<s>
It	O
is	O
mainly	O
used	O
in	O
high-end	O
image-stabilized	O
binoculars	O
,	O
still	B-Device
and	O
video	O
cameras	O
,	O
astronomical	O
telescopes	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
still	B-Device
cameras	O
,	O
camera	O
shake	O
is	O
a	O
particular	O
problem	O
at	O
slow	O
shutter	O
speeds	O
or	O
with	O
long	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
lenses	O
(	O
telephoto	O
or	O
zoom	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
rule	O
of	O
thumb	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
slowest	O
shutter	O
speed	O
possible	O
for	O
hand-holding	O
without	O
noticeable	O
blur	O
due	O
to	O
camera	O
shake	O
is	O
to	O
take	O
the	O
reciprocal	O
of	O
the	O
35	O
mm	O
equivalent	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
lens	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
1/mm	O
rule	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
at	O
a	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
of	O
125mm	O
on	O
a	O
35mm	O
camera	O
,	O
vibration	O
or	O
camera	O
shake	O
could	O
affect	O
sharpness	O
if	O
the	O
shutter	O
speed	O
is	O
slower	O
than	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
calculating	O
the	O
effective	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
take	O
into	O
account	O
the	O
image	O
format	O
a	O
camera	O
uses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
many	O
digital	B-Device
SLR	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
use	O
an	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
that	O
is	O
,	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
35mm	O
film	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
the	O
35mm	O
frame	O
is	O
1.5	O
,	O
1.6	O
,	O
or	O
2	O
times	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
digital	B-General_Concept
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Pentax	B-Application
K-5	O
and	O
K-r	O
,	O
when	O
equipped	O
with	O
the	O
O-GPS1	O
GPS	O
accessory	O
for	O
position	O
data	O
,	O
can	O
use	O
their	O
sensor-shift	O
capability	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
resulting	O
star	O
trails	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
optical	O
image	O
stabilizer	O
(	O
OIS	O
,	O
IS	O
,	O
or	O
OS	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
mechanism	O
used	O
in	O
still	B-Device
or	O
video	O
cameras	O
that	O
stabilizes	O
the	O
recorded	O
image	O
by	O
varying	O
the	O
optical	O
path	O
to	O
the	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
element	O
of	O
all	O
optical	O
stabilization	O
systems	O
is	O
that	O
they	O
stabilize	O
the	O
image	O
projected	O
on	O
the	O
sensor	O
before	O
the	O
sensor	O
converts	O
the	O
image	O
into	O
digital	B-General_Concept
information	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
handheld	O
video	B-Application
recording	I-Application
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
lighting	O
conditions	O
,	O
optical	O
image	O
stabilization	O
compensates	O
for	O
minor	O
shakes	O
whose	O
appearance	O
magnifies	O
when	O
watched	O
on	O
a	O
large	O
display	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
television	O
set	O
or	O
computer	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
UltraPixel	O
–	O
HTC	B-Application
(	O
Image	O
Stabilization	O
is	O
only	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
2013	O
HTC	B-Application
One	O
&	O
2016	O
HTC	B-Application
10	O
with	O
UltraPixel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
high-end	O
smartphones	B-Application
as	O
of	O
late	O
2014	O
use	O
optical	O
image	O
stabilization	O
for	O
photos	O
and	O
videos	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
and	O
Canon	O
's	O
implementation	O
,	O
it	O
works	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
floating	O
lens	O
element	O
that	O
is	O
moved	O
orthogonally	O
to	O
the	O
optical	O
axis	O
of	O
the	O
lens	O
using	O
electromagnets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vibration	O
is	O
detected	O
using	O
two	O
piezoelectric	O
angular	O
velocity	O
sensors	O
(	O
often	O
called	O
gyroscopic	B-Application
sensors	O
)	O
,	O
one	O
to	O
detect	O
horizontal	O
movement	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
to	O
detect	O
vertical	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
VR-enabled	O
lenses	O
offer	O
an	O
"	O
active	O
"	O
mode	O
for	O
shooting	O
from	O
a	O
moving	O
vehicle	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
car	O
or	O
boat	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
supposed	O
to	O
correct	O
for	O
larger	O
shakes	O
than	O
the	O
"	O
normal	O
"	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
fastest	O
lens	O
with	O
image	O
stabilisation	O
is	O
the	O
Nocticron	B-Device
with	O
a	O
speed	O
of	O
f/1.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
most	O
obvious	O
advantage	O
for	O
image	O
stabilization	O
lies	O
with	O
longer	O
focal	B-Algorithm
lengths	I-Algorithm
,	O
even	O
normal	O
and	O
wide-angle	O
lenses	O
benefit	O
from	O
it	O
in	O
low-light	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
advantage	O
does	O
not	O
occur	O
on	O
compact	B-Device
system	I-Device
cameras	I-Device
,	O
because	O
the	O
sensor	O
output	O
to	O
the	O
screen	O
or	O
electronic	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	I-Algorithm
would	O
be	O
stabilized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
camera	O
rotates	O
,	O
causing	O
angular	O
error	O
,	O
gyroscopes	B-Application
encode	O
information	O
to	O
the	O
actuator	O
that	O
moves	O
the	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sensor	O
is	O
moved	O
to	O
maintain	O
the	O
projection	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
onto	O
the	O
image	O
plane	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
lens	O
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
cameras	O
can	O
automatically	O
acquire	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
information	O
from	O
modern	O
lenses	O
made	O
for	O
that	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minolta	O
and	O
Konica	O
Minolta	O
used	O
a	O
technique	O
called	O
Anti-Shake	B-Algorithm
(	O
AS	O
)	O
now	O
marketed	O
as	O
SteadyShot	O
(	O
SS	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
Sony	B-Algorithm
α	I-Algorithm
line	O
and	O
Shake	O
Reduction	O
(	O
SR	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
Pentax	B-Application
K-series	O
and	O
Q	B-Device
series	I-Device
cameras	O
,	O
which	O
relies	O
on	O
a	O
very	O
precise	O
angular	O
rate	O
sensor	O
to	O
detect	O
camera	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Olympus	O
introduced	O
image	O
stabilization	O
with	O
their	O
E-510	B-Algorithm
D-SLR	B-Device
body	O
,	O
employing	O
a	O
system	O
built	O
around	O
their	O
Supersonic	O
Wave	O
Drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
manufacturers	O
use	O
digital	B-Architecture
signal	I-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
(	O
DSP	O
)	O
to	O
analyze	O
the	O
image	O
on	O
the	O
fly	O
and	O
then	O
move	O
the	O
sensor	O
appropriately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantage	O
with	O
moving	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
lens	O
,	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
image	O
can	O
be	O
stabilized	O
even	O
on	O
lenses	O
made	O
without	O
stabilization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
by-product	O
of	O
available	O
"	O
roll	O
"	O
compensation	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
camera	O
can	O
automatically	O
correct	O
for	O
tilted	O
horizons	O
in	O
the	O
optical	O
domain	O
,	O
provided	O
it	O
is	O
equipped	O
with	O
an	O
electronic	O
spirit	O
level	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Pentax	B-Application
K-7/K	O
-5	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
primary	O
disadvantages	O
of	O
moving	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
itself	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
image	O
projected	O
to	O
the	O
viewfinder	O
is	O
not	O
stabilized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
an	O
issue	O
on	O
cameras	O
that	O
use	O
an	O
electronic	B-Algorithm
viewfinder	I-Algorithm
(	O
EVF	O
)	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
image	O
projected	O
on	O
that	O
viewfinder	O
is	O
taken	O
from	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
the	O
image	O
projected	O
to	O
a	O
phase-detection	O
autofocus	O
system	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
,	O
if	O
used	O
,	O
is	O
not	O
stabilized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
all	O
,	O
camera-bodies	O
capable	O
of	O
in-body	O
stabilization	O
can	O
be	O
pre-set	O
manually	O
to	O
a	O
given	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
stabilization	O
system	O
corrects	O
as	O
if	O
that	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
lens	O
is	O
attached	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
camera	O
can	O
stabilize	O
older	O
lenses	O
,	O
and	O
lenses	O
from	O
other	O
makers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
n't	O
viable	O
with	O
zoom	O
lenses	O
,	O
because	O
their	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
is	O
variable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
adapters	O
communicate	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
information	O
from	O
the	O
maker	O
of	O
one	O
lens	O
to	O
the	O
body	O
of	O
another	O
maker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
lenses	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
report	O
their	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
retrofitted	O
with	O
a	O
chip	O
which	O
reports	O
a	O
pre-programmed	O
focal-length	O
to	O
the	O
camera	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
the	O
speed	O
and	O
range	O
of	O
the	O
required	O
sensor	O
movement	O
increase	O
with	O
the	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
lens	O
being	O
used	O
,	O
making	O
sensor-shift	O
technology	O
less	O
suited	O
for	O
very	O
long	O
telephoto	O
lenses	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
using	O
slower	O
shutter	O
speeds	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
available	O
motion	O
range	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
quickly	O
becomes	O
insufficient	O
to	O
cope	O
with	O
the	O
increasing	O
image	O
displacement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
the	O
Panasonic	B-Algorithm
Lumix	I-Algorithm
DMC-GX8	I-Algorithm
,	O
announced	O
in	O
July	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
subsequently	O
in	O
the	O
Panasonic	B-Algorithm
Lumix	I-Algorithm
DC-GH5	I-Algorithm
,	O
Panasonic	O
,	O
who	O
formerly	O
only	O
equipped	O
lens-based	O
stabilization	O
in	O
its	O
interchangeable	O
lens	O
camera	O
system	O
(	O
of	O
the	O
Micro	B-Operating_System
Four	I-Operating_System
Thirds	I-Operating_System
standard	O
)	O
,	O
introduced	O
sensor-shift	O
stabilization	O
that	O
works	O
in	O
concert	O
with	O
the	O
existing	O
lens-based	O
system	O
(	O
"	O
Dual	O
IS	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
meantime	O
(	O
2016	O
)	O
,	O
Olympus	O
also	O
offered	O
two	O
lenses	O
with	O
image	O
stabilization	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
synchronized	O
with	O
the	O
in-built	O
image	O
stabilization	O
system	O
of	O
the	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
of	O
Olympus	O
 '	O
Micro	B-Operating_System
Four	I-Operating_System
Thirds	I-Operating_System
cameras	O
(	O
"	O
Sync	O
IS	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
angle	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
the	O
maximum	O
exposure	O
time	O
should	O
not	O
exceed	O
second	O
for	O
long	O
telephoto	O
shots	O
(	O
with	O
a	O
35mm	O
equivalent	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
of	O
800millimeters	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
little	O
more	O
than	O
ten	O
seconds	O
for	O
wide	O
angle	O
shots	O
(	O
with	O
a	O
35mm	O
equivalent	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
of	O
24millimeters	O
)	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
movement	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
is	O
not	O
taken	O
into	O
consideration	O
by	O
the	O
image	O
stabilization	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
Sony	B-Algorithm
E	I-Algorithm
camera	O
system	O
also	O
allowed	O
combining	O
image	O
stabilization	O
systems	O
of	O
lenses	O
and	O
camera	O
bodies	O
,	O
but	O
without	O
synchronizing	O
the	O
same	O
degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
independent	O
compensation	O
degrees	O
of	O
the	O
in-built	O
image	B-Algorithm
sensor	I-Algorithm
stabilization	O
are	O
activated	O
to	O
support	O
lens	O
stabilisation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canon	O
and	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
now	O
have	O
full-frame	O
mirrorless	B-Device
bodies	O
that	O
have	O
IBIS	O
and	O
also	O
support	O
each	O
company	O
's	O
lens-based	O
stabilization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Canon	O
's	O
first	O
two	O
such	O
bodies	O
,	O
the	O
EOS	B-Algorithm
R	I-Algorithm
and	O
RP	B-Algorithm
,	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
IBIS	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
feature	O
was	O
added	O
for	O
the	O
more	O
recent	O
R5	B-Algorithm
and	O
R6	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
Nikon	B-Algorithm
's	O
full-frame	O
Z-mount	B-Algorithm
bodies	O
—	O
the	O
Z	B-Algorithm
6	I-Algorithm
,	O
Z	B-Algorithm
7	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
Mark	O
II	O
versions	O
of	O
both	O
—	O
have	O
IBIS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
its	O
APS-C	B-Algorithm
Z	B-Algorithm
50	I-Algorithm
lacks	O
IBIS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-time	O
digital	B-General_Concept
image	O
stabilization	O
,	O
also	O
called	O
electronic	O
image	O
stabilization	O
(	O
EIS	O
)	O
,	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
some	O
video	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
reduces	O
distracting	O
vibrations	O
from	O
videos	B-Application
by	O
smoothing	O
the	O
transition	O
from	O
one	O
frame	O
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
still	B-Device
camera	O
manufacturers	O
marketed	O
their	O
cameras	O
as	O
having	O
digital	B-General_Concept
image	O
stabilization	O
when	O
they	O
really	O
only	O
had	O
a	O
high-sensitivity	O
mode	O
that	O
uses	O
a	O
short	O
exposure	O
time	O
—	O
producing	O
pictures	O
with	O
less	O
motion	O
blur	O
,	O
but	O
more	O
noise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
now	O
also	O
use	O
digital	B-General_Concept
signal	O
processing	O
(	O
DSP	O
)	O
to	O
reduce	O
blur	O
in	O
stills	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
by	O
sub-dividing	O
the	O
exposure	O
into	O
several	O
shorter	O
exposures	O
in	O
rapid	O
succession	O
,	O
discarding	O
blurred	O
ones	O
,	O
re-aligning	O
the	O
sharpest	O
sub-exposures	O
and	O
adding	O
them	O
together	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
the	O
gyroscope	B-Application
to	O
detect	O
the	O
best	O
time	O
to	O
take	O
each	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
video	O
non-linear	O
editing	O
systems	O
use	O
stabilization	O
filters	B-Application
that	O
can	O
correct	O
a	O
non-stabilized	O
image	O
by	O
tracking	O
the	O
movement	O
of	O
pixels	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
and	O
correcting	O
the	O
image	O
by	O
moving	O
the	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
digital	B-General_Concept
image	O
stabilization	O
but	O
since	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
larger	O
image	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
filter	O
either	O
crops	O
the	O
image	O
down	O
to	O
hide	O
the	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
frame	O
or	O
attempts	O
to	O
recreate	O
the	O
lost	O
image	O
at	O
the	O
edge	O
through	O
spatial	O
or	O
temporal	O
extrapolation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
services	O
,	O
including	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
are	O
also	O
beginning	O
to	O
provide	O
'	O
video	O
stabilization	O
as	O
a	O
post-processing	O
step	O
after	O
content	O
is	O
uploaded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
the	O
disadvantage	O
of	O
not	O
having	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
realtime	O
gyroscopic	B-Application
data	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
advantage	O
of	O
more	O
computing	O
power	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
analyze	O
images	O
both	O
before	O
and	O
after	O
a	O
particular	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Used	O
in	O
astronomy	O
,	O
an	O
orthogonal	O
transfer	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
(	O
OTCCD	O
)	O
actually	O
shifts	O
the	O
image	O
within	O
the	O
CCD	B-Algorithm
itself	O
while	O
the	O
image	O
is	O
being	O
captured	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
apparent	O
motion	O
of	O
bright	O
stars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
rare	O
example	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
stabilization	O
for	O
still	B-Device
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
achieved	O
by	O
attaching	O
a	O
gyroscope	B-Application
to	O
the	O
camera	O
body	O
,	O
usually	O
using	O
the	O
camera	O
's	O
built-in	O
tripod	O
mount	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linear	O
accelerometers	O
in	O
the	O
camera	O
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
lens	O
focal	B-Algorithm
length	I-Algorithm
and	O
focused	O
distance	O
,	O
can	O
feed	O
a	O
secondary	O
correction	O
into	O
the	O
drive	O
that	O
moves	O
the	O
sensor	O
or	O
optics	O
,	O
to	O
compensate	O
for	O
linear	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
rotational	O
shake	O
.	O
</s>
