<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
A1000	O
,	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
released	O
by	O
Commodore	O
International	O
in	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
combines	O
the	O
16/32	O
-bit	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
CPU	B-General_Concept
which	O
was	O
powerful	O
by	O
1985	O
standards	O
with	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
advanced	O
graphics	O
and	O
sound	O
systems	O
in	O
its	O
class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
runs	O
a	O
preemptive	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
that	O
fits	O
into	O
of	O
read-only	B-Device
memory	I-Device
and	O
was	O
shipped	O
with	O
256KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
memory	O
can	O
be	O
expanded	O
internally	O
with	O
a	O
manufacturer-supplied	O
256KB	O
module	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
512KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
A1000	O
has	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
characteristics	O
that	O
distinguish	O
it	O
from	O
later	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	I-Device
:	O
It	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
model	O
to	O
feature	O
the	O
short-lived	O
Amiga	B-Device
check-mark	O
logo	O
on	O
its	O
case	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
is	O
elevated	O
slightly	O
to	O
give	O
a	O
storage	O
area	O
for	O
the	O
keyboard	O
when	O
not	O
in	O
use	O
(	O
a	O
"	O
keyboard	O
garage	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
inside	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
is	O
engraved	O
with	O
the	O
signatures	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
designers	O
(	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
)	O
;	O
including	O
Jay	O
Miner	O
and	O
the	O
paw	O
print	O
of	O
his	O
dog	O
Mitchy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
was	O
manufactured	O
in	O
two	O
variations	O
:	O
One	O
uses	O
the	O
NTSC	O
television	O
standard	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
uses	O
the	O
PAL	B-Language
television	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
later	O
PAL	B-Language
model	O
was	O
manufactured	O
in	O
Germany	O
and	O
sold	O
in	O
countries	O
using	O
the	O
PAL	B-Language
television	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
NTSC	O
systems	O
lack	O
the	O
EHB	O
video	O
mode	O
which	O
is	O
present	O
in	O
all	O
later	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
was	O
rather	O
buggy	B-Error_Name
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
A1000	O
's	O
release	O
,	O
the	O
OS	O
was	O
not	O
placed	O
in	O
ROM	B-Device
then	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
the	O
A1000	O
includes	O
a	O
daughterboard	O
with	O
256KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
dubbed	O
the	O
"	O
writable	O
control	O
store	O
"	O
(	O
WCS	O
)	O
,	O
into	O
which	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
loaded	O
from	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
(	O
this	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Kickstart	B-Device
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
,	O
the	O
WCS	O
was	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
WOM	O
(	O
Write	O
Once	O
Memory	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
play	O
on	O
the	O
more	O
conventional	O
term	O
"	O
ROM	B-Device
"	O
(	O
read-only	B-Device
memory	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
preproduction	O
Amiga	B-Device
(	O
which	O
was	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Velvet	O
"	O
)	O
released	O
to	O
developers	O
in	O
early	O
1985	O
contained	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
with	O
an	O
option	O
to	O
expand	O
it	O
to	O
Commodore	O
later	O
increased	O
the	O
system	O
memory	O
to	O
due	O
to	O
objections	O
by	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
development	O
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
casing	O
of	O
the	O
preproduction	O
Amiga	B-Device
was	O
almost	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
production	O
version	O
:	O
the	O
main	O
difference	O
being	O
an	O
embossed	O
Commodore	O
logo	O
in	O
the	O
top	O
left	O
corner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
has	O
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
CPU	B-General_Concept
running	O
at	O
7.15909MHz	O
on	O
NTSC	O
systems	O
or	O
7.09379MHz	O
on	O
PAL	B-Language
systems	O
,	O
precisely	O
double	O
the	O
video	O
color	O
carrier	O
frequency	O
for	O
NTSC	O
or	O
1.6	O
times	O
the	O
color	O
carrier	O
frequency	O
for	O
PAL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
keeping	O
with	O
its	O
video	O
game	O
heritage	O
,	O
the	O
chipset	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
synchronize	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
memory	O
access	O
and	O
chipset	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
so	O
the	O
hardware	O
runs	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
without	O
wait-state	O
delays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
most	O
units	O
were	O
sold	O
with	O
an	O
analog	O
RGB	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
,	O
the	O
A1000	O
also	O
has	O
a	O
built-in	O
composite	O
video	O
output	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
directly	O
to	O
some	O
monitors	O
other	O
than	O
their	O
standard	O
RGB	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
68000	B-Device
CPU	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
directly	O
replaced	O
with	O
a	O
Motorola	B-Device
68010	I-Device
,	O
which	O
can	O
execute	O
instructions	O
slightly	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
but	O
also	O
introduces	O
a	O
small	O
degree	O
of	O
software	O
incompatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-party	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
upgrades	O
,	O
which	O
mostly	O
fit	O
in	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
socket	O
,	O
use	O
faster	O
68020	B-Device
or	O
68030	B-Device
microprocessors	I-Device
and	O
integrated	O
memory	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
provide	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
68881	B-General_Concept
or	O
68882	B-General_Concept
FPU	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
upgrades	O
often	O
have	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
revert	O
to	O
68000	B-Device
mode	O
for	O
full	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
boards	O
have	O
a	O
socket	O
to	O
seat	O
the	O
original	O
68000	B-Device
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
68030	B-Device
cards	O
typically	O
come	O
with	O
an	O
on-board	O
68000	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Amiga1000	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
model	O
to	O
have	O
256KB	O
of	O
Amiga	B-Device
Chip	I-Device
RAM	I-Device
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
expanded	O
to	O
512KB	O
with	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
daughterboard	O
under	O
a	O
cover	O
in	O
the	O
center	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RAM	B-Architecture
may	O
also	O
be	O
upgraded	O
via	O
official	O
and	O
third-party	O
upgrades	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
practical	O
upper	O
limit	O
of	O
about	O
9MB	O
of	O
"	O
fast	B-Device
RAM	I-Device
"	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
's	O
24-bit	O
address	B-Architecture
bus	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
memory	O
is	O
accessible	O
only	O
by	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
permitting	O
faster	O
code	O
execution	O
as	O
DMA	B-General_Concept
cycles	O
are	O
not	O
shared	O
with	O
the	O
chipset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
features	O
an	O
86-pin	O
expansion	O
port	O
(	O
electrically	O
identical	O
to	O
the	O
later	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
expansion	O
port	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
A500	O
's	O
connector	O
is	O
inverted	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
port	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
third-party	O
expansions	O
such	O
as	O
memory	O
upgrades	O
and	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
adapters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
resources	O
are	O
handled	O
by	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
Autoconfig	I-Device
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
expansion	O
options	O
are	O
available	O
including	O
a	O
bus	O
expander	O
which	O
provides	O
two	O
Zorro-II	B-Device
slots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attribute	O
Specification	O
Processor	B-General_Concept
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
at	O
7.16	O
MHz	O
(	O
NTSC	O
)	O
or	O
7.09	O
MHz	O
(	O
PAL	B-Language
)	O
RAM	B-Architecture
256	O
KB	O
of	O
Amiga	B-Device
Chip	I-Device
RAM	I-Device
;	O
upgradeable	O
to	O
512	O
KB	O
by	O
dedicated	O
cartridge	O
;	O
max	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8	O
MB	O
Fast	B-Device
RAM	I-Device
with	O
external	O
cartridge	O
ROM	B-Device
8	O
KB	O
bootstrap	B-Application
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
256	O
KB	O
WCS	O
reserved	O
for	O
OS	O
(	O
loaded	O
from	O
the	O
Kickstart	B-Device
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
at	O
power-on	O
)	O
Chipset	O
Original	B-Device
Chip	I-Device
Set	I-Device
(	O
OCS	B-Device
)	O
Video	O
12-bit	O
color	O
palette	O
(	O
4096	O
colors	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
on	O
July	O
23	O
,	O
1985	O
,	O
during	O
a	O
star-studded	O
gala	O
featuring	O
Andy	O
Warhol	O
and	O
Debbie	O
Harry	O
held	O
at	O
the	O
Vivian	O
Beaumont	O
Theater	O
at	O
Lincoln	O
Center	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
,	O
machines	O
began	O
shipping	O
in	O
September	O
with	O
a	O
base	O
configuration	O
of	O
256KB	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
at	O
the	O
retail	O
price	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
analog	O
RGB	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
was	O
available	O
for	O
around	O
,	O
bringing	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
a	O
complete	O
Amiga	B-Device
system	O
to	O
US$	O
1,595	O
(	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
2000	I-Device
models	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
the	O
A1000	O
was	O
marketed	O
as	O
simply	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
although	O
the	O
model	O
number	O
was	O
there	O
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
box	O
indicates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
the	O
A1000	O
was	O
marketed	O
as	O
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
from	O
Commodore	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Commodore	O
logo	O
omitted	O
from	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
was	O
sold	O
exclusively	O
in	O
computer	O
stores	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
various	O
non	O
computer-dedicated	O
department	O
and	O
toy	O
stores	O
through	O
which	O
the	O
VIC-20	B-Device
and	O
Commodore	O
64	O
were	O
retailed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
machine	O
came	O
bundled	O
with	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
AmigaBASIC	B-Language
developed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
a	O
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
library	O
developed	O
by	O
Softvoice	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
upgrades	O
that	O
plugged	O
into	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
socket	O
functioned	O
in	O
the	O
A1000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
products	O
called	O
the	O
Rejuvenator	O
series	O
allowed	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
newer	O
chipsets	O
in	O
the	O
A1000	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
Australian-designed	O
replacement	O
A1000	O
motherboard	O
called	O
The	O
Phoenix	O
utilized	O
the	O
same	O
chipset	O
as	O
the	O
A3000	O
and	O
added	O
an	O
A2000-compatible	O
video	O
slot	O
and	O
on-board	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
product	O
preview	O
,	O
Byte	O
magazine	O
was	O
impressed	O
by	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
capabilities	O
and	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
its	O
graphics	O
and	O
sound	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
praised	O
its	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
library	O
for	O
voice	O
output	O
,	O
and	O
predicted	O
that	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
would	O
be	O
successful	O
enough	O
to	O
influence	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
was	O
released	O
to	O
positive	O
reviews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Months	O
after	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
was	O
released	O
,	O
InfoWorld	O
offered	O
a	O
mixed	O
review	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
praised	O
Intuition	O
and	O
the	O
customizability	O
of	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
took	O
issue	O
with	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
's	O
bugs	B-Error_Name
such	O
as	O
memory	O
overflow	O
and	O
screen	O
flickering	O
of	O
single	O
lines	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
their	O
being	O
interleaved	O
when	O
displayed	O
in	O
high	O
resolution	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1994	O
,	O
as	O
Commodore	O
filed	O
for	O
bankruptcy	O
,	O
Byte	O
magazine	O
called	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
"	O
the	O
first	O
multimedia	B-Device
computer	I-Device
...	O
so	O
far	O
ahead	O
of	O
its	O
time	O
that	O
almost	O
nobody	O
—	O
including	O
Commodore	O
's	O
marketing	O
department	O
—	O
could	O
fully	O
articulate	O
what	O
it	O
was	O
all	O
about	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
PC	O
World	O
rated	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
as	O
the	O
7th	O
greatest	O
PC	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Joe	O
Pillow	O
"	O
was	O
the	O
name	O
given	O
on	O
the	O
ticket	O
for	O
the	O
extra	O
airline	O
seat	O
purchased	O
to	O
hold	O
the	O
first	O
Amiga	B-Device
prototype	O
while	O
on	O
the	O
way	O
to	O
the	O
January	O
1984	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
engineers	O
(	O
RJ	O
Mical	O
and	O
Dale	O
Luck	O
)	O
who	O
flew	O
with	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
prototype	O
(	O
codenamed	O
Lorraine	O
)	O
drew	O
a	O
happy	O
face	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
pillowcase	O
and	O
even	O
added	O
a	O
tie	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joe	O
Pillow	O
extended	O
his	O
fifteen	O
minutes	O
of	O
fame	O
when	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
went	O
to	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
fifty-three	O
Amiga	B-Device
team	O
members	O
who	O
worked	O
on	O
the	O
project	O
signed	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
case	O
.	O
</s>
