<s>
The	O
Apollo	O
program	O
used	O
several	O
television	O
cameras	O
in	O
its	O
space	O
missions	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
;	O
some	O
of	O
these	O
Apollo	B-Algorithm
TV	I-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
were	O
also	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
later	O
Skylab	O
and	O
Apollo	O
–	O
Soyuz	O
Test	O
Project	O
missions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
standard	O
for	O
the	O
Block	O
I	O
CM	O
meant	O
that	O
the	O
analog	O
video	O
standard	O
for	O
early	O
Apollo	O
missions	O
was	O
set	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
monochrome	O
signal	O
,	O
with	O
320	O
active	O
scan	B-Algorithm
lines	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
progressively	B-Device
scanned	I-Device
at	O
10	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
fps	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
scan	O
rate	O
was	O
much	O
lower	O
than	O
the	O
approximately	O
30	O
fps	O
for	O
NTSC	O
video	O
,	O
the	O
television	O
standard	O
used	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
real-time	O
scan	B-General_Concept
conversion	I-General_Concept
was	O
needed	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
show	O
its	O
images	O
on	O
a	O
regular	O
TV	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NASA	O
selected	O
a	O
scan	B-General_Concept
converter	I-General_Concept
manufactured	O
by	O
RCA	O
to	O
convert	O
the	O
black-and-white	O
SSTV	O
signals	O
from	O
the	O
Apollo	O
7	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
9	O
,	O
and	O
11	O
missions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
Apollo	B-Algorithm
TV	I-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
radioed	O
its	O
images	O
,	O
the	O
ground	O
stations	O
received	O
its	O
raw	O
unconverted	O
SSTV	O
signal	O
and	O
split	O
it	O
into	O
two	O
branches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
signal	O
branch	O
was	O
sent	O
unprocessed	O
to	O
a	O
fourteen-track	O
analog	O
data	O
tape	O
recorder	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
recorded	O
onto	O
fourteen-inch	O
diameter	O
reels	O
of	O
one-inch-wide	O
analog	O
magnetic	B-Architecture
data	I-Architecture
tapes	I-Architecture
at	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
raw	O
SSTV	O
signal	O
branch	O
was	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
RCA	O
scan	B-General_Concept
converter	I-General_Concept
where	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
processed	O
into	O
an	O
NTSC	O
broadcast	O
television	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
monitor	O
had	O
persistent	O
phosphors	O
,	O
that	O
acted	O
as	O
a	O
primitive	O
framebuffer	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	O
degradation	O
was	O
unavoidable	O
with	O
this	O
system	O
as	O
the	O
monitor	O
and	O
camera	O
's	O
optical	O
limitations	O
significantly	O
lowered	O
the	O
original	O
SSTV	O
signal	O
's	O
contrast	O
,	O
brightness	O
and	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
requirement	O
was	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
keep	O
the	O
power	O
to	O
approximately	O
7	O
watts	O
,	O
and	O
fit	O
the	O
signal	O
into	O
the	O
narrow	O
bandwidth	O
on	O
the	O
LM	O
's	O
S-band	B-Algorithm
antenna	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
much	O
smaller	O
and	O
less	O
powerful	O
than	O
the	O
service	O
module	O
's	O
antenna	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
bayonet	B-Algorithm
lens	B-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
allowed	O
for	O
quick	O
changes	O
for	O
the	O
two	O
interchangeable	O
lenses	O
used	O
on	O
Apollo	O
11	O
:	O
a	O
wide-angle	O
and	O
a	O
lunar	O
day	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
color	O
wheel	O
,	O
with	O
six	O
filter	O
segments	O
,	O
was	O
placed	O
behind	O
the	O
lens	B-Algorithm
mount	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zoom	O
lens	O
had	O
a	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
variable	O
from	O
25mm	O
to	O
150mm	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aperture	B-General_Concept
ranged	O
from	O
F4	O
to	O
F44	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
T5	O
light	O
transmittance	O
rating	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Acting	O
as	O
a	O
framebuffer	B-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
then	O
sent	O
the	O
coordinated	O
color	O
information	O
to	O
an	O
encoder	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
NTSC	O
color	O
video	O
signal	O
and	O
then	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
broadcast	O
pool	O
feed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
color	O
was	O
decoded	O
,	O
scan	B-General_Concept
conversion	I-General_Concept
was	O
not	O
necessary	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
color	O
camera	O
ran	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
60-fields-per-second	O
video	O
interlace	O
rate	O
as	O
the	O
NTSC	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
used	O
the	O
command	O
module	O
's	O
extra	O
S-band	B-Algorithm
channel	O
and	O
large	O
S-band	B-Algorithm
antenna	O
to	O
accommodate	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
larger	O
bandwidth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1969	O
–	O
1970	O
Emmy	O
Awards	O
for	O
Outstanding	O
Achievement	O
in	O
Technical/Engineering	O
Development	O
were	O
awarded	O
to	O
NASA	O
for	O
the	O
conceptual	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
color	O
Apollo	B-Algorithm
television	I-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
and	O
to	O
Westinghouse	O
Electric	O
Corporation	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
