O
standards	O
coming	O
up.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
,	O
Jobs	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
instead	O
be	O
supporting	O
IBM	O
's	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
,	O
which	O
he	O
expected	O
to	O
come	O
out	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
few	O
months	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
this	O
period	O
,	O
Apple	O
was	O
deep	O
in	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
development	O
,	O
engineers	O
had	O
made	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Zilog	B-Device
8530	I-Device
serial	O
controller	O
chip	O
(	O
SCC	O
)	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
lower-cost	O
and	O
more	O
common	O
UART	O
to	O
provide	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SCC	O
cost	O
about	O
$5	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
UART	O
,	O
but	O
offered	O
much	O
higher	O
speeds	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
250kilobits	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
or	O
higher	O
with	O
additional	O
hardware	O
)	O
and	O
internally	O
supported	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
basic	O
networking-like	O
protocols	O
like	O
IBM	O
's	O
Bisync	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peripherals	O
equipped	O
with	O
similar	O
SCCs	O
could	O
communicate	O
using	O
the	O
built-in	O
protocols	O
,	O
interleaving	O
their	O
data	O
with	O
other	O
peripherals	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
bus	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
would	O
eliminate	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
more	O
ports	O
on	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
,	O
and	O
allowed	O
for	O
the	O
elimination	O
of	O
expansion	B-Device
slots	I-Device
for	O
supporting	O
more	O
complex	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
concept	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
AppleBus	O
,	O
envisioning	O
a	O
system	O
controlled	O
by	O
the	O
host	O
Macintosh	B-Device
polling	O
"	O
dumb	O
"	O
devices	O
in	O
a	O
fashion	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
modern	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Serial	I-Protocol
Bus	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
team	O
had	O
already	O
begun	O
work	O
on	O
what	O
would	O
become	O
the	O
LaserWriter	O
and	O
had	O
considered	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
options	O
to	O
answer	O
the	O
question	O
of	O
how	O
to	O
share	O
these	O
expensive	O
machines	O
and	O
other	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
series	O
of	O
memos	O
from	O
Bob	O
Belleville	O
clarified	O
these	O
concepts	O
,	O
outlining	O
the	O
Mac	O
,	O
LaserWriter	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
system	O
which	O
would	O
become	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Office	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
late	O
1983	O
it	O
was	O
clear	O
that	O
IBM	O
's	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
would	O
not	O
be	O
ready	O
in	O
time	O
for	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	O
,	O
and	O
might	O
miss	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
these	O
other	O
products	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
end	O
,	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
would	O
not	O
ship	O
until	O
October	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
AppleNet	B-Protocol
was	O
cancelled	O
in	O
October	O
,	O
Sidhu	O
led	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
new	O
networking	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
AppleBus	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
system	O
would	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
conform	O
to	O
any	O
existing	O
preconceptions	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
worthy	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	O
–	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
was	O
user-installable	O
,	O
had	O
zero	B-Application
configuration	I-Application
,	O
and	O
no	O
fixed	O
network	B-Application
addresses	O
–	O
in	O
short	O
,	O
a	O
true	O
plug-and-play	O
network	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
new	O
"	O
AppleBus	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
early	O
1984	O
,	O
allowing	O
direct	O
connection	O
from	O
the	O
Mac	O
or	O
Lisa	B-Device
through	O
a	O
small	O
box	O
that	O
is	O
plugged	O
into	O
the	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
and	O
connected	O
via	O
cables	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
computer	O
upstream	O
and	O
downstream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adaptors	O
for	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
and	O
Apple	B-Device
III	I-Device
were	O
also	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
announced	O
that	O
AppleBus	O
networks	O
could	O
be	O
attached	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
appear	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
single	O
node	O
within	O
,	O
a	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
marketed	O
as	O
AppleTalk	O
Personal	O
Network	B-Application
,	O
it	O
comprised	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
network	B-Application
protocols	O
and	O
a	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
had	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
limitations	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
speed	O
of	O
only	O
230.4kbit/s	O
,	O
a	O
maximum	O
distance	O
of	O
from	O
end	O
to	O
end	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
32	O
nodes	O
per	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
comparison	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
or	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
cards	O
cost	O
hundreds	O
or	O
thousands	O
of	O
dollars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
entire	O
networking	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
required	O
only	O
about	O
6kB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
any	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
adaptors	O
were	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
self-terminating	O
"	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
nodes	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
network	B-Application
could	O
simply	O
leave	O
their	O
last	O
connector	O
unconnected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
designed	O
for	O
future	O
expansion	O
;	O
the	O
addressing	O
system	O
allowed	O
for	O
expansion	O
to	O
255	O
nodes	O
in	O
a	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
(	O
although	O
only	O
32	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
using	O
"	O
bridges	O
"	O
(	O
which	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
routers	B-Protocol
"	O
,	O
although	O
technically	O
not	O
the	O
same	O
)	O
one	O
could	O
interconnect	O
LANs	B-General_Concept
into	O
larger	O
collections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
AppleTalk	O
was	O
designed	O
from	O
the	O
start	O
to	O
allow	O
use	O
with	O
any	O
potential	O
underlying	O
physical	B-Application
link	I-Application
,	O
and	O
within	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
would	O
be	O
renamed	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
,	O
so	O
as	O
to	O
differentiate	O
it	O
from	O
the	O
AppleTalk	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
join	O
a	O
device	O
to	O
a	O
network	B-Application
,	O
a	O
user	O
simply	O
plugged	O
the	O
adaptor	O
into	O
the	O
machine	O
,	O
then	O
connected	O
a	O
cable	O
from	O
it	O
to	O
any	O
free	O
port	O
on	O
any	O
other	O
adaptor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AppleTalk	O
network	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
negotiated	O
a	O
network	B-Application
address	O
,	O
assigned	O
the	O
computer	O
a	O
human-readable	O
name	O
,	O
and	O
compiled	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
names	O
and	O
types	O
of	O
other	O
machines	O
on	O
the	O
network	B-Application
so	O
the	O
user	O
could	O
browse	O
the	O
devices	O
through	O
the	O
Chooser	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
would	O
later	O
use	O
this	O
in	O
an	O
advertisement	O
showing	O
a	O
network	B-Application
being	O
created	O
between	O
two	O
seats	O
in	O
an	O
airplane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
particularly	O
notable	O
example	O
was	O
an	O
alternate	O
adaptor	O
designed	O
by	O
BMUG	O
and	O
commercialized	O
by	O
Farallon	O
as	O
PhoneNet	B-Protocol
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
essentially	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
Apple	O
's	O
connector	O
that	O
had	O
conventional	O
phone	B-Protocol
jacks	I-Protocol
instead	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
round	O
connectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PhoneNet	B-Protocol
allowed	O
AppleTalk	O
networks	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
together	O
using	O
normal	O
telephone	O
wires	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
very	O
little	O
extra	O
work	O
,	O
could	O
run	O
analog	O
phones	O
and	O
AppleTalk	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
four-conductor	O
phone	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
best-known	O
such	O
system	O
was	O
Centram	O
's	O
FlashTalk	O
,	O
which	O
ran	O
at	O
768kbit/s	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
their	O
TOPS	B-Device
networking	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
similar	O
solution	O
was	O
the	O
850kbit/s	O
DaynaTalk	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
a	O
separate	O
box	O
that	O
plugged	O
in	O
between	O
the	O
computer	O
and	O
a	O
normal	O
LocalTalk/PhoneNet	O
box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dayna	O
also	O
offered	O
a	O
PC	O
expansion	B-Device
card	I-Device
that	O
ran	O
up	O
to	O
1.7Mbit/s	O
when	O
talking	O
to	O
other	O
Dayna	O
PC	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
other	O
systems	O
also	O
existed	O
with	O
even	O
higher	O
performance	O
,	O
but	O
these	O
often	O
required	O
special	O
cabling	O
that	O
was	O
incompatible	O
with	O
LocalTalk/PhoneNet	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
required	O
patches	O
to	O
the	O
networking	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
that	O
often	O
caused	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Apple	O
expanded	O
into	O
more	O
commercial	O
and	O
education	O
markets	O
,	O
they	O
needed	O
to	O
integrate	O
AppleTalk	O
into	O
existing	O
network	B-Application
installations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
organizations	O
had	O
already	O
invested	O
in	O
a	O
very	O
expensive	O
Ethernet	O
infrastructure	O
and	O
there	O
was	O
no	O
direct	O
way	O
to	O
connect	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
to	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleTalk	O
included	O
a	O
protocol	O
structure	O
for	O
interconnecting	O
AppleTalk	O
subnets	O
and	O
so	O
as	O
a	O
solution	O
,	O
EtherTalk	O
was	O
initially	O
created	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Ethernet	O
as	O
a	O
backbone	O
between	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
subnets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
accomplish	O
this	O
,	O
organizations	O
would	O
need	O
to	O
purchase	O
a	O
LocalTalk-to-Ethernet	B-Protocol
bridge	I-Protocol
and	O
Apple	O
left	O
it	O
to	O
third	O
parties	O
to	O
produce	O
these	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1987	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
was	O
clearly	O
winning	O
the	O
standards	O
battle	O
over	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
,	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
Apple	O
introduced	O
EtherTalk	O
1.0	O
,	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
AppleTalk	O
protocol	O
over	O
the	O
Ethernet	O
physical	B-Application
layer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
for	O
the	O
newly	O
released	O
Macintosh	B-Device
II	I-Device
computer	O
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
first	O
Macintosh	B-Device
with	O
expansion	B-Device
slots	I-Device
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
included	O
a	O
new	O
Network	B-Application
control	B-Operating_System
panel	I-Operating_System
that	O
allowed	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
select	O
which	O
physical	B-Application
connection	O
to	O
use	O
for	O
networking	O
(	O
from	O
"	O
Built-in	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
EtherTalk	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
introduction	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
interface	O
cards	O
were	O
available	O
from	O
3Com	O
and	O
Kinetics	O
that	O
plugged	O
into	O
a	O
Nubus	B-Device
slot	O
in	O
the	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
networking	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
also	O
expanded	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
allow	O
a	O
full	O
255	O
nodes	O
per	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
EtherTalk	O
's	O
release	O
,	O
AppleTalk	O
Personal	O
Network	B-Application
was	O
renamed	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
,	O
the	O
name	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
known	O
under	O
for	O
the	O
bulk	O
of	O
its	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
would	O
later	O
be	O
supported	O
with	O
a	O
similar	O
TokenTalk	O
product	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
Network	B-Application
control	B-Operating_System
panel	I-Operating_System
and	O
underlying	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
many	O
third-party	O
companies	O
would	O
introduce	O
compatible	O
Ethernet	O
and	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
cards	O
that	O
used	O
these	O
same	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
appearance	O
of	O
a	O
Macintosh	B-Device
with	O
a	O
direct	O
Ethernet	O
connection	O
also	O
magnified	O
the	O
Ethernet	O
and	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
compatibility	O
problem	O
:	O
Networks	O
with	O
new	O
and	O
old	O
Macs	O
needed	O
some	O
way	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
could	O
be	O
as	O
simple	O
as	O
a	O
network	B-Application
of	O
Ethernet	O
Mac	B-Device
II	I-Device
's	O
trying	O
to	O
talk	O
to	O
a	O
LaserWriter	O
that	O
only	O
connected	O
to	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
initially	O
relied	O
on	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
LocalTalk-to-Ethernet	B-Protocol
bridge	I-Protocol
products	O
,	O
but	O
contrary	O
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
belief	O
that	O
these	O
would	O
be	O
low-volume	O
products	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
1987	O
,	O
130,000	O
such	O
networks	O
were	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1987	O
also	O
marked	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
product	O
,	O
a	O
dedicated	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
that	O
ran	O
on	O
any	O
Mac	O
with	O
512	O
kB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
or	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
common	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
machine	O
was	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
with	O
an	O
external	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
was	O
the	O
#3	O
network	B-Protocol
operating	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
behind	O
Novell	B-Operating_System
NetWare	I-Operating_System
and	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
MS-Net	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
was	O
effectively	O
the	O
replacement	O
for	O
the	O
failed	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Office	I-Device
efforts	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
dedicated	O
file	B-Application
server	I-Application
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LANs	B-General_Concept
could	O
now	O
support	O
more	O
than	O
255	O
nodes	O
,	O
and	O
zones	O
were	O
no	O
longer	O
associated	O
with	O
physical	B-Application
networks	O
but	O
were	O
entirely	O
virtual	O
constructs	O
used	O
simply	O
to	O
organize	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
one	O
could	O
now	O
make	O
a	O
"	O
Printers	O
"	O
zone	O
that	O
would	O
list	O
all	O
the	O
printers	O
in	O
an	O
organization	O
,	O
or	O
one	O
might	O
want	O
to	O
place	O
that	O
same	O
device	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
2nd	O
Floor	O
"	O
zone	O
to	O
indicate	O
its	O
physical	B-Application
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
included	O
updates	O
to	O
EtherTalk	O
and	O
TokenTalk	O
,	O
AppleTalk	O
software	O
and	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
hardware	O
for	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
EtherTalk	O
for	O
Apple	O
's	O
A/UX	B-Operating_System
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
use	O
LaserPrinters	O
and	O
other	O
network	B-Application
resources	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Mac	O
X.25	O
and	O
MacX	B-Device
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
physical	B-Application
wiring	O
used	O
by	O
these	O
networks	O
was	O
not	O
yet	O
completely	O
standardized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
FriendlyNet	O
system	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
industry-standard	O
Attachment	B-Protocol
Unit	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
or	O
AUI	O
,	O
but	O
deliberately	O
chose	O
a	O
non-standard	O
connector	O
that	O
was	O
smaller	O
and	O
easier	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
called	O
"	O
Apple	O
AUI	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
AAUI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
FriendlyNet	O
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
on	O
the	O
Quadra	B-Device
700	I-Device
and	O
Quadra	B-Device
900	I-Device
computers	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
across	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	O
line	O
for	O
some	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
3rd	O
party	O
FriendlyNet	O
adaptors	O
quickly	O
appeared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
became	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
cabling	O
system	O
for	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
second-generation	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
machines	O
added	O
a	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
port	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
AAUI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerBook	B-Device
3400c	I-Device
and	O
lower-end	O
Power	B-Device
Macs	I-Device
also	O
added	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Power	O
Macintosh	O
7300/8600/9600	O
were	O
the	O
final	O
Macs	O
to	O
include	O
AAUI	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
10BASE-T	B-Protocol
became	O
universal	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
Power	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
G3	I-Device
and	O
PowerBook	B-Device
G3	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
AppleTalk	O
,	O
users	O
wanted	O
to	O
connect	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
to	O
the	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
network	I-Protocol
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Bill	O
Croft	O
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
pioneered	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
IP	O
packets	O
encapsulated	O
in	O
DDP	B-Protocol
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
SEAGATE	O
(	O
Stanford	O
Ethernet	O
–	O
AppleTalk	O
Gateway	O
)	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SEAGATE	O
was	O
commercialized	O
by	O
Kinetics	O
in	O
their	O
LocalTalk-to-Ethernet	B-Protocol
bridge	I-Protocol
as	O
an	O
additional	O
routing	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
MacIP	B-Protocol
,	O
was	O
separated	O
from	O
the	O
SEAGATE	O
code	O
and	O
became	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
method	O
for	O
IP	O
packets	O
to	O
be	O
routed	O
over	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1986	O
,	O
Columbia	O
University	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Columbia	O
AppleTalk	O
Package	O
(	O
CAP	O
)	O
that	O
allowed	O
higher	O
integration	O
of	O
Unix	O
,	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
AppleTalk	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
MacTCP	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
allowed	O
the	O
Mac	O
to	O
support	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
on	O
machines	O
with	O
suitable	O
Ethernet	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
left	O
many	O
universities	O
with	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
supporting	O
IP	O
on	O
their	O
many	O
LocalTalk-equipped	O
Macs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
soon	O
common	O
to	O
include	O
MacIP	B-Protocol
support	O
in	O
LocalTalk-to-Ethernet	O
bridges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MacTCP	B-Operating_System
would	O
not	O
become	O
a	O
standard	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
until	O
1994	O
,	O
by	O
which	O
time	O
it	O
also	O
supported	O
SNMP	B-Protocol
and	O
PPP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
better-known	O
programs	O
in	O
wide	O
use	O
were	O
Fetch	O
,	O
Eudora	O
,	O
eXodus	O
,	O
NewsWatcher	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
NCSA	O
packages	O
,	O
especially	O
NCSA	B-Application
Mosaic	I-Application
and	O
its	O
offspring	O
,	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
Navigator	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
world	O
quickly	O
moved	O
to	O
IP	O
for	O
both	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
and	O
WAN	O
uses	O
,	O
Apple	O
was	O
faced	O
with	O
maintaining	O
two	O
increasingly	O
outdated	O
code	O
bases	O
on	O
an	O
ever-wider	O
group	O
of	O
machines	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
based	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
Open	B-Protocol
Transport	I-Protocol
efforts	O
,	O
which	O
re-implemented	O
both	O
MacTCP	B-Operating_System
and	O
AppleTalk	O
on	O
an	O
entirely	O
new	O
code	O
base	O
adapted	O
from	O
the	O
Unix	O
standard	O
STREAMS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
that	O
point	O
,	O
Apple	O
was	O
deep	O
in	O
their	O
ultimately	O
doomed	O
Copland	B-Application
efforts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
purchase	O
of	O
NeXT	O
and	O
subsequent	O
development	O
of	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
,	O
AppleTalk	O
was	O
strictly	O
a	O
legacy	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
OS	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
existing	O
AppleTalk	O
devices	O
,	O
notably	O
laser	O
printers	O
and	O
file	O
shares	O
,	O
but	O
alternate	O
connection	O
solutions	O
common	O
in	O
this	O
era	O
,	O
notably	O
USB	B-Protocol
for	O
printers	O
,	O
limited	O
their	O
demand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleTalk	O
support	O
was	O
finally	O
removed	O
from	O
the	O
MacOS	B-Operating_System
in	O
Mac	B-Device
OS	I-Device
X	I-Device
v10.6	I-Device
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
led	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
many	O
such	O
efforts	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
AirPort	O
router	B-Protocol
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Zero-configuration	B-Application
networking	I-Application
system	O
and	O
their	O
implementation	O
of	O
it	O
,	O
Bonjour	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2020	O
,	O
AppleTalk	O
support	O
has	O
been	O
completely	O
removed	O
from	O
legacy	O
support	O
with	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
11	O
Big	O
Sur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AppleTalk	O
design	O
rigorously	O
followed	O
the	O
OSI	O
model	O
of	O
protocol	B-Protocol
layering	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
systems	O
,	O
AppleTalk	O
was	O
not	O
built	O
using	O
the	O
archetypal	O
Xerox	B-Protocol
XNS	I-Protocol
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AppleTalk	O
address	O
resolution	O
protocol	O
(	O
AARP	O
)	O
allowed	O
AppleTalk	O
hosts	O
to	O
automatically	O
generate	O
their	O
own	O
network	B-Application
addresses	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Name	O
Binding	O
Protocol	O
(	O
NBP	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
dynamic	O
system	O
for	O
mapping	O
network	B-Application
addresses	O
to	O
user-readable	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
systems	O
similar	O
to	O
AARP	O
existed	O
in	O
other	O
systems	O
,	O
Banyan	B-Operating_System
VINES	I-Operating_System
for	O
instance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
about	O
2002	O
Multicast	B-Protocol
DNS	I-Protocol
provided	O
capabilities	O
similar	O
to	O
NBP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
was	O
to	O
allow	O
routers	B-Protocol
to	O
provide	O
the	O
information	O
or	O
"	O
hardwire	O
"	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
known	O
addresses	O
and	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
larger	O
networks	O
where	O
AARP	O
could	O
cause	O
problems	O
as	O
new	O
nodes	O
searched	O
for	O
free	O
addresses	O
,	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
router	B-Protocol
could	O
reduce	O
"	O
chattiness.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
machines	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
network	B-Application
by	O
plugging	O
them	O
in	O
and	O
optionally	O
giving	O
them	O
a	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NBP	O
lists	O
were	O
examined	O
and	O
displayed	O
by	O
a	O
program	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Chooser	B-Operating_System
which	O
would	O
display	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
machines	O
on	O
the	O
local	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
,	O
divided	O
into	O
classes	O
such	O
as	O
file-servers	O
and	O
printers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
consisted	O
of	O
a	O
two-byte	O
network	B-Application
number	O
,	O
a	O
one-byte	O
node	O
number	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
one-byte	O
socket	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
these	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
network	B-Application
number	O
required	O
any	O
configuration	O
,	O
being	O
obtained	O
from	O
a	O
router	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
node	O
dynamically	O
chose	O
its	O
own	O
node	O
number	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
protocol	O
(	O
originally	O
the	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
Link	O
Access	O
Protocol	O
LLAP	O
and	O
later	O
,	O
for	O
Ethernet/EtherTalk	O
,	O
the	O
AppleTalk	O
Address	O
Resolution	O
Protocol	O
,	O
AARP	O
)	O
which	O
handled	O
contention	O
between	O
different	O
nodes	O
accidentally	O
choosing	O
the	O
same	O
number	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
these	O
,	O
all	O
application-level	O
protocols	O
were	O
expected	O
to	O
use	O
dynamically-assigned	O
socket	O
numbers	O
at	O
both	O
the	O
client	O
and	O
server	O
end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
the	O
same	O
machine	O
could	O
host	O
any	O
number	O
of	O
instances	O
of	O
services	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
type	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
network	B-Application
connection	O
conflicts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrast	O
this	O
with	O
A	O
records	O
in	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
name	O
translates	O
to	O
a	O
machine	O
's	O
address	O
,	O
not	O
including	O
the	O
port	O
number	O
that	O
might	O
be	O
providing	O
a	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
newer	O
protocols	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Kerberos	B-Protocol
and	O
Active	B-Protocol
Directory	I-Protocol
use	O
DNS	B-Protocol
SRV	I-Protocol
records	O
to	O
identify	O
services	O
by	O
name	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
much	O
closer	O
to	O
the	O
AppleTalk	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AARP	O
resolves	O
AppleTalk	O
addresses	O
to	O
link	B-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
addresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
powered	O
on	O
,	O
an	O
AppleTalk	O
machine	O
broadcasts	O
an	O
AARP	O
probe	O
packet	O
asking	O
for	O
a	O
network	B-Application
address	O
,	O
intending	O
to	O
hear	O
back	O
from	O
controllers	O
such	O
as	O
routers	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
then	O
broadcasts	O
another	O
packet	O
saying	O
"	O
I	O
am	O
selecting	O
this	O
address	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
waits	O
to	O
see	O
if	O
anyone	O
else	O
on	O
the	O
network	B-Application
complains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
a	O
network	B-Application
with	O
many	O
machines	O
it	O
may	O
take	O
several	O
tries	O
before	O
a	O
free	O
address	O
is	O
found	O
,	O
so	O
for	O
performance	O
purposes	O
the	O
successful	O
address	O
is	O
"	O
written	O
down	O
"	O
in	O
NVRAM	B-General_Concept
and	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
default	O
address	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
comparatively	O
late	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
AppleTalk	O
protocol	B-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
,	O
done	O
when	O
it	O
became	O
clear	O
that	O
a	O
TCP-style	O
reliable	O
connection-oriented	O
transport	B-Architecture
was	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Significant	O
differences	O
from	O
TCP	B-Protocol
were	O
that	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Protocol
Filing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
AFP	O
)	O
,	O
formerly	O
AppleTalk	B-Protocol
Filing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
,	O
is	O
the	O
protocol	O
for	O
communicating	O
with	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
file	B-Application
servers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
AppleTalk	O
Session	B-Application
Protocol	O
(	O
for	O
legacy	O
AFP	O
over	O
DDP	B-Protocol
)	O
or	O
the	O
Data	B-Protocol
Stream	I-Protocol
Interface	I-Protocol
(	O
for	O
AFP	O
over	O
TCP	B-Protocol
)	O
,	O
it	O
provides	O
services	O
for	O
authenticating	O
users	O
(	O
extensible	O
to	O
different	O
authentication	O
methods	O
including	O
two-way	O
random-number	O
exchange	O
)	O
and	O
for	O
performing	O
operations	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Application
HFS	I-Application
filesystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AFP	O
is	O
still	O
in	O
use	O
in	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
even	O
though	O
most	O
other	O
AppleTalk	O
protocols	O
have	O
been	O
deprecated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DDP	B-Protocol
was	O
the	O
lowest-level	O
data-link-independent	O
transport	B-Architecture
protocol	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provided	O
a	O
datagram	B-Protocol
service	I-Protocol
with	O
no	O
guarantees	O
of	O
delivery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
application-level	O
protocols	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
protocols	O
NBP	O
,	O
RTMP	O
and	O
ZIP	O
,	O
were	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
DDP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleTalk	O
's	O
DDP	B-Protocol
corresponds	O
closely	O
to	O
the	O
Network	B-Application
layer	I-Application
of	O
the	O
Open	O
Systems	O
Interconnection	O
(	O
OSI	O
)	O
communication	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AEP	O
(	O
AppleTalk	O
Echo	O
Protocol	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
transport	B-Architecture
layer	I-Architecture
protocol	O
designed	O
to	O
test	O
the	O
reachability	O
of	O
network	B-Application
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AEP	O
generates	O
packets	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
network	B-Application
node	O
and	O
is	O
identified	O
in	O
the	O
Type	O
field	O
of	O
a	O
packet	O
as	O
an	O
AEP	O
packet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
packet	O
is	O
first	O
passed	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
DDP	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
it	O
is	O
identified	O
as	O
an	O
AEP	O
packet	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
forwarded	O
to	O
the	O
node	O
where	O
the	O
packet	O
is	O
examined	O
by	O
the	O
DDP	B-Protocol
at	O
the	O
destination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PAP	O
was	O
the	O
standard	O
way	O
of	O
communicating	O
with	O
PostScript	B-Language
printers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
client	O
's	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
server	O
was	O
to	O
send	O
a	O
block	O
of	O
PostScript	B-Language
code	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
server	O
could	O
respond	O
with	O
any	O
diagnostic	O
messages	O
that	O
might	O
be	O
generated	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
after	O
which	O
another	O
"	O
send-more-data	O
"	O
request	O
was	O
sent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
other	O
Macintoshes	B-Device
on	O
the	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
that	O
were	O
waiting	O
to	O
print	O
to	O
display	O
status	O
messages	O
indicating	O
that	O
the	O
printer	O
was	O
busy	O
,	O
and	O
what	O
the	O
job	O
was	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
busy	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RTMP	O
was	O
the	O
protocol	O
by	O
which	O
routers	B-Protocol
kept	O
each	O
other	O
informed	O
about	O
the	O
topology	O
of	O
the	O
network	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
part	O
of	O
AppleTalk	O
that	O
required	O
periodic	O
unsolicited	O
broadcasts	O
:	O
every	O
10	O
seconds	O
,	O
each	O
router	B-Protocol
had	O
to	O
send	O
out	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
network	B-Application
numbers	O
it	O
knew	O
about	O
and	O
how	O
far	O
away	O
it	O
thought	O
they	O
were	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ZIP	O
was	O
the	O
protocol	O
by	O
which	O
AppleTalk	O
network	B-Application
numbers	O
were	O
associated	O
with	O
zone	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
zone	O
was	O
a	O
subdivision	O
of	O
the	O
network	B-Application
that	O
made	O
sense	O
to	O
humans	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
"	O
Accounting	O
Department	O
"	O
)	O
;	O
but	O
while	O
a	O
network	B-Application
number	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
assigned	O
to	O
a	O
topologically-contiguous	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
network	B-Application
,	O
a	O
zone	O
could	O
include	O
several	O
different	O
discontiguous	O
portions	O
of	O
the	O
network	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
default	O
hardware	O
implementation	O
for	O
AppleTalk	O
was	O
a	O
high-speed	O
serial	O
protocol	O
known	O
as	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
that	O
used	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
's	O
built-in	O
RS-422	O
ports	O
at	O
230.4	O
kbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LocalTalk	B-Device
used	O
a	O
splitter	O
box	O
in	O
the	O
RS-422	O
port	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
upstream	O
and	O
downstream	O
cable	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
topology	O
was	O
a	O
bus	B-Architecture
:	O
cables	O
were	O
daisy-chained	O
from	O
each	O
connected	O
machine	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
maximum	O
of	O
32	O
permitted	O
on	O
any	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
segment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
physical	B-Application
implementations	O
were	O
also	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
very	O
popular	O
replacement	O
for	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
was	O
PhoneNet	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
3rd	O
party	O
solution	O
from	O
Farallon	O
Computing	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
renamed	O
Netopia	O
,	O
acquired	O
by	O
Motorola	O
in	O
2007	O
)	O
that	O
also	O
used	O
the	O
RS-422	O
port	O
and	O
was	O
indistinguishable	O
from	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
as	O
far	O
as	O
Apple	O
's	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
port	O
drivers	O
were	O
concerned	O
,	O
but	O
ran	O
over	O
the	O
two	O
unused	O
wires	O
in	O
standard	O
four-wire	O
phone	O
cabling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Foreshadowing	O
today	O
's	O
network	B-Application
hubs	O
and	O
switches	O
,	O
Farallon	O
provided	O
solutions	O
for	O
PhoneNet	B-Protocol
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
"	O
star	O
"	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
bus	B-Architecture
configurations	O
,	O
with	O
both	O
"	O
passive	O
"	O
star	O
connections	O
(	O
with	O
the	O
phone	O
wires	O
simply	O
bridged	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
at	O
a	O
central	O
point	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
active	O
"	O
star	O
with	O
"	O
PhoneNet	B-Protocol
Star	O
Controller	O
"	O
hub	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
connectors	O
did	O
n't	O
have	O
a	O
locking	O
feature	O
,	O
so	O
connectors	O
could	O
easily	O
come	O
loose	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
bus	B-Architecture
configuration	O
resulted	O
in	O
any	O
loose	O
connector	O
bringing	O
down	O
the	O
whole	O
network	B-Application
,	O
and	O
being	O
hard	O
to	O
track	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PhoneNet	B-Protocol
RJ-11	O
connectors	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
snapped	O
into	O
place	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
a	O
star	O
configuration	O
any	O
wiring	O
issue	O
only	O
affected	O
one	O
device	O
,	O
and	O
problems	O
were	O
easy	O
to	O
pinpoint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PhoneNet	B-Protocol
's	O
low	O
cost	O
,	O
flexibility	O
,	O
and	O
easy	O
troubleshooting	O
resulted	O
in	O
it	O
being	O
the	O
dominant	O
choice	O
for	O
Mac	O
networks	O
into	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleTalk	O
protocols	O
also	O
came	O
to	O
run	O
over	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
first	O
coaxial	O
and	O
then	O
twisted	O
pair	O
)	O
and	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
physical	B-Application
layers	I-Application
,	O
labeled	O
by	O
Apple	O
as	O
EtherTalk	O
and	O
TokenTalk	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
AppleTalk	O
and	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
any	O
Ethernet	O
network	B-Application
could	O
also	O
simultaneously	O
carry	O
other	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
DECnet	B-Protocol
and	O
IPX	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
PC	I-General_Concept
was	O
released	O
,	O
allowing	O
PCs	O
to	O
access	O
AppleShare	B-General_Concept
file	B-Application
servers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
TOPS	B-Device
Teleconnector	O
"	O
MS-DOS	O
networking	O
system	O
over	O
AppleTalk	O
system	O
enabled	O
MS-DOS	O
PCs	O
to	O
communicate	O
over	O
AppleTalk	O
network	B-Application
hardware	O
;	O
it	O
comprised	O
an	O
AppleTalk	O
interface	O
card	O
for	O
the	O
PC	O
and	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
networking	O
software	O
allowing	O
such	O
functions	O
as	O
file	O
,	O
drive	O
and	O
printer	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
as	O
allowing	O
the	O
construction	O
of	O
a	O
PC-only	O
AppleTalk	O
network	B-Application
,	O
it	O
allowed	O
communication	O
between	O
PCs	O
and	O
Macs	O
with	O
TOPS	B-Device
software	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Macs	O
without	O
TOPS	B-Device
installed	O
could	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
network	B-Application
but	O
only	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
other	O
Apple	O
machines	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mac	O
TOPS	B-Device
software	O
did	O
not	O
match	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
either	O
in	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
or	O
in	O
robustness	O
and	O
freedom	O
from	O
crashes	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
DOS	O
software	O
was	O
relatively	O
simple	O
to	O
use	O
in	O
DOS	O
terms	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
robust	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
and	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
support	O
AppleTalk	O
through	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
project	O
called	O
Netatalk	B-Language
,	O
which	O
implements	O
the	O
complete	O
protocol	B-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
and	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
both	O
act	O
as	O
native	O
file	O
or	O
print	O
servers	O
for	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
print	O
to	O
LocalTalk	B-Device
printers	O
over	O
the	O
network	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
supported	O
AppleTalk	O
starting	O
with	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
and	O
ending	O
after	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GroupLogic	B-Protocol
continues	O
to	O
bundle	O
its	O
AppleTalk	O
protocol	O
with	O
its	O
ExtremeZ-IP	B-General_Concept
server	O
software	O
for	O
Macintosh-Windows	O
integration	O
which	O
supports	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
as	O
well	O
prior	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HELIOS	O
Software	O
GmbH	O
offers	O
a	O
proprietary	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
AppleTalk	O
protocol	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
HELIOS	O
UB2	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
Columbia	O
University	O
released	O
the	O
Columbia	O
AppleTalk	O
Package	O
(	O
CAP	O
)	O
which	O
implemented	O
the	O
protocol	B-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
for	O
various	O
Unix	O
flavors	O
including	O
Ultrix	B-Operating_System
,	O
SunOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
and	O
IRIX	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
