<s>
Amperometry	B-Algorithm
in	O
chemistry	O
is	O
detection	O
of	O
ions	O
in	O
a	O
solution	O
based	O
on	O
electric	O
current	O
or	O
changes	O
in	O
electric	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amperometry	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
in	O
electrophysiology	B-Application
to	O
study	O
vesicle	O
release	O
events	O
using	O
a	O
carbon	O
fiber	O
electrode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
patch	O
clamp	O
techniques	O
,	O
the	O
electrode	O
used	O
for	O
amperometry	B-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
inserted	O
into	O
or	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
cell	O
,	O
but	O
brought	O
in	O
close	O
proximity	O
of	O
the	O
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
measurements	O
from	O
the	O
electrode	O
originate	O
from	O
an	O
oxidizing	B-Operating_System
reaction	I-Operating_System
of	O
a	O
vesicle	O
cargo	O
released	O
into	O
the	O
medium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electrochemical	O
or	O
amperometric	B-Algorithm
detection	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
ion	O
chromatography	O
was	O
single-potential	O
or	O
DC	O
amperometry	B-Algorithm
,	O
useful	O
for	O
certain	O
electrochemically	O
active	O
ions	O
such	O
as	O
cyanide	O
,	O
sulfite	O
,	O
and	O
iodide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
pulsed	O
amperometric	B-Algorithm
detection	O
(	O
PAD	O
)	O
for	O
analytes	O
that	O
fouled	O
electrode	O
surfaces	O
when	O
detected	O
eventually	O
helped	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
category	O
of	O
ion	O
chromatography	O
for	O
the	O
determination	O
of	O
carbohydrates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
advancement	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
integrated	O
amperometry	B-Algorithm
,	O
has	O
increased	O
the	O
sensitivity	O
for	O
other	O
electrochemically	O
active	O
species	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
amines	O
and	O
many	O
compounds	O
that	O
contain	O
reduced	O
sulfur	O
groups	O
,	O
that	O
are	O
sometimes	O
weakly	O
detected	O
by	O
PAD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
analyte	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
oxidized	O
or	O
reduced	O
is	O
a	O
candidate	O
for	O
amperometric	B-Algorithm
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
simplest	O
form	O
of	O
amperometric	B-Algorithm
detection	O
is	O
single-potential	O
,	O
or	O
direct	O
current	O
(	O
DC	O
)	O
,	O
amperometry	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Single-potential	O
amperometry	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
weak	O
acid	O
anions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
cyanide	O
and	O
sulfide	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
problematic	O
by	O
conductometric	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
,	O
possibly	O
more	O
important	O
advantage	O
of	O
amperometry	B-Algorithm
over	O
other	O
detection	O
methods	O
for	O
these	O
and	O
other	O
ions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
iodide	O
,	O
sulfite	O
,	O
and	O
hydrazine	O
,	O
is	O
specificity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
extension	O
of	O
single-potential	O
amperometry	B-Algorithm
is	O
pulsed	O
amperometry	B-Algorithm
,	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
analytes	O
that	O
tend	O
to	O
foul	O
electrodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
pulsed	O
amperometric	B-Algorithm
detection	O
(	O
PAD	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
working	O
potential	O
is	O
applied	O
for	O
a	O
short	O
time	O
(	O
usually	O
a	O
few	O
hundred	O
milliseconds	O
)	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
higher	O
or	O
lower	O
potentials	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
cleaning	O
the	O
electrode	O
.	O
</s>
