<s>
Apache	B-Language
Tomcat	I-Language
(	O
called	O
"	O
Tomcat	B-Language
"	O
for	O
short	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Jakarta	B-Application
Servlet	I-Application
,	O
Jakarta	B-Language
Expression	I-Language
Language	I-Language
,	O
and	O
WebSocket	B-Protocol
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
a	O
"	O
pure	O
Java	B-Language
"	O
HTTP	B-Application
web	I-Application
server	I-Application
environment	O
in	O
which	O
Java	B-Language
code	I-Language
can	O
also	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
web	O
application	O
server	O
,	O
although	O
not	O
a	O
full	O
JEE	O
application	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tomcat	B-Language
is	O
developed	O
and	O
maintained	O
by	O
an	O
open	O
community	O
of	O
developers	O
under	O
the	O
auspices	O
of	O
the	O
Apache	O
Software	O
Foundation	O
,	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
License	I-Application
2.0	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tomcat	B-Language
4.x	O
was	O
released	O
with	O
Catalina	O
(	O
a	O
servlet	B-Language
container	I-Language
)	O
,	O
Coyote	O
(	O
an	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
connector	O
)	O
and	O
Jasper	O
(	O
a	O
JSP	B-Language
engine	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Catalina	O
is	O
Tomcat	B-Language
's	O
servlet	B-Language
container	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Catalina	O
implements	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
 '	O
specifications	O
for	O
servlet	B-Application
and	O
JavaServer	B-Language
Pages	I-Language
(	O
JSP	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Tomcat	B-Language
,	O
a	O
Realm	O
element	O
represents	O
a	O
"	O
database	O
"	O
of	O
usernames	O
,	O
passwords	O
,	O
and	O
roles	O
(	O
similar	O
to	O
Unix	B-Application
groups	O
)	O
assigned	O
to	O
those	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
implementations	O
of	O
Realm	O
allow	O
Catalina	O
to	O
be	O
integrated	O
into	O
environments	O
where	O
such	O
authentication	O
information	O
is	O
already	O
being	O
created	O
and	O
maintained	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
use	O
that	O
information	O
to	O
implement	O
Container	O
Managed	O
Security	O
as	O
described	O
in	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
Specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coyote	O
is	O
a	O
Connector	O
component	O
for	O
Tomcat	B-Language
that	O
supports	O
the	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
1.1	I-Protocol
and	O
2	O
protocol	O
as	O
a	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
Catalina	O
,	O
nominally	O
a	O
Java	B-Application
Servlet	I-Application
or	O
JSP	B-Language
container	I-Language
,	O
to	O
also	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
plain	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
that	O
serves	O
local	O
files	O
as	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coyote	O
listens	O
for	O
incoming	O
connections	O
to	O
the	O
server	O
on	O
a	O
specific	O
TCP	B-Protocol
port	O
and	O
forwards	O
the	O
request	O
to	O
the	O
Tomcat	B-Language
Engine	O
to	O
process	O
the	O
request	O
and	O
send	O
back	O
a	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
requesting	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
Coyote	O
Connector	O
,	O
Coyote	O
JK	O
,	O
listens	O
similarly	O
but	O
instead	O
forwards	O
its	O
requests	O
to	O
another	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Apache	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
JK	B-Application
Protocol	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jasper	O
is	O
Tomcat	B-Language
's	O
JSP	B-Language
Engine	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jasper	O
parses	B-Language
JSP	B-Language
files	I-Language
to	O
compile	O
them	O
into	O
Java	B-Language
code	I-Language
as	O
servlets	B-Application
(	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
handled	O
by	O
Catalina	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
runtime	O
,	O
Jasper	O
detects	O
changes	O
to	O
JSP	B-Language
files	I-Language
and	O
recompiles	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
version	O
5	O
,	O
Tomcat	B-Language
uses	O
Jasper	O
2	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
 '	O
JSP	B-Language
2.0	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSP	B-Language
Tag	O
library	O
pooling	O
–	O
Each	O
tag	O
markup	O
in	O
JSP	B-Language
file	O
is	O
handled	O
by	O
a	O
tag	O
handler	O
class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tag	O
handler	O
class	O
objects	O
can	O
be	O
pooled	O
and	O
reused	O
in	O
the	O
whole	O
JSP	B-Language
servlet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Background	O
JSP	B-Language
compilation	O
–	O
While	O
recompiling	O
modified	O
JSP	B-Language
Java	B-Language
code	I-Language
,	O
the	O
older	O
version	O
is	O
still	O
available	O
for	O
server	O
requests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
older	O
JSP	B-Language
servlet	B-Application
is	O
deleted	O
once	O
the	O
new	O
JSP	B-Language
servlet	B-Application
has	O
finished	O
being	O
recompiled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recompile	O
JSP	B-Language
when	O
included	O
page	O
changes	O
–	O
pages	O
can	O
be	O
inserted	O
and	O
included	O
into	O
a	O
JSP	B-Language
at	O
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JSP	B-Language
will	O
not	O
only	O
be	O
recompiled	O
with	O
JSP	B-Language
file	O
changes	O
but	O
also	O
with	O
included	O
page	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JDT	O
Java	B-Language
compiler	O
–	O
Jasper	O
2	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
Eclipse	O
JDT	O
(	O
Java	B-Language
Development	O
Tools	O
)	O
Java	B-Language
compiler	O
instead	O
of	O
Ant	B-Application
and	O
javac	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
new	O
components	O
were	O
added	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Tomcat	B-Language
7	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
load	B-Application
balancing	I-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
achieved	O
through	O
many	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tomcat	B-Language
8.x	O
implements	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
3.1	O
and	O
JSP	B-Language
2.3	O
Specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apache	B-Language
Tomcat	I-Language
8.5.x	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
replace	O
8.0.x	O
and	O
includes	O
new	O
features	O
pulled	O
forward	O
from	O
Tomcat	B-Language
9.0.x	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
minimum	O
Java	B-Language
version	O
and	O
implemented	O
specification	O
versions	O
remain	O
unchanged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tomcat	B-Language
9.x	O
implements	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
4.0	O
and	O
JSP	B-Language
2.3	O
Specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tomcat	B-Language
10.0.x	O
implements	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
5.0	O
and	O
JSP	B-Language
3.0	O
Specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tomcat	B-Language
10.1.x	O
implements	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
6.0	O
and	O
JSP	B-Language
3.1	O
Specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tomcat	B-Language
started	O
off	O
as	O
a	O
servlet	B-Application
reference	O
implementation	O
by	O
James	O
Duncan	O
Davidson	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
architect	O
at	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
later	O
helped	O
make	O
the	O
project	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
played	O
a	O
key	O
role	O
in	O
its	O
donation	O
by	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
to	O
the	O
Apache	O
Software	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apache	B-Application
Ant	I-Application
software	O
build	O
automation	O
tool	O
was	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
side-effect	O
of	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
Tomcat	B-Language
as	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Davidson	O
had	O
initially	O
hoped	O
that	O
the	O
project	O
would	O
become	O
open-sourced	O
and	O
,	O
since	O
many	O
open-source	B-Application
projects	O
had	O
O'Reilly	O
books	O
associated	O
with	O
them	O
featuring	O
an	O
animal	O
on	O
the	O
cover	O
,	O
he	O
wanted	O
to	O
name	O
the	O
project	O
after	O
an	O
animal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
came	O
up	O
with	O
Tomcat	B-Language
since	O
he	O
reasoned	O
the	O
animal	O
represented	O
something	O
that	O
could	O
fend	O
for	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
tomcat	B-Language
was	O
already	O
in	O
use	O
for	O
another	O
O'Reilly	O
title	O
,	O
his	O
wish	O
to	O
see	O
an	O
animal	O
cover	O
eventually	O
came	O
true	O
when	O
O'Reilly	O
published	O
their	O
Tomcat	B-Language
book	O
with	O
a	O
snow	B-Device
leopard	I-Device
on	O
the	O
cover	O
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Series	O
Declared	O
stable	O
Description	O
Latest	O
release	O
Latest	O
release	O
dateEnd	O
of	O
life	O
1998	O
Tomcat	B-Language
started	O
off	O
in	O
November	O
1998	O
as	O
a	O
servlet	B-Application
reference	O
implementation	O
by	O
James	O
Duncan	O
Davidson	O
,	O
a	O
software	O
architect	O
at	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Merger	O
of	O
donated	O
Sun	O
Java	B-Language
Web	B-Application
Server	I-Application
code	O
and	O
ASF	O
and	O
Implements	O
Servlet	B-Application
2.2	O
,	O
and	O
JSP	B-Language
1.1	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3.3.2	O
2004-03-09	O
2002-09-06	O
First	O
Apache	B-Language
Tomcat	I-Language
release	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
2.3	O
and	O
JSP	B-Language
1.2	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4.1.40	O
2009-06-25	O
2003-12-03	O
Supports	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
2.4	O
,	O
JSP	B-Language
2.0	O
,	O
and	O
EL	B-Language
1.1	I-Language
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inclusion	O
of	O
Eclipse	O
JDT	O
allows	O
Tomcat	B-Language
to	O
run	O
without	O
a	O
full	O
Java	B-Language
Development	O
Kit	O
being	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
5.5.36	O
2012-10-10	O
2012-09-30	O
2007-02-28	O
Supports	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
2.5	O
,	O
JSP	B-Language
2.1	O
,	O
and	O
EL	O
2.1	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
6.0.53	O
2017-04-07	O
2016-12-31	O
2011-01-14	O
Supports	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
3.0	O
,	O
JSP	B-Language
2.2	O
,	O
EL	O
2.2	O
,	O
and	O
WebSocket	B-Protocol
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
7.0.109	O
2021-04-26	O
2021-03-31	O
2014-06-25	O
Supports	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
3.1	O
,	O
JSP	B-Language
2.3	O
,	O
and	O
EL	O
3.0	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8.0.53	O
2018-07-05	O
2018-06-30	O
2016-06-13	O
Adds	O
support	O
for	O
HTTP/2	B-Protocol
,	O
OpenSSL	O
for	O
JSSE	O
,	O
TLS	O
virtual	O
hosting	O
and	O
JASPIC	O
1.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Created	O
from	O
Tomcat	B-Language
9	O
,	O
following	O
delays	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
8	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
8.5.86	O
2023-02-24	O
2024-03-31	O
2018-01-18	O
Supports	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
4.0	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
9.0.73	O
2023-02-27	O
2021-02-02	O
Supports	O
the	O
Servlet	B-Application
5.0	O
,	O
JSP	B-Language
3.0	O
,	O
EL	O
4.0	O
,	O
WebSocket	B-Protocol
2.0	O
and	O
Authentication	O
2.0	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10.0.27	O
2022-10-10	O
2022-10-31	O
2022-09-26	O
Supports	O
the	O
Jakarta	B-Application
Servlet	I-Application
6.0	O
,	O
JSP	B-Language
3.1	O
,	O
EL	O
5.0	O
,	O
WebSocket	B-Protocol
2.1	O
,	O
and	O
JASPIC	O
3.0	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
10.1.6	O
2023-02-24	O
(	O
alpha	O
)	O
Supports	O
the	O
Jakarta	B-Application
Servlet	I-Application
6.1	O
,	O
JSP	B-Language
4.0	O
,	O
and	O
as-yet-to-be-determined	O
versions	O
of	O
EL	O
,	O
WebSocket	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
JASPIC	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apache	B-Language
TomEE	I-Language
(	O
pronounced	O
"	O
Tommy	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Enterprise	I-Language
Edition	I-Language
of	O
Apache	B-Language
Tomcat	I-Language
(	O
Tomcat	B-Language
+	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
=	O
TomEE	B-Language
)	O
that	O
combines	O
several	O
Java	B-Language
enterprise	I-Language
projects	O
including	O
Apache	B-Language
OpenEJB	I-Language
,	O
Apache	O
OpenWebBeans	O
,	O
Apache	B-Language
OpenJPA	I-Language
,	O
Apache	B-Language
MyFaces	I-Language
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
obtained	O
certification	O
by	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
as	O
a	O
compatible	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
6	I-Language
Web	O
Profile	O
.	O
</s>
