<s>
The	O
version	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
mobile	I-Application
operating	O
system	O
began	O
with	O
the	O
public	O
release	O
of	O
its	O
first	O
beta	O
on	O
November	O
5	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercial	O
version	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
1.0	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
September	O
23	O
,	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	O
system	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
on	O
a	O
yearly	O
cycle	O
since	O
at	O
least	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
major	O
releases	O
are	O
announced	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
I/O	I-Application
along	O
with	O
its	O
first	O
public	O
beta	O
to	O
supported	O
Google	B-Application
Pixel	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
started	O
in	O
2003	O
by	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
purchased	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
internal	O
releases	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
inside	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
the	O
Open	O
Handset	O
Alliance	O
(	O
OHA	O
)	O
before	O
the	O
beta	O
version	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
beta	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
November	O
5	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kit	I-Application
(	O
SDK	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
November	O
12	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
releases	O
were	O
done	O
through	O
software	B-Application
emulation	I-Application
as	O
physical	O
devices	O
did	O
not	O
exist	O
to	O
test	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
itself	O
and	O
the	O
SDK	O
were	O
released	O
along	O
with	O
their	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
as	O
free	O
software	O
under	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
License	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
public	O
release	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
1.0	O
occurred	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
T-Mobile	B-Application
G1	I-Application
(	O
aka	O
HTC	B-Application
Dream	I-Application
)	O
in	O
October	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
1.0	O
and	O
1.1	O
were	O
not	O
released	O
under	O
specific	O
code	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
manager	O
,	O
Ryan	O
Gibson	O
,	O
conceived	O
using	O
a	O
confectionery-themed	O
naming	O
scheme	O
for	O
public	O
releases	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
Android	B-Application
1.5	I-Application
Cupcake	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
announced	O
in	O
August	O
2019	O
they	O
were	O
ending	O
the	O
confectionery	O
theming	O
scheme	O
to	O
use	O
numerical	O
ordering	O
for	O
future	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
release	O
under	O
the	O
numerical	O
order	O
format	O
was	O
Android	B-Application
10	I-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
September	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
would	O
begin	O
to	O
require	O
apps	O
to	O
target	O
a	O
recent	O
Android	B-Application
version	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
major	O
Android	B-Application
version	I-Application
has	O
been	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
half	O
of	O
each	O
year	O
,	O
and	O
apps	O
must	O
target	O
it	O
by	O
August	O
1	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
year	O
for	O
new	O
apps	O
,	O
or	O
November	O
1	O
for	O
app	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
tables	O
show	O
the	O
release	O
dates	O
and	O
key	O
features	O
of	O
all	O
Android	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
updates	O
to	O
date	O
,	O
listed	O
chronologically	O
by	O
their	O
official	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
announced	O
Android	B-Application
14	O
on	O
February	O
8	O
,	O
2023	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
Developer	O
Preview	O
releasing	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
will	O
block	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
old	O
apps	O
based	O
off	O
of	O
older	O
Android	B-Application
SDKs	O
with	O
a	O
plan	O
of	O
requiring	O
an	O
app	O
to	O
be	O
based	O
off	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
6	I-Application
SDK	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
for	O
security	O
purposes	O
as	O
malware	O
targets	O
older	O
Android	B-Application
SDKs	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
circumvent	O
mitigations	O
of	O
protections	O
against	O
such	O
attacks	O
in	O
newer	O
Android	B-Application
SDKs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
hardware	O
platform	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
is	I-Application
the	O
64-bit	B-Device
ARM	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
ARMv8-A	O
;	O
previously	O
the	O
32-bit	O
ARMv7	O
architecture	O
was	O
supported	O
and	O
first	O
ARMv5	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
x86	B-Operating_System
and	O
MIPS	B-Device
architectures	I-Device
also	O
officially	O
supported	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
but	O
MIPS	B-Device
support	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
deprecated	O
and	O
support	O
was	O
removed	O
in	O
NDK	O
r17	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
with	O
Intel	O
processors	O
began	O
to	O
appear	O
,	O
including	O
phones	O
and	O
tablets	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
gaining	O
support	O
for	O
64-bit	B-Device
platforms	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
was	O
first	O
made	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
64-bit	B-Device
x86	B-Operating_System
and	O
then	O
on	O
ARM64	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Android5.0	O
Lollipop	B-Application
,	O
64-bit	B-Device
variants	O
of	O
all	O
platforms	O
are	O
supported	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
32-bit	O
variants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Requirements	O
for	O
the	O
minimum	O
amount	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
for	O
devices	O
running	O
Android7.1	O
depend	O
on	O
screen	O
size	O
and	O
density	O
and	O
type	O
of	O
CPU	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
816MB	O
–	O
1.8GB	O
for	O
64-bit	B-Device
and	O
512MB	O
–	O
1.3GB	O
for	O
32-bit	O
meaning	O
in	O
practice	O
1GB	O
for	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
type	O
of	O
display	O
(	O
while	O
minimum	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
watch	O
is	O
416MB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
recommendation	O
for	O
Android4.4	O
is	O
to	O
have	O
at	O
least	O
512MB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
while	O
for	O
"	O
low	O
RAM	B-Architecture
"	O
devices	O
340MB	O
is	O
the	O
required	O
minimum	O
amount	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
memory	O
dedicated	O
to	O
various	O
hardware	O
components	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
baseband	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
4.4	I-Application
requires	O
a	O
32-bit	O
ARMv7	O
,	O
MIPS	B-Device
or	O
x86	B-Operating_System
architecture	I-Operating_System
processor	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
an	O
OpenGL	B-Application
ES	I-Application
2.0	O
compatible	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
unit	I-Architecture
(	O
GPU	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
supports	O
OpenGL	B-Application
ES	I-Application
1.1	O
,	O
2.0	O
,	O
3.0	O
,	O
3.2	O
and	O
since	O
Android	B-Application
7.0	I-Application
Vulkan	B-Application
(	O
and	O
version	O
1.1	O
available	O
for	O
some	O
devices	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
applications	O
may	O
explicitly	O
require	O
a	O
certain	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
OpenGL	B-Application
ES	I-Application
,	O
and	O
suitable	O
GPU	B-Architecture
hardware	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
run	O
such	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
was	O
ported	O
to	O
RISC-V	B-Device
.	O
</s>
