<s>
The	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Imaging	O
Software	B-Application
Suite	I-Application
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
suite	I-Application
that	O
includes	O
three	O
base	O
products	O
-	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Lab	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Dev	O
,	O
and	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
for	O
addressing	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
image	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
suite	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
extension	B-Application
programs	I-Application
to	O
implement	O
specific	O
vertical	B-Application
applications	I-Application
that	O
benefit	O
from	O
imaging	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
software	O
products	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
prototype	O
and	O
deploy	B-Application
applications	O
,	O
or	O
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
,	O
in	O
whole	O
or	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
into	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
system	O
as	O
processing	O
and	O
visualization	O
libraries	B-Library
whose	O
components	O
are	O
available	O
as	O
both	O
DLLs	O
or	O
.Net	B-Application
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
started	O
in	O
1995	O
as	O
a	O
joint	O
project	O
of	O
a	O
French	O
company	O
,	O
S.A.	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
American	O
company	O
,	O
Amerinex	O
Applied	O
Imaging	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
AAI	O
)	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
's	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
analysis	O
functions	O
were	O
made	O
from	O
operators	O
available	O
from	O
the	O
KBVision	O
software	O
developed	B-General_Concept
and	O
sold	O
by	O
Amerinex	O
's	O
predecessor	O
,	O
Amerinex	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
the	O
XLim	O
software	B-Library
library	I-Library
was	O
developed	B-General_Concept
at	O
the	O
Center	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Mathematical	I-Algorithm
Morphology	I-Algorithm
of	O
Mines	O
ParisTech	O
,	O
and	O
both	O
companies	O
carried	O
out	O
its	O
development	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
was	O
completed	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
version	O
2.3	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
for	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
was	O
released	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
user	O
base	O
was	O
growing	O
in	O
both	O
France	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3.0	O
,	O
totally	O
rewritten	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
then-recent	O
ActiveX	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
was	O
officially	O
released	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
became	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
«	O
Developer	B-Application
»	O
version	O
,	O
for	O
rapid	O
prototyping	O
of	O
applications	O
using	O
its	O
intuitive	O
and	O
the	O
macro	O
recording	O
capability	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
«	O
Core	O
»	O
version	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
full	O
library	O
as	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
ActiveX	B-Application
components	I-Application
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
,	O
integrators	O
and	O
original	O
equipment	O
manufacturers	O
(	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
AAI	O
turned	O
its	O
focus	O
to	O
security	O
,	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
ADCIS	O
took	O
the	O
lead	O
on	O
developing	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
specified	O
version	O
4.0	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
set	O
of	O
image	O
processing/analysis	O
functions	O
was	O
rewritten	O
one	O
more	O
time	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
technology	O
and	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
64	O
bit	O
architecture	O
s	O
.	O
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
was	O
redesigned	O
to	O
address	O
two	O
usage	O
types	O
:	O
a	O
semi-automatic	O
use	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
guided	O
through	O
the	O
different	O
steps	O
of	O
functions	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
fully	O
automatic	O
use	O
where	O
the	O
expert	O
user	O
can	O
quickly	O
invoke	O
imaging	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
Vision	O
Show	O
in	O
Paris	O
in	O
October	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Lab	O
product	O
was	O
launched	O
for	O
users	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
specialists	O
in	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
easier	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
includes	O
fewer	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
then	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Image	B-Algorithm
Processing	I-Algorithm
Suite	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Dev	O
(	O
replacing	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Developer	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Lab	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
(	O
replacing	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Core	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2015	O
,	O
announced	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
's	O
port	O
for	O
tablets	B-Device
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
,	O
for	O
vertical	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
"	O
comes	O
from	O
the	O
astronomical	B-Algorithm
term	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
same	O
name	O
,	O
meaning	O
the	O
point	O
on	O
a	O
planet	O
rotating	O
around	O
the	O
Sun	O
where	O
it	O
lies	O
farthest	O
from	O
it	O
,	O
applying	O
the	O
term	O
in	O
a	O
metaphorical	O
sense	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unix	B-Application
was	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
used	O
on	O
scientific	O
workstations	B-Device
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
on	O
the	O
workstations	B-Device
manufactured	O
by	O
market	O
leader	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
which	O
Windows	B-Application
suite	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
was	O
quite	O
removed	O
from	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
suite	I-Application
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
image	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
supports	I-General_Concept
2D	O
and	O
3D	O
,	O
monochrome	O
,	O
color	O
,	O
and	O
multi-band	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
developed	B-General_Concept
by	O
,	O
a	O
French	O
software	O
house	O
located	O
in	O
Saint-Contest	O
,	O
Calvados	O
,	O
Normandy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
is	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
scientific/industry	O
community	O
to	O
solve	O
basic	O
and	O
complex	O
imaging	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
the	O
imaging	O
application	O
is	O
quickly	O
developed	B-General_Concept
from	O
the	O
Graphical	O
User	O
Interface	O
,	O
involving	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
functions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
automatically	O
recorded	O
into	O
a	O
macro	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
macro	O
languages	O
available	O
in	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
BasicScript	O
,	O
Python	O
,	O
and	O
C#	O
)	O
help	O
to	O
process	B-General_Concept
batch	I-General_Concept
of	O
images	O
,	O
and	O
prompt	O
the	O
user	O
if	O
needed	O
for	O
specific	O
parameters	O
that	O
are	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
imaging	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
functions	O
are	O
written	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
user	O
interface	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
C#	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C++	B-Language
functions	O
can	O
be	O
called	O
from	O
the	O
C#	O
language	O
thanks	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
dedicated	O
wrappers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
principle	O
of	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
is	O
to	O
automatically	O
process	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
of	O
a	O
digital	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
,	O
then	O
extract	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
objects	O
of	O
interest	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
starting	O
from	O
an	O
image	O
,	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
processed	O
by	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
successive	O
functions	O
or	O
operators	O
until	O
only	O
measurements	O
are	O
computed	O
and	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
input	O
of	O
a	O
3rd	O
party	O
system	O
or	O
a	O
classification	O
software	O
that	O
will	O
classify	O
objects	O
of	O
interest	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
extracted	O
during	O
the	O
imaging	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
acquisition	O
system	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
,	O
a	O
video	O
camera	O
,	O
an	O
optical	O
or	O
electron	O
microscope	O
,	O
a	O
medical	O
scanner	B-Application
,	O
or	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
capture	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
set	O
of	O
values	O
or	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
processed	O
as	O
a	O
1D	O
image	O
(	O
1D	O
signal	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
2D	O
image	O
(	O
array	O
of	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
values	O
corresponding	O
to	O
a	O
monochrome	O
or	O
color	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
3D	O
image	O
displayed	O
using	O
volume	O
rendering	O
(	O
array	O
of	O
voxels	O
in	O
the	O
3D	O
space	O
)	O
or	O
displaying	O
surfaces	O
by	O
using	O
3D	O
rendering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2D	O
color	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
is	O
made	O
of	O
3	O
value	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
typically	O
Red	O
,	O
Green	O
,	O
and	O
Blue	O
information	O
or	O
another	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
3D	O
image	O
is	O
made	O
of	O
monochrome	O
,	O
color	O
(	O
indexed	B-Data_Structure
color	I-Data_Structure
are	O
often	O
used	O
)	O
,	O
multispectral	O
,	O
or	O
hyperspectral	B-Application
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Software	B-Application
Suite	I-Application
includes	O
three	O
base	O
products	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
optional	O
extensions	O
for	O
specific	O
applications	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Lab	O
:	O
Entry-level	O
package	O
for	O
non-experts	O
in	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
helps	O
to	O
quickly	O
segment	B-Algorithm
an	O
image	O
in	O
a	O
semi-automatic	O
or	O
manual	O
ways	O
,	O
and	O
compute	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
measurements	O
computed	O
on	O
objects	O
of	O
interest	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
extracted	O
during	O
the	O
segmentation	B-Algorithm
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
set	O
of	O
wizards	O
guides	O
the	O
user	O
from	O
image	O
acquisition	O
to	O
report	B-General_Concept
generation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Dev	O
:	O
Full	O
imaging	O
environment	O
including	O
over	O
450	O
functions	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
deploy	B-Application
an	O
application	O
that	O
involves	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
libraries	B-Library
for	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
visualization	O
are	O
provided	O
in	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Dev	O
as	O
DLLs	O
and	O
.Net	B-Application
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
:	O
A	O
set	O
of	O
libraries	B-Library
to	O
develop	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
application	O
with	O
a	O
custom	O
interface	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
libraries	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kit	I-Application
including	O
display	O
,	O
processing	O
and	O
analysis	O
functions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
and	O
s	O
.	O
It	O
is	O
provided	O
as	O
DLLs	O
and	O
.Net	B-Application
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
stand-alone	O
application	O
is	O
typically	O
developed	B-General_Concept
in	O
C#	O
on	O
one	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
deployed	O
on	O
multiple	O
s	O
and	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
set	O
of	O
optional	O
extensions	O
can	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
«	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Dev	O
»	O
product	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
evaluation	O
version	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
for	O
30	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
permanent	O
version	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
is	O
available	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
perpetual	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upgrades	B-General_Concept
are	O
available	O
through	O
a	O
maintenance	O
agreement	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
yearly	O
fee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technical	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
is	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
engineers	O
who	O
are	O
developing	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
is	O
usually	O
to	O
extract	O
object(s )	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
an	O
image	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
to	O
classify	O
them	O
based	O
on	O
some	O
characteristics	O
such	O
as	O
shape	O
,	O
density	O
,	O
position	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
,	O
this	O
goal	O
is	O
achieved	O
by	O
performing	O
the	O
following	O
tasks	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Segment	B-Algorithm
the	O
image	O
extracting	O
objects	O
of	O
interest	O
to	O
be	O
measured	O
and	O
analyzed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
for	O
simple	O
applications	O
,	O
a	O
threshold	B-Algorithm
is	O
performed	O
to	O
generate	O
a	O
binary	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
morphological	B-Algorithm
operators	I-Algorithm
are	O
applied	O
to	O
clean	O
the	O
image	O
and	O
only	O
keep	O
objects	O
of	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
a	O
label	O
value	O
is	O
given	O
to	O
each	O
object	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
connectivity	O
(	O
4	O
or	O
8	B-Application
connectivity	O
when	O
a	O
square	O
grid	O
is	O
used	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
background	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
is	O
given	O
value	O
zero	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
has	O
been	O
developed	B-General_Concept
above	O
for	O
one	O
image	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
a	O
batch	O
of	O
images	O
thanks	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
macro-commands	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
User	O
Interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Statistical	O
analysis	O
can	O
be	O
performed	O
on	O
the	O
measurements	O
and	O
classifiers	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
trained	B-General_Concept
if	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
objects	O
is	O
large	O
enough	O
and	O
if	O
descriptors	O
or	O
measurements	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
classify	O
objects	O
into	O
classes	O
or	O
categories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Imaging	O
Software	B-Application
Suite	I-Application
is	O
used	O
by	O
students	O
,	O
researchers	O
,	O
engineers	O
,	O
and	O
software	B-Application
developers	I-Application
in	O
many	O
application	O
domains	O
involving	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
computer	O
vision	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
video	O
surveillance	O
involving	O
multiple	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
application	O
has	O
been	O
developed	B-General_Concept
to	O
monitor	O
a	O
subway	O
in	O
a	O
capital	O
city	O
(	O
corridors	O
,	O
platforms	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
application	O
has	O
been	O
developed	B-General_Concept
to	O
count	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
entering/exiting	O
a	O
room	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
monitor	O
traffic	O
on	O
roads	O
,	O
and	O
analyze	O
trajectories	O
of	O
moving	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
robotics	O
and	O
computer	O
vision	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
detect	B-Algorithm
static	O
and	O
moving	O
objects	O
such	O
as	O
vehicles	O
,	O
and	O
moving	O
targets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
portable	B-Application
devices	I-Application
to	O
read	O
car	O
license	B-Application
plates	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
also	O
used	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
to	O
perform	O
3D	B-Algorithm
reconstructions	I-Algorithm
of	O
2D	O
shapes	O
and	O
estimate	O
the	O
weight	O
and	O
the	O
volume	O
of	O
the	O
3D	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
to	O
automatically	O
detect	B-Algorithm
roads	O
,	O
buildings	O
,	O
agricultural	O
fields	O
in	O
satellite	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
usually	O
digitized	O
on	O
more	O
than	O
8	B-Application
bits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
remote	B-Application
sensing	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
hyperspectral	B-Application
images	I-Application
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
(	O
infrared	O
and	O
ultraviolet	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
quality	O
control	O
for	O
industry	O
,	O
has	O
developed	B-General_Concept
a	O
specific	O
measurement	O
software	O
product	O
to	O
analyze	O
printed	O
circuit	O
board	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
electronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
analyze	O
and	O
read	O
documents	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
detecting	O
defects	O
on	O
printed	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
cosmetics	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
analyze	O
the	O
wear	O
and	O
tear	O
of	O
nail	O
polish	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
perform	O
quality	O
control	O
on	O
facial	O
cream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
quality	O
control	O
applications	O
have	O
been	O
developed	B-General_Concept
by	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
automatic	O
classification	O
of	O
argentic	O
grains	O
on	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
metallurgy	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
ActiveX	B-Application
components	I-Application
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
do	O
metallography	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
electron	O
microscopes	O
(	O
)	O
and	O
microprobe	O
(	O
)	O
to	O
quantify	O
and	O
analyze	O
inclusions	O
in	O
steel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Carbon	O
dispersion	O
in	O
one	O
step	O
of	O
font	O
production	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
analyzed	O
using	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
ASTM	O
standards	O
,	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
specific	O
tools	O
has	O
been	O
implemented	O
in	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
software	O
product	O
to	O
detect	B-Algorithm
and	O
then	O
analyze	O
grain	O
boundaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Work	O
has	O
been	O
done	O
in	O
field	O
of	O
electron	O
tomography	B-Algorithm
to	O
add	O
image	O
alignment	O
and	O
3D	O
reconstruction	O
tools	O
plug-in	B-Application
using	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
also	O
helps	O
to	O
study	O
composite	O
polymers	O
strengthen	O
by	O
glass	O
fiber	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
micro	O
threads	O
used	O
to	O
link	O
soft	O
fibers	O
in	O
the	O
perpendicular	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
metallic	O
elements	O
in	O
composite	O
materials	O
and	O
alloys	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
AlSiC	O
is	O
usually	O
performed	O
by	O
granulometry	B-Algorithm
involving	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
software	O
product	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
chemical	O
engineering	O
to	O
study	O
water	O
mixes	O
coming	O
from	O
two	O
different	O
sources	O
in	O
a	O
continuous	O
stirred-tank	O
reactor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
correlation	O
was	O
then	O
used	O
to	O
quantify	O
concentration	O
evolutions	O
using	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
industrial	O
water	O
treatment	O
and	O
sewage	O
treatment	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
helps	O
to	O
process	O
XRay	O
microtomograph	O
images	O
of	O
sewage	O
sludge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
section	O
is	O
processed	O
as	O
a	O
2D	O
image	O
,	O
a	O
binary	O
threshold	B-Algorithm
is	O
then	O
applied	O
to	O
discriminate	O
between	O
air	O
and	O
the	O
humid	O
material	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
a	O
3D	O
reconstruction	O
is	O
performed	O
to	O
track	O
the	O
volume	O
evolution	O
of	O
cracks	O
during	O
the	O
drying	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
involved	O
a	O
histogram	B-Algorithm
equalization	I-Algorithm
followed	O
by	O
an	O
Otsu	B-Algorithm
threshold	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
XRay	O
microtomography	O
to	O
perform	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
of	O
foams	O
(	O
number	O
of	O
bubble	O
faces	O
,	O
bubble	O
average	O
size	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
comprehensive	O
set	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
functions	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
analyze	O
images	O
coming	O
from	O
an	O
optical	O
microscope	O
and	O
a	O
camera	O
mounted	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
microscope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
texture	O
analysis	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
homogeneity	O
,	O
average	O
intensity	O
,	O
moments	O
)	O
are	O
automatically	O
computed	O
by	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
and	O
displayed	O
in	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
in	O
a	O
spreadsheet	O
on	O
which	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
as	O
surface	O
ratios	O
can	O
be	O
performed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
specific	O
software	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
ActiveX	B-Application
components	I-Application
is	O
capable	O
to	O
measure	O
inhibitor	O
agent	O
effects	O
on	O
dentin	O
cells	O
resorption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
cytopathology	O
,	O
developed	B-General_Concept
a	O
set	O
of	O
software	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
specific	O
software	O
to	O
analyze	O
blood	O
composition	O
,	O
count	O
and	O
classify	O
red	O
globules	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
software	O
to	O
automatically	O
classify	O
cancerous	O
cells	O
using	O
a	O
classification	O
based	O
on	O
multiple	O
neural	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
then	O
automatically	O
processed	O
by	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
cytoplasm	O
and	O
nuclei	O
are	O
segmented	O
using	O
a	O
watershed	B-Algorithm
algorithm	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
study	O
tumor	O
vascularization	O
in	O
low	O
resolution	O
images	O
using	O
a	O
slide	O
scanner	B-Application
(	O
much	O
cheaper	O
than	O
a	O
scan	O
microscope	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
that	O
was	O
developed	B-General_Concept
helped	O
the	O
detection	O
of	O
immune-marked	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
histology	O
to	O
study	O
angiogenesis	O
in	O
2D	O
and	O
3D	O
on	O
microscopy	O
images	O
to	O
measure	O
effects	O
of	O
inhibitors	O
and	O
accelerants	O
impact	O
on	O
blood	O
vessels	O
growth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
developed	B-General_Concept
a	O
chromosome	O
classification	O
assistant	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
cytogenetics	O
to	O
automatically	O
detect	B-Algorithm
telomeres	O
and	O
pair	O
chromosomes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ploidics	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
product	O
to	O
quantify	O
ploidy	O
based	O
on	O
optical	O
density	O
has	O
been	O
developed	B-General_Concept
for	O
a	O
customer	O
and	O
released	O
as	O
an	O
off-the-shelf	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
analyze	O
gel	O
electrophoresis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
dermatology	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
users	O
developed	B-General_Concept
a	O
method	O
to	O
quantify	O
wounded	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
and	O
software	O
products	O
based	O
on	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
ophthalmology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
software	O
products	O
for	O
ophthalmology	O
pathologies	O
have	O
been	O
developed	B-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
for	O
measurement	O
of	O
3D	O
volume	O
of	O
pigment	O
epithelium	O
detachment	O
,	O
to	O
study	O
confocal	O
images	O
of	O
the	O
cornea	O
in	O
the	O
2D	O
and	O
3D	O
spaces	O
,	O
to	O
quantify	O
conjunctival	O
hyperaemia	O
at	O
the	O
ocular	O
surface	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
study	O
dry	O
eye	O
syndrome	O
looking	O
at	O
tears	O
present	O
on	O
lid	O
wiper	O
epithelium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
pharmacology	O
,	O
used	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
libraries	B-Library
to	O
develop	O
a	O
specific	O
software	O
product	O
to	O
find	O
new	O
molecules	O
inhibiting	O
mitosis	O
in	O
epifluorescence	O
microscopy	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
joint	O
development	O
has	O
been	O
developed	B-General_Concept
in	O
radiology	O
application	O
field	O
by	O
and	O
Robert	O
Va	O
n't	O
Hof	O
to	O
study	O
osteoporosis	O
images	O
of	O
the	O
bone	O
and	O
quantify	O
porosities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADCIS	O
also	O
used	O
tomography	B-Algorithm
method	O
(	O
)	O
to	O
perform	O
3D	O
reconstruction	O
from	O
multiple	O
points	O
of	O
view	O
measuring	O
background	O
absorption	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
cone	O
beam	O
computed	O
tomography	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
research	O
users	O
used	O
the	O
software	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
biology	O
to	O
automatically	O
quantify	O
ox	B-Language
maturation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
developed	B-General_Concept
segmentation	B-Algorithm
techniques	O
applied	O
on	O
vertebra	B-Application
images	O
including	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
conversions	I-Algorithm
(	O
CIE	O
L*a*b*	O
and	O
Hue	O
,	O
Saturation	O
,	O
and	O
Intensity	O
)	O
to	O
detect	B-Algorithm
bones	O
and	O
cartilage	O
edges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
Processing	I-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
count	O
cells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
agriculture	O
and	O
botany	O
,	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Software	O
Product	O
helps	O
to	O
study	O
macroscopic	O
scale	O
properties	O
of	O
leaves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
algorithm	O
includes	O
a	O
segmentation	B-Algorithm
of	O
leaves	O
versus	O
the	O
background	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
compute	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
measurements	O
and	O
perform	O
a	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
and	O
then	O
classification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
food	O
industry	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
average	O
grain	O
size	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
compute	O
the	O
surface	O
ratio	O
of	O
pulps	O
in	O
tomatoes	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
geology	O
,	O
scientists	O
based	O
their	O
research	O
work	O
on	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
to	O
perform	O
a	O
statistical	O
analysis	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
the	O
size	O
and	O
shape	O
of	O
rock	O
debris	O
present	O
in	O
moraines	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
maximal	O
slope	O
that	O
will	O
not	O
cause	O
rockfalls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Morphological	O
parameters	O
computed	O
by	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
are	O
easier	O
to	O
compute	O
and	O
less	O
expensive	O
to	O
generate	O
than	O
the	O
usual	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
geothermal	O
engineering	O
,	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
was	O
used	O
in	O
project	O
for	O
the	O
Soultz-sous-Forêts	O
site	O
in	O
Alsace	O
,	O
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
quartz	O
grains	O
in	O
a	O
drill	O
(	O
granulometry	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
Processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
Analysis	O
is	O
a	O
scientific	O
discipline	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
statistics	O
,	O
and	O
set	O
theory	O
are	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
people	O
spend	O
time	O
to	O
find	O
new	O
algorithms	O
,	O
new	O
functions	O
(	O
adaptive	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
,	O
new	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
definition	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
or	O
even	O
newer	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
very	O
tight	O
connection	O
between	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
classification	O
(	O
machine	O
learning	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	B-Application
artificial	I-Application
intelligence	I-Application
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
new	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
operators	O
that	O
are	O
easily	O
inserted	O
into	O
the	O
graphical	O
user	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
operators	O
are	O
added	O
from	O
time	O
to	O
time	O
depending	O
on	O
customer	O
requests	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
techniques	O
that	O
are	O
developed	B-General_Concept
in	O
research	O
labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
works	O
from	O
Hanbury	O
and	O
Serra	O
on	O
color	B-Algorithm
spaces	I-Algorithm
where	O
the	O
hue	O
is	O
represented	O
as	O
an	O
angle	O
(	O
Hue	O
Saturation	O
Value	O
,	O
Hue	O
Saturation	O
Lightness	O
,	O
Hue	O
Saturation	O
Brightness	O
or	O
Hue	O
Saturation	O
Intensity	O
)	O
are	O
proposing	O
a	O
new	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
,	O
derived	O
from	O
(	O
Hue	O
,	O
Saturation	O
,	O
Lightness	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gervais	O
Gauthier	O
,	O
from	O
,	O
gave	O
a	O
talk	O
where	O
he	O
showed	O
the	O
benefit	O
of	O
a	O
vectorial	O
representation	O
of	O
objects	O
and	O
chains	O
in	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subjects	O
of	O
work	O
or	O
research	O
as	O
program	O
optimization	O
,	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
with	O
threads	O
,	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
clusters	O
or	O
grids	B-Architecture
of	O
computers	O
and	O
video	B-Device
cards	I-Device
)	O
,	O
GPGPU	B-Architecture
or	O
new	O
processor	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
usage	O
,	O
evolve	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
hardware	O
progresses	O
made	O
regularly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
performances	O
ever	O
increase	O
,	O
changing	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
reachable	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
computations	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
performances	O
are	O
sometime	O
used	O
as	O
reference	O
to	O
compare	O
optimizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
products	O
of	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
Imaging	O
Software	B-Application
Suite	I-Application
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
equipped	O
with	O
Windows	B-Application
(	O
Vista	B-Application
,	O
7	B-Device
,	O
8	B-Application
,	O
8.1	O
,	O
or	O
10	B-Operating_System
)	O
32	O
or	O
64	O
bits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
online	B-Protocol
help	I-Protocol
and	O
video	O
tutorials	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Below	O
is	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
optional	O
extensions	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
Image	B-Algorithm
Processing	I-Algorithm
and	O
3D	O
Image	O
Display	O
:	O
A	O
set	O
of	O
extensions	O
to	O
display	O
and	O
process	O
3D	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
Skeletonization	O
:	O
Extension	O
to	O
compute	O
the	O
3D	O
skeleton	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-Algorithm
Registration	I-Algorithm
:	O
Image	B-Algorithm
registration	I-Algorithm
extension	O
to	O
register	O
images	O
coming	O
from	O
different	O
acquisition	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kriging	O
:	O
Specific	O
extension	O
to	O
remove	O
image	B-Algorithm
noise	I-Algorithm
using	O
geostatistics	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
Image	O
Capture	O
and	O
Virtual	O
Image	O
Stitcher	O
:	O
Two	O
software	O
products	O
to	O
capture	O
mult-field	O
images	O
and	O
stitch	O
them	O
into	O
one	O
single	O
and	O
very	O
large	O
image	O
in	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
optical	O
and	O
electron	O
microscopy	O
(	O
image	B-Algorithm
stitching	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VisionTutor	O
:	O
Online	O
image	B-Algorithm
processing	I-Algorithm
course	O
including	O
all	O
the	O
theory	O
and	O
application	O
macro	O
commands	O
that	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
user	O
can	O
add	O
his/her	O
own	O
macro-commands	O
in	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
automatically	O
recorded	O
to	O
process	O
a	O
batch	O
of	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He/she	O
can	O
also	O
add	O
plugins	B-Application
and	O
libraries	B-Library
in	O
the	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
developed	B-General_Concept
outside	O
the	O
Aphelion	B-Algorithm
environment	O
.	O
</s>
