<s>
Amiga	B-Device
is	O
a	O
family	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
introduced	O
by	O
Commodore	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
model	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
mid-1980s	O
computers	O
with	O
16	O
-	O
or	O
16/32	O
-bit	O
processors	O
,	O
256KB	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
mouse-based	O
GUIs	B-Application
,	O
and	O
significantly	O
improved	O
graphics	O
and	O
audio	O
compared	O
to	O
previous	O
8-bit	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
include	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
—	O
released	O
earlier	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
—	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
Acorn	B-Device
Archimedes	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
microprocessor	I-Device
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
differs	O
from	O
its	O
contemporaries	O
through	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
custom	O
hardware	O
to	O
accelerate	O
graphics	O
and	O
sound	O
,	O
including	O
sprites	O
and	O
a	O
blitter	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
a	O
pre-emptive	B-Operating_System
multitasking	I-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
called	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
July	O
1985	O
,	O
but	O
production	O
problems	O
kept	O
it	O
from	O
becoming	O
widely	O
available	O
until	O
early	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
best-selling	O
model	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
,	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1987	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
more	O
expandable	O
Amiga	B-Device
2000	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
3000	I-Device
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
Plus	O
,	O
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
600	I-Device
in	O
March	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Application
1200	I-Application
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
4000	I-Device
were	O
released	O
in	O
late	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
line	O
sold	O
an	O
estimated	O
4.85	O
million	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
early	O
advertisements	O
cast	O
the	O
computer	O
as	O
an	O
all-purpose	O
business	O
machine	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
outfitted	O
with	O
the	O
Sidecar	B-Device
IBM	O
PC	O
compatibility	O
add-on	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
was	O
most	O
commercially	O
successful	O
as	O
a	O
home	O
computer	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
games	O
and	O
creative	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Video	B-Device
Toaster	I-Device
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
suite	O
helped	O
Amiga	B-Device
find	O
a	O
prominent	O
role	O
in	O
desktop	O
video	O
and	O
video	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
's	O
audio	O
hardware	O
made	O
it	O
a	O
popular	O
platform	O
for	O
music	B-Application
tracker	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
processor	O
and	O
memory	O
capacity	O
enabled	O
3D	O
rendering	O
packages	O
,	O
including	O
LightWave	B-Device
3D	I-Device
,	O
Imagine	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Traces	O
,	O
a	O
predecessor	O
to	O
Blender	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Poor	O
marketing	O
and	O
the	O
failure	O
of	O
later	O
models	O
to	O
repeat	O
the	O
technological	O
advances	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
systems	O
resulted	O
in	O
Commodore	O
quickly	O
losing	O
market	O
share	O
to	O
the	O
rapidly	O
dropping	O
prices	O
of	O
IBM	O
PC	O
compatibles	O
,	O
which	O
gained	O
256	O
color	O
graphics	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
fourth	B-Application
generation	I-Application
of	I-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commodore	O
ultimately	O
went	O
bankrupt	O
in	O
April	O
1994	O
after	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
packaged	O
as	O
a	O
game	B-Device
console	I-Device
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
CD32	I-Device
,	O
failed	O
in	O
the	O
marketplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
demise	O
of	O
Commodore	O
,	O
various	O
groups	O
have	O
marketed	O
successors	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
Amiga	B-Device
line	O
,	O
including	O
Genesi	O
,	O
Eyetech	O
,	O
ACube	O
Systems	O
Srl	O
and	O
A-EON	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
has	O
influenced	O
replacements	O
,	O
clones	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
compatible	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
MorphOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
AROS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
Belgian	O
company	O
Hyperion	B-Operating_System
Entertainment	I-Operating_System
maintains	O
and	O
develops	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
official	O
and	O
direct	O
descendant	O
of	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3.1	O
–	O
the	O
last	O
system	O
made	O
by	O
Commodore	O
for	O
the	O
original	O
Amiga	B-Device
Computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jay	O
Miner	O
joined	O
Atari	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
to	O
develop	O
custom	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
,	O
and	O
led	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
Video	I-General_Concept
Computer	I-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
's	O
TIA	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
complete	O
,	O
the	O
team	O
began	O
developing	O
a	O
much	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
set	O
of	O
chips	O
,	O
CTIA	B-General_Concept
,	O
ANTIC	B-General_Concept
and	O
POKEY	B-Device
,	O
that	O
formed	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Miner	O
wanted	O
to	O
start	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
,	O
but	O
management	O
was	O
only	O
interested	O
in	O
another	O
6502	B-General_Concept
based	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Kaplan	O
left	O
the	O
company	O
late	O
in	O
1982	O
,	O
Miner	O
was	O
promoted	O
to	O
head	O
engineer	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
relaunched	O
as	O
Amiga	B-Device
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
hardware	O
was	O
designed	O
by	O
Miner	O
,	O
RJ	O
Mical	O
,	O
and	O
Dale	O
Luck	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
was	O
not	O
ready	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
machine	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
with	O
the	O
"	O
Boing	O
Ball	O
"	O
demo	O
,	O
a	O
real-time	O
animation	O
showing	O
a	O
red-and-white	O
spinning	O
ball	O
bouncing	O
and	O
casting	O
a	O
shadow	O
;	O
this	O
bouncing	O
ball	O
became	O
the	O
official	O
logo	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
further	O
developed	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
at	O
the	O
June	O
1984	O
CES	O
and	O
shown	O
to	O
many	O
companies	O
in	O
hopes	O
of	O
garnering	O
further	O
funding	O
,	O
but	O
found	O
little	O
interest	O
in	O
a	O
market	O
that	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
final	O
stages	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
crash	B-General_Concept
of	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
talks	O
were	O
progressing	O
slowly	O
,	O
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
was	O
running	O
out	O
of	O
money	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
temporary	O
arrangement	O
in	O
June	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
$	O
500,000	O
loan	O
from	O
Atari	O
to	O
Amiga	B-Device
to	O
keep	O
the	O
company	O
going	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
required	O
the	O
loan	O
to	O
be	O
repaid	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
month	O
,	O
otherwise	O
Amiga	B-Device
would	O
forfeit	O
the	O
Lorraine	O
design	O
to	O
Atari	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
1983	O
,	O
Atari	O
lost	O
over	O
a	O
week	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
combined	O
effects	O
of	O
the	O
crash	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
ongoing	O
price	O
war	O
in	O
the	O
home	O
computer	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
the	O
senior	O
technical	O
staff	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
began	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
68000-based	O
machine	O
of	O
their	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
approached	O
Amiga	B-Device
offering	O
to	O
fund	O
development	O
as	O
a	O
home	O
computer	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
companies	O
were	O
initially	O
arranging	O
a	O
license	O
agreement	O
before	O
Commodore	O
offered	O
to	O
purchase	O
Amiga	B-Device
outright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
time	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
OS	B-General_Concept
)	O
was	O
not	O
as	O
ready	O
,	O
and	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
deal	O
to	O
port	O
an	O
OS	B-General_Concept
known	O
as	O
TRIPOS	B-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TRIPOS	B-Operating_System
was	O
a	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
system	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
written	O
in	O
BCPL	B-Language
during	O
the	O
1970s	O
for	O
the	O
PDP-11	B-Device
minicomputer	B-Architecture
,	O
but	O
later	O
experimentally	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
early	O
version	O
was	O
known	O
as	O
AmigaDOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
as	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BCPL	B-Language
parts	O
were	O
later	O
rewritten	O
in	O
the	O
C	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
entire	O
system	O
became	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
enclosed	O
in	O
a	O
pizza	B-General_Concept
box	I-General_Concept
form	I-General_Concept
factor	I-General_Concept
case	O
;	O
a	O
late	O
change	O
was	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
vertical	O
supports	O
on	O
either	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
"	O
garage	O
"	O
under	O
the	O
main	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
where	O
the	O
keyboard	O
could	O
be	O
stored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
model	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
1985	O
as	O
simply	O
"	O
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
from	O
Commodore	O
"	O
,	O
later	O
to	O
be	O
retroactively	O
dubbed	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
these	O
was	O
the	O
long-overdue	O
cancellation	O
of	O
the	O
now	O
outdated	O
PET	B-Device
and	O
VIC-20	B-Device
lines	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
poorly	O
selling	O
Commodore	O
64	O
offshoots	O
and	O
the	O
Commodore	B-Device
900	I-Device
workstation	B-Device
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
changes	O
was	O
to	O
split	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
into	O
two	O
products	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
high-end	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
creative	O
market	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
cost-reduced	O
version	O
that	O
would	O
take	O
over	O
for	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
in	O
the	O
low-end	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
new	O
designs	O
were	O
released	O
in	O
1987	O
as	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
2000	I-Device
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
,	O
the	O
latter	O
of	O
which	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
widespread	O
success	O
and	O
became	O
their	O
best	O
selling	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
high-end/low	O
-end	O
models	O
would	O
make	O
up	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
line	O
for	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
its	O
history	O
;	O
follow-on	O
designs	O
included	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
3000/Amiga	O
500	O
Plus/Amiga	O
600	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
4000/Amiga	O
1200	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
models	O
incorporated	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
technical	O
upgrades	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
ECS	B-Device
and	O
AGA	B-Device
,	O
which	O
added	O
higher	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
displays	O
among	O
many	O
other	O
improvements	O
and	O
simplifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
line	O
sold	O
an	O
estimated	O
4,850,000	O
machines	O
over	O
its	O
lifetime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
found	O
a	O
niche	O
with	O
enthusiasts	O
and	O
in	O
vertical	O
markets	O
for	O
video	O
processing	O
and	O
editing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
1988	O
it	O
overlapped	O
with	O
the	O
16-bit	B-Application
Mega	B-Operating_System
Drive	I-Operating_System
,	O
then	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
Nintendo	I-Application
Entertainment	I-Application
System	I-Application
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commodore	O
UK	O
's	O
Kelly	O
Sumner	O
did	O
not	O
see	O
Sega	O
or	O
Nintendo	O
as	O
competitors	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
credited	O
their	O
marketing	O
campaigns	O
which	O
spent	O
over	O
or	O
for	O
promoting	O
video	O
games	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
and	O
thus	O
helping	O
to	O
boost	O
Amiga	B-Device
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
his	O
successes	O
in	O
making	O
the	O
company	O
profitable	O
and	O
bringing	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
line	O
to	O
market	O
,	O
Rattigan	O
was	O
soon	O
forced	O
out	O
in	O
a	O
power	O
struggle	O
with	O
majority	O
shareholder	O
,	O
Irving	O
Gould	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
widely	O
regarded	O
as	O
the	O
turning	O
point	O
,	O
as	O
further	O
improvements	O
to	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
were	O
eroded	O
by	O
rapid	O
improvements	O
in	O
other	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commodore	O
shut	O
down	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
division	O
on	O
April	O
26	O
,	O
1994	O
,	O
and	O
filed	O
for	O
bankruptcy	O
three	O
days	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commodore	O
's	O
assets	O
were	O
purchased	O
by	O
Escom	O
,	O
a	O
German	O
PC	O
manufacturer	O
,	O
who	O
created	O
the	O
subsidiary	O
company	O
Amiga	B-Device
Technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
re-released	O
the	O
A1200	B-Application
and	O
A4000T	B-Device
,	O
and	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
68060	B-General_Concept
version	O
of	O
the	O
A4000T	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
Technologies	O
researched	O
and	O
developed	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
Walker	I-Device
prototype	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
Escom	O
had	O
sold	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
intellectual	O
property	O
to	O
VIScorp	O
for	O
$40m	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
deal	O
fell	O
through	O
,	O
and	O
Escom	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
went	O
bankrupt	O
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
U.S.	O
Wintel	B-Device
PC	O
manufacturer	O
,	O
Gateway	O
2000	B-Device
,	O
then	O
purchased	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
branch	O
and	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	B-Device
,	O
Gateway	O
sold	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
brand	O
to	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
without	O
having	O
released	O
any	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
licensed	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
sell	O
hardware	O
using	O
the	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
brand	O
to	O
Eyetech	O
Group	O
and	O
Hyperion	B-Operating_System
Entertainment	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
sold	O
its	O
intellectual	O
property	O
to	O
Amiga	B-Device
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
has	O
a	O
custom	O
chipset	O
consisting	O
of	O
several	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
which	O
handle	O
audio	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
and	O
direct	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
independently	O
of	O
the	O
Central	B-General_Concept
Processing	I-General_Concept
Unit	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
architecture	O
gave	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
a	O
performance	O
edge	O
over	O
its	O
competitors	O
,	O
particularly	O
for	O
graphics-intensive	O
applications	O
and	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
architecture	O
uses	O
two	O
distinct	O
bus	B-General_Concept
subsystems	O
:	O
the	O
chipset	O
bus	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
bus	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chipset	O
bus	B-General_Concept
allows	O
the	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
and	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
to	O
address	O
"	B-Device
Chip	I-Device
RAM	I-Device
"	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
bus	B-General_Concept
provides	O
addressing	O
to	O
conventional	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
ROM	B-Device
and	O
the	O
Zorro	B-Device
II	I-Device
or	O
Zorro	B-Device
III	I-Device
expansion	O
subsystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
bus	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
much	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
chipset	O
bus	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPU	B-General_Concept
expansion	O
boards	O
may	O
provide	O
additional	O
custom	O
buses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
"	O
busboards	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
bridgeboards	O
"	O
may	O
provide	O
ISA	B-Architecture
or	O
PCI	B-Protocol
buses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
popular	O
models	O
from	O
Commodore	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
,	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
2000	I-Device
,	O
use	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
as	O
the	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
developer	O
's	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
provides	O
a	O
full	O
suite	O
of	O
32-bit	O
operations	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
chip	O
can	O
address	O
only	O
16MB	O
of	O
physical	O
memory	O
and	O
is	O
implemented	O
using	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Application
arithmetic	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
and	O
has	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Application
external	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
bus	I-General_Concept
,	O
so	O
32-bit	O
computations	O
are	O
transparently	O
handled	O
as	O
multiple	O
16-bit	B-Application
values	O
at	O
a	O
performance	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
later	O
Amiga	B-Device
2500	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
3000	I-Device
models	O
use	O
fully	O
32-bit	O
,	O
68000	B-Device
compatible	O
,	O
processors	O
from	O
Motorola	O
improved	O
performance	O
and	O
larger	O
addressing	O
capability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPU	B-General_Concept
upgrades	O
were	O
offered	O
by	O
both	O
Commodore	O
and	O
third-party	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	O
can	O
be	O
upgraded	O
either	O
by	O
direct	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
replacement	O
or	O
through	O
expansion	O
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
boards	O
often	O
included	O
faster	O
and	O
higher	O
capacity	O
memory	O
interfaces	O
and	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Towards	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
Commodore	O
's	O
time	O
in	O
charge	O
of	O
Amiga	B-Device
development	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
suggestions	O
that	O
Commodore	O
intended	O
to	O
move	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
series	O
to	O
higher	O
performance	O
RISC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
PA-RISC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
this	O
,	O
third-party	O
manufacturers	O
designed	O
upgrades	O
featuring	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
68000	B-Device
series	O
and	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
along	O
with	O
a	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
native	O
microkernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
Amiga	B-Device
clones	B-General_Concept
featured	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
custom	O
chipset	O
at	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
design	O
appeared	O
in	O
three	O
distinct	O
generations	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
large	O
degree	O
of	O
backward-compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Original	B-Device
Chip	I-Device
Set	I-Device
(	O
OCS	B-Device
)	O
appeared	O
with	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
A1000	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OCS	B-Device
was	O
eventually	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
modestly	O
improved	O
Enhanced	B-Device
Chip	I-Device
Set	I-Device
(	O
ECS	B-Device
)	O
in	O
1990	O
and	O
finally	O
by	O
the	O
partly	O
32-bit	O
Advanced	B-Device
Graphics	I-Device
Architecture	I-Device
(	O
AGA	B-Device
)	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
chipset	O
consists	O
of	O
several	O
coprocessors	B-General_Concept
that	O
handle	O
graphics	B-General_Concept
acceleration	I-General_Concept
,	O
digital	O
audio	O
,	O
direct	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
and	O
communication	O
between	O
various	O
peripherals	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
memory	O
and	O
floppy	B-Device
disks	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
some	O
models	O
featured	O
auxiliary	O
custom	O
chips	O
that	O
performed	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
control	B-Device
and	O
display	O
de-interlacing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Amiga	B-Device
systems	O
can	O
display	O
full-screen	O
animated	O
planar	O
graphics	O
with	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
8	O
,	O
16	O
,	O
32	O
,	O
64	O
(	O
EHB	O
Mode	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
4096	O
colors	O
(	O
HAM	O
Mode	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Models	O
with	O
the	O
AGA	B-Device
chipset	I-Device
(	O
A1200	B-Application
and	O
A4000	O
)	O
also	O
have	O
non-EHB	O
64	O
,	O
128	O
,	O
256	O
,	O
and	O
262144	O
(	O
HAM8	O
Mode	O
)	O
color	O
modes	O
and	O
a	O
palette	O
expanded	O
from	O
4096	O
to	O
16.8	O
million	O
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
chipset	O
can	O
genlock	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
adjust	O
its	O
own	O
screen	O
refresh	O
timing	O
to	O
match	O
an	O
incoming	O
NTSC	O
or	O
PAL	B-Language
video	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
combined	O
with	O
setting	O
transparency	O
,	O
this	O
allows	O
an	O
Amiga	B-Device
to	O
overlay	O
an	O
external	O
video	O
source	O
with	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ability	O
made	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
popular	O
for	O
many	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
provides	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
do	O
character	O
generation	O
and	O
CGI	O
effects	O
far	O
more	O
cheaply	O
than	O
earlier	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NewTek	B-Device
Video	I-Device
Toaster	I-Device
was	O
made	O
possible	O
by	O
the	O
genlock	O
ability	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
A2024	O
fixed-frequency	O
monochrome	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
with	O
built-in	O
framebuffer	B-Algorithm
and	O
flicker	O
fixer	O
hardware	O
provided	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
with	O
a	O
choice	O
of	O
high-resolution	O
graphic	O
modes	O
(	O
1024×800	O
for	O
NTSC	O
and	O
1024×1024	O
for	O
PAL	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReTargetable	O
Graphics	O
is	O
an	O
API	B-Application
for	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
mainly	O
used	O
by	O
3rd	O
party	O
graphics	O
hardware	O
to	O
interface	O
with	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
via	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
libraries	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
may	O
include	O
software	O
tools	O
to	O
adjust	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
,	O
screen	O
colors	O
,	O
pointers	O
and	O
screenmodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
Intuition	B-Application
interface	I-Application
is	O
limited	O
to	O
display	O
depths	O
of	O
8	O
bits	O
,	O
while	O
RTG	O
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
handle	O
higher	O
depths	O
like	O
24-bits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sound	O
chip	O
,	O
named	O
Paula	O
,	O
supports	O
four	O
PCM	B-Algorithm
sound	O
channels	O
(	O
two	O
for	O
the	O
left	O
speaker	O
and	O
two	O
for	O
the	O
right	O
)	O
with	O
8-bit	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
for	O
each	O
channel	O
and	O
a	O
6-bit	O
volume	B-Application
control	B-Device
per	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
analog	O
output	O
is	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
low-pass	O
filter	O
,	O
which	O
filters	O
out	O
high-frequency	O
aliasing	O
when	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
is	O
using	O
a	O
lower	O
sampling	O
rate	O
(	O
see	O
Nyquist	O
frequency	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
brightness	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
's	O
power	O
LED	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
indicate	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
's	O
low-pass	O
filter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
filter	O
is	O
active	O
when	O
the	O
LED	O
is	O
at	O
normal	O
brightness	O
,	O
and	O
deactivated	O
when	O
dimmed	O
(	O
or	O
off	O
on	O
older	O
A500	O
Amigas	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
(	O
and	O
first	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
2000	I-Device
model	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
power	O
LED	O
had	O
no	O
relation	O
to	O
the	O
filter	O
's	O
status	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
wire	O
needed	O
to	O
be	O
manually	O
soldered	O
between	O
pins	O
on	O
the	O
sound	O
chip	O
to	O
disable	O
the	O
filter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paula	O
can	O
read	O
arbitrary	O
waveforms	O
at	O
arbitrary	O
rates	O
and	O
amplitudes	O
directly	O
from	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
using	O
direct	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
(	O
DMA	O
)	O
,	O
making	O
sound	O
playback	O
without	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
intervention	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
hardware	O
is	O
limited	O
to	O
four	O
separate	O
sound	O
channels	O
,	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
OctaMED	O
uses	O
software	O
mixing	O
to	O
allow	O
eight	O
or	O
more	O
virtual	O
channels	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
for	O
software	O
to	O
mix	O
two	O
hardware	O
channels	O
to	O
achieve	O
a	O
single	O
14-bit	O
resolution	B-General_Concept
channel	O
by	O
playing	O
with	O
the	O
volumes	O
of	O
the	O
channels	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
channels	O
contributes	O
the	O
most	O
significant	O
bits	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
the	O
least	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
's	O
sound	O
output	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
hardware	O
is	O
ubiquitous	O
and	O
easily	O
addressed	O
by	O
software	O
,	O
were	O
standout	O
features	O
of	O
Amiga	B-Device
hardware	O
unavailable	O
on	O
PC	O
platforms	O
for	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-party	O
sound	B-Device
cards	I-Device
exist	O
that	O
provide	O
DSP	B-Architecture
functions	O
,	O
multi-track	O
direct-to-disk	O
recording	O
,	O
multiple	O
hardware	O
sound	O
channels	O
and	O
16-bit	B-Application
and	O
beyond	O
resolutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
retargetable	O
sound	O
API	B-Application
called	O
AHI	B-Library
was	O
developed	O
allowing	O
these	O
cards	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
transparently	O
by	O
the	O
OS	B-General_Concept
and	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kickstart	B-Device
is	O
the	O
firmware	B-Application
upon	O
which	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
is	O
bootstrapped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
purpose	O
is	O
to	O
initialize	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
hardware	O
and	O
core	O
components	O
of	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
and	O
then	O
attempt	O
to	O
boot	B-Operating_System
from	O
a	O
bootable	B-Operating_System
volume	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	O
or	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
models	O
(	O
excluding	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
)	O
come	O
equipped	O
with	O
Kickstart	B-Device
on	O
an	O
embedded	O
ROM-chip	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboard	O
on	O
Amiga	B-Device
computers	I-Device
is	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
found	O
on	O
a	O
mid-80s	O
IBM	O
PC	O
:	O
Ten	O
function	O
keys	O
,	O
a	O
numeric	O
keypad	O
,	O
and	O
four	O
separate	O
directional	O
arrow	O
keys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Caps	B-Device
Lock	I-Device
and	O
Control	B-Device
share	O
space	O
to	O
the	O
left	O
of	O
A	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Absent	O
are	O
Home	O
,	O
End	O
,	O
Page	O
Up	O
,	O
and	O
Page	O
Down	O
keys	O
:	O
These	O
functions	O
are	O
accomplished	O
on	O
Amigas	B-Device
by	O
pressing	O
shift	O
and	O
the	O
appropriate	O
arrow	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
keyboard	O
adds	O
a	O
Help	O
key	O
,	O
which	O
a	O
function	O
key	O
usually	O
acts	O
as	O
on	O
PCs	B-Device
(	O
usually	O
F1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
Control	B-Device
and	O
Alt	O
modifier	O
keys	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
has	O
2	O
"	O
Amiga	B-Device
"	O
keys	O
,	O
rendered	O
as	O
"	O
Open	O
Amiga	B-Device
"	O
and	O
"	O
Closed	O
Amiga	B-Device
"	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Open/Closed	O
Apple	O
logo	O
keys	O
on	O
Apple	O
II	O
keyboards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
left	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
manipulate	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
moving	O
screens	O
and	O
the	O
like	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
right	O
delivers	O
commands	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
IBM-compatible	O
computers	O
,	O
the	O
mouse	O
has	O
two	O
buttons	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
,	O
pressing	O
and	O
holding	O
the	O
right	O
button	O
replaces	O
the	O
system	O
status	O
line	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
with	O
a	O
Maclike	O
menu	O
bar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
prior	O
to	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
,	O
menu	O
options	O
are	O
selected	O
by	O
releasing	O
the	O
button	O
over	O
that	O
option	O
,	O
not	O
by	O
left	O
clicking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mouse	O
plugs	O
into	O
one	O
of	O
two	O
Atari	B-Protocol
joystick	I-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
used	O
for	O
joysticks	B-Device
,	O
game	B-Device
paddles	I-Device
,	O
and	O
graphics	B-Device
tablets	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
compatible	O
with	O
analog	B-Device
joysticks	I-Device
,	O
Atari-style	O
digital	O
joysticks	B-Device
became	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unusually	O
,	O
two	O
independent	O
mice	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
ports	O
;	O
some	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Lemmings	O
,	O
were	O
designed	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
computers	O
for	O
which	O
inexpensive	O
sound	O
sampling	O
and	O
video	O
digitization	O
accessories	O
were	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
this	O
and	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
's	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
capabilities	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
became	O
a	O
popular	O
system	O
for	O
editing	O
and	O
producing	O
both	O
music	O
and	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
expansion	O
boards	O
were	O
produced	O
for	O
Amiga	B-Device
computers	I-Device
to	O
improve	O
the	O
performance	O
and	O
capability	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
memory	O
expansions	O
,	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
controllers	O
,	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
boards	O
,	O
and	O
graphics	O
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
upgrades	O
include	O
genlocks	O
,	O
network	O
cards	O
for	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
modems	B-Application
,	O
sound	B-Device
cards	I-Device
and	O
samplers	O
,	O
video	B-General_Concept
digitizers	I-General_Concept
,	O
extra	O
serial	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
IDE	B-Protocol
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additions	O
after	O
the	O
demise	O
of	O
Commodore	O
company	O
are	O
USB	B-Protocol
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
popular	O
upgrades	O
were	O
memory	O
,	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
controllers	O
and	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
accelerator	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
accelerator	O
cards	O
used	O
the	O
full	O
32-bit	O
CPUs	O
of	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
family	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68020	I-Device
and	O
Motorola	B-Device
68030	I-Device
,	O
almost	O
always	O
with	O
32-bit	O
memory	O
and	O
usually	O
with	O
FPUs	B-General_Concept
and	O
MMUs	B-General_Concept
or	O
the	O
facility	O
to	O
add	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
designs	O
feature	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68040	I-Device
or	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
68060	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
CPUs	O
feature	O
integrated	O
FPUs	B-General_Concept
and	O
MMUs	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
accelerator	O
cards	O
also	O
had	O
integrated	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phase5	O
designed	O
the	O
PowerUP	B-Operating_System
boards	O
(	O
Blizzard	O
PPC	O
and	O
CyberStorm	O
PPC	O
)	O
featuring	O
both	O
a	O
68k	O
(	O
a	O
68040	B-Device
or	O
68060	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
a	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
(	O
603	O
or	O
604	O
)	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
two	O
CPUs	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
and	O
share	O
the	O
system	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
CPU	B-General_Concept
on	O
PowerUP	B-Operating_System
boards	O
is	O
usually	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
coprocessor	B-General_Concept
for	O
heavy	O
computations	O
;	O
a	O
powerful	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
is	O
needed	O
to	O
run	O
MAME	B-Device
for	O
example	O
,	O
but	O
even	O
decoding	O
JPEG	O
pictures	O
and	O
MP3	B-Application
audio	I-Application
was	O
considered	O
heavy	O
computation	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
ignore	O
the	O
68k	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
and	O
run	O
Linux	B-Application
on	O
the	O
PPC	O
via	O
project	O
Linux	B-Application
APUS	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
PowerPC-native	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
promised	O
by	O
Amiga	B-Device
Technologies	O
GmbH	O
was	O
not	O
available	O
when	O
the	O
PowerUP	B-Operating_System
boards	O
first	O
appeared	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphics	O
cards	O
were	O
designed	O
primarily	O
for	O
2D	O
artwork	O
production	O
,	O
workstation	B-Device
use	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
,	O
gaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
North	O
American	O
market	O
,	O
the	O
NewTek	B-Device
Video	I-Device
Toaster	I-Device
was	O
a	O
video	O
effects	O
board	O
that	O
turned	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
into	O
an	O
affordable	O
video	O
processing	O
computer	O
that	O
found	O
its	O
way	O
into	O
many	O
professional	O
video	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
NTSC-only	O
design	O
,	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
find	O
a	O
market	O
in	O
countries	O
that	O
used	O
the	O
PAL	B-Language
standard	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
those	O
countries	O
,	O
the	O
OpalVision	O
card	O
was	O
popular	O
,	O
although	O
less	O
featured	O
and	O
supported	O
than	O
the	O
Video	B-Device
Toaster	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-cost	O
time	O
base	O
correctors	O
(	O
TBC	O
)	O
specifically	O
designed	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
Toaster	O
quickly	O
came	O
to	O
market	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
designed	O
as	O
standard	O
Amiga	B-Device
bus	B-General_Concept
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
manufacturers	O
started	O
producing	O
PCI	B-Protocol
busboards	O
for	O
the	O
A1200	B-Application
,	O
A3000	O
and	O
A4000	O
,	O
allowing	O
standard	O
Amiga	B-Device
computers	I-Device
to	O
use	O
PCI	B-Protocol
cards	I-Protocol
such	O
as	O
graphics	O
cards	O
,	O
Sound	B-Application
Blaster	I-Application
sound	B-Device
cards	I-Device
,	O
10/100	O
Ethernet	O
cards	O
,	O
USB	B-Protocol
cards	O
,	O
and	O
television	O
tuner	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
manufacturers	O
produced	O
hybrid	O
boards	O
that	O
contained	O
an	O
Intel	O
x86	O
series	O
chip	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
to	O
emulate	O
a	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC	B-Architecture
upgrades	O
with	O
Wide	O
SCSI	B-Architecture
controllers	O
,	O
PCI	B-Protocol
busboards	O
with	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
sound	O
and	O
3D	O
graphics	O
cards	O
,	O
and	O
tower	O
cases	O
allowed	O
the	O
A1200	B-Application
and	O
A4000	O
to	O
survive	O
well	O
into	O
the	O
late	O
nineties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expansion	O
boards	O
were	O
made	O
by	O
Richmond	O
Sound	O
Design	O
that	O
allow	O
their	O
show	O
control	B-Device
and	O
sound	O
design	O
software	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
their	O
custom	O
hardware	O
frames	O
either	O
by	O
ribbon	O
cable	O
or	O
fiber	O
optic	O
cable	O
for	O
long	O
distances	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
to	O
control	B-Device
up	O
to	O
eight	O
million	O
digitally	O
controlled	O
external	O
audio	O
,	O
lighting	O
,	O
automation	O
,	O
relay	O
and	O
voltage	O
control	B-Device
channels	O
spread	O
around	O
a	O
large	O
theme	O
park	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
See	O
Amiga	B-Device
software	I-Device
for	O
more	O
information	O
on	O
these	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A2065	O
Ethernet	O
Zorro-II	B-Device
interface	O
–	O
the	O
first	O
Ethernet	O
interface	O
for	O
Amiga	B-Device
;	O
uses	O
the	O
AMD	O
Am7990	O
chip	O
The	O
same	O
interface	O
chip	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
DECstation	B-Device
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A1010	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	O
drive	O
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
3.5-inch	O
double	B-Device
density	I-Device
(	O
DD	O
)	O
,	O
,	O
drive	O
unit	O
connected	O
via	O
DB-23	B-Protocol
connector	O
;	O
track-to-track	O
delay	O
is	O
on	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
clone	B-General_Concept
drives	O
were	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
the	B-Device
Catweasel	I-Device
and	O
KryoFlux	B-Device
make	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
Amiga	B-Device
and	O
other	O
special	O
disc	O
formats	O
on	O
standard	O
x86	O
PCs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Commodore	O
A2232	O
board	O
provides	O
seven	O
RS-232C	O
serial	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
's	O
built-in	O
serial	B-Protocol
port	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
a	O
driver	O
available	O
on	O
Aminet	B-Device
that	O
allows	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
serial	B-Protocol
ports	I-Protocol
to	O
be	O
driven	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
serial	B-Protocol
card	I-Protocol
used	O
the	O
65CE02	B-General_Concept
CPU	B-General_Concept
clocked	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
was	O
also	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
CSG	B-General_Concept
4510	I-General_Concept
CPU	B-General_Concept
core	O
that	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Commodore	B-Device
65	I-Device
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
has	O
three	O
networking	O
interface	O
APIs	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
AS225	O
:	O
the	O
official	O
Commodore	O
TCP/IP	O
stack	O
API	B-Application
with	O
hard-coded	O
drivers	O
in	O
revision	O
1	O
(	O
AS225r1	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
A2065	O
Ethernet	O
and	O
the	O
A2060	O
Arcnet	B-Protocol
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SANA-II	O
:	O
a	O
standardized	O
API	B-Application
for	O
hardware	O
of	O
network	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
an	O
inefficient	O
buffer	O
handling	O
scheme	O
,	O
and	O
lacks	O
proper	O
support	O
for	O
promiscuous	B-Protocol
and	O
multicast	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Miami	O
Network	O
Interface	O
(	O
MNI	O
)	O
:	O
an	O
API	B-Application
that	O
does	O
n't	O
have	O
the	O
problems	O
that	O
SANA-II	O
suffers	O
from	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
requires	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
v2.04	O
or	O
higher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	O
were	O
produced	O
from	O
1985	O
to	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
of	O
production	O
:	O
1000	B-Device
,	O
2000	B-Device
,	O
500	B-Device
,	O
1500	B-Device
,	O
2500	B-Device
,	O
3000	B-Device
,	O
3000UX	B-Device
,	O
3000T	B-Device
,	O
CDTV	B-Device
,	O
500+	O
,	O
600	B-Device
,	O
4000	B-Device
,	O
1200	B-Application
,	O
CD32	B-Device
,	O
and	O
4000T	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PowerPC-based	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
computers	O
were	O
later	O
marketed	O
beginning	O
in	O
2002	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
companies	O
and	O
private	O
persons	O
have	O
also	O
released	O
Amiga	B-Device
clones	B-General_Concept
and	O
still	O
do	O
so	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Amiga	B-Device
model	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
,	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
PC	O
World	O
rated	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
as	O
the	O
seventh	O
greatest	O
PC	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
,	O
stating	O
"	O
Years	O
ahead	O
of	O
its	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
was	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
multimedia	O
,	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commodore	O
updated	O
the	O
desktop	O
line	O
of	O
Amiga	B-Device
computers	I-Device
with	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
2000	I-Device
in	O
1987	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
3000	I-Device
in	O
1990	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
4000	I-Device
in	O
1992	O
,	O
each	O
offering	O
improved	O
capabilities	O
and	O
expansion	O
options	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
best-selling	O
models	O
were	O
the	O
budget	O
models	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
particularly	O
the	O
highly	O
successful	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
(	O
1987	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Application
1200	I-Application
(	O
1992	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	O
500+	O
(	O
1991	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
shortest-lived	O
model	O
,	O
replacing	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
and	O
lasting	O
only	O
six	O
months	O
until	O
it	O
was	O
phased	O
out	O
and	O
replaced	O
with	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
600	I-Device
(	O
1992	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
was	O
also	O
quickly	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Application
1200	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CDTV	B-Device
,	O
launched	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
CD-ROM-based	O
game	B-Device
console	I-Device
and	O
multimedia	O
appliance	O
several	O
years	O
before	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
drives	O
were	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commodore	O
's	O
last	O
Amiga	B-Device
offering	O
before	O
filing	O
for	O
bankruptcy	O
was	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
CD32	I-Device
(	O
1993	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
32-bit	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
games	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CD32	B-Device
was	O
a	O
next-generation	O
CDTV	B-Device
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
save	O
Commodore	O
by	O
entering	O
the	O
growing	O
video	B-Application
game	I-Application
console	I-Application
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
purchase	O
of	O
Commodore	O
's	O
assets	O
by	O
Escom	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
the	O
A1200	B-Application
and	O
A4000T	B-Device
continued	O
to	O
be	O
sold	O
in	O
small	O
quantities	O
until	O
1996	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
ground	O
lost	O
since	O
the	O
initial	O
launch	O
and	O
the	O
prohibitive	O
expense	O
of	O
these	O
units	O
meant	O
that	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
line	O
never	O
regained	O
any	O
real	O
popularity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	O
contained	O
references	O
to	O
songs	O
by	O
the	O
rock	O
band	O
The	O
B-52	O
'	O
s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
A500	O
units	O
had	O
the	O
words	O
"	O
B52/ROCK	O
LOBSTER	O
"	O
silk-screen	O
printed	O
onto	O
their	O
printed	O
circuit	O
board	O
,	O
a	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
song	O
"	O
Rock	O
Lobster	O
"	O
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
600	I-Device
referenced	O
"	O
JUNE	O
BUG	O
"	O
(	O
after	O
the	O
song	O
"	O
Junebug	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Application
1200	I-Application
had	O
"	O
CHANNEL	O
Z	O
"	O
(	O
after	O
"	O
Channel	O
Z	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
CD-32	O
had	O
"	O
Spellbound.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
is	O
designed	O
for	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
Amiga	B-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
mainly	O
based	O
on	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3.1	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
parts	O
of	O
version	O
3.9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
runs	O
on	O
both	O
Amigas	B-Device
equipped	O
with	O
CyberstormPPC	O
or	O
BlizzardPPC	O
accelerator	O
boards	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
Teron	O
series	O
based	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
computers	O
built	O
by	O
Eyetech	O
under	O
license	O
by	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
Pegasos	B-Device
II	I-Device
from	O
Genesi/bPlan	O
GmbH	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
ACube	O
Systems	O
Srl	O
Sam440ep	B-Device
/	O
Sam460ex	B-Device
/	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
500	B-Device
systems	O
and	O
on	O
the	O
A-EON	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
X1000	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
some	O
provisions	O
of	O
the	O
contract	O
between	O
Amiga	B-Device
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
Hyperion	B-Operating_System
Entertainment	I-Operating_System
(	O
the	O
Belgian	O
company	O
that	O
is	O
developing	O
the	O
OS	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
the	O
commercial	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
had	O
been	O
available	O
only	O
to	O
licensed	O
buyers	O
of	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
motherboards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	O
4.0	O
for	O
Amigas	B-Device
equipped	O
with	O
PowerUP	B-Operating_System
accelerator	O
boards	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
November	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
4.1	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
August	O
2008	O
for	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
systems	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
May	O
2011	O
for	O
Amigas	B-Device
equipped	O
with	O
PowerUP	B-Operating_System
accelerator	O
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
recent	O
release	O
of	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
for	O
all	O
supported	O
platforms	O
is	O
4.1	O
update	O
5	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
release	O
4.1	O
update	O
4	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
Emulation	O
drawer	O
containing	O
official	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3.x	O
ROMs	O
(	O
all	O
classic	O
Amiga	B-Device
models	O
including	O
CD32	B-Device
)	O
and	O
relative	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Acube	O
Systems	O
entered	O
an	O
agreement	O
with	O
Hyperion	O
under	O
which	O
it	O
has	O
ported	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
to	O
its	O
Sam440ep	B-Device
and	O
Sam460ex	B-Device
line	O
of	O
PowerPC-based	O
motherboards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
a	O
version	O
for	O
Pegasos	B-Device
II	I-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
co-operation	O
with	O
Acube	O
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
A-EON	O
Technology	O
Ltd	O
manufactured	O
and	O
released	O
the	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
X1000	I-Device
to	O
consumers	O
through	O
their	O
partner	O
,	O
Amiga	B-Device
Kit	O
who	O
provided	O
end-user	O
support	O
,	O
assembly	O
and	O
worldwide	O
distribution	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long-time	O
Amiga	B-Device
developer	O
MacroSystem	O
entered	O
the	O
Amiga-clone	O
market	O
with	O
their	O
DraCo	B-Device
non-linear	O
video	O
editing	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DraCo	B-Device
expanded	O
upon	O
and	O
combined	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
earlier	O
expansion	O
cards	O
developed	O
for	O
Amiga	B-Device
(	O
VLabMotion	O
,	O
Toccata	O
,	O
WarpEngine	O
,	O
RetinaIII	O
)	O
into	O
a	O
true	O
Amiga-clone	O
powered	O
by	O
the	O
Motorola	B-General_Concept
68060	I-General_Concept
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DraCo	B-Device
can	O
run	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3.1	O
up	O
through	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3.9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
Amiga-based	O
system	O
to	O
support	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
for	O
video	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
DraCo	B-Device
also	O
offers	O
an	O
Amiga-compatible	O
Zorro-II	B-Device
expansion	O
bus	B-General_Concept
and	O
introduced	O
a	O
faster	O
custom	O
DraCoBus	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
transfer	O
rates	O
(	O
faster	O
than	O
Commodore	O
's	O
Zorro-III	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
Index	O
Information	O
released	O
the	O
Access	O
,	O
an	O
Amiga-clone	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Application
1200	I-Application
,	O
but	O
on	O
a	O
motherboard	O
that	O
could	O
fit	O
into	O
a	O
standard	O
-inch	O
drive	B-Device
bay	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
features	O
either	O
a	O
68020	B-Device
or	O
68030	B-Device
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
a	O
AGA	B-Device
chipset	I-Device
,	O
and	O
runs	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
former	O
Amiga	B-Device
employees	O
(	O
John	O
Smith	O
,	O
Peter	O
Kittel	O
,	O
Dave	O
Haynie	O
and	O
Andy	O
Finkel	O
to	O
mention	O
few	O
)	O
formed	O
a	O
new	O
company	O
called	O
PIOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
hardware	O
platform	O
,	O
PIOS	O
One	O
,	O
was	O
aimed	O
at	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Atari	O
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NatAmi	O
(	O
short	O
for	O
Native	O
Amiga	B-Device
)	O
hardware	O
project	O
began	O
in	O
2005	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
designing	O
and	O
building	O
an	O
Amiga	B-Device
clone	B-General_Concept
motherboard	O
that	O
is	O
enhanced	O
with	O
modern	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NatAmi	O
motherboard	O
is	O
a	O
standard	O
Mini-ITX-compatible	O
form	O
factor	O
computer	O
motherboard	O
,	O
powered	O
by	O
a	O
Motorola/Freescale	O
68060	O
and	O
its	O
chipset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
original	B-Device
Amiga	I-Device
chipset	I-Device
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
inscribed	O
on	O
a	O
programmable	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
Altera	O
chip	O
on	O
the	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NatAmi	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
Amiga	B-Device
clone	B-General_Concept
project	O
after	O
the	O
Minimig	O
motherboard	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
history	O
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
C-One	B-Device
mainboard	O
developed	O
by	O
Jeri	O
Ellsworth	O
and	O
Jens	O
Schönfeld	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
commercial	O
point	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
Natami	O
's	O
circuitry	O
and	O
design	O
are	O
currently	O
closed	B-Application
source	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
NatAmi	O
project	O
is	O
to	O
design	O
an	O
Amiga-compatible	O
motherboard	O
that	O
includes	O
up-to-date	O
features	O
but	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
rely	O
on	O
emulation	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
WinUAE	B-Device
)	O
,	O
modern	O
PC	O
Intel	O
components	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
modern	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
mainboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
NatAmi	O
is	O
not	O
intended	O
to	O
become	O
another	O
evolutionary	O
heir	O
to	O
classic	O
Amigas	B-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
with	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
or	O
Pegasos	B-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	O
also	O
recreated	O
the	O
entire	O
Amiga	B-Device
chipset	O
,	O
freeing	O
it	O
from	O
legacy	O
Amiga	B-Device
limitations	O
such	O
as	O
two	O
megabytes	O
of	O
audio	O
and	O
video	O
graphics	O
RAM	B-Architecture
as	O
in	O
the	O
AGA	B-Device
chipset	I-Device
,	O
and	O
rebuilt	O
this	O
new	O
chipset	O
by	O
programming	O
a	O
modern	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
Altera	O
Cyclone	O
IV	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
the	O
developers	O
decided	O
to	O
create	O
from	O
scratch	O
a	O
new	O
software-form	O
processor	O
chip	O
,	O
codenamed	O
"	O
N68050	O
"	O
that	O
resides	O
in	O
the	O
physical	O
Altera	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
programmable	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
two	O
new	O
Amiga	B-Device
clones	B-General_Concept
were	O
announced	O
,	O
both	O
using	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
based	O
hardware	O
synthesis	O
to	O
replace	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
OCS	B-Device
custom	O
chipset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
new	O
Amiga	B-Device
hardware	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
model	O
was	O
built	O
on	O
a	O
Xilinx	O
Spartan-3	O
development	O
board	O
,	O
but	O
soon	O
a	O
dedicated	O
board	O
was	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
minimig	O
uses	O
the	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
to	O
reproduce	O
the	O
custom	O
Denise	O
,	O
Agnus	O
,	O
Paula	O
and	O
Gary	O
chips	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
both	O
8520	B-Device
CIAs	B-Device
and	O
implements	O
a	O
simple	O
version	O
of	O
Amber	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
chips	O
are	O
an	O
actual	O
68000	B-Device
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
ram	B-Architecture
chips	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
a	O
PIC	O
microcontroller	O
for	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
control	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
for	O
Minimig	O
was	O
released	O
as	O
open-source	B-Application
on	O
July	O
25	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
party	O
upgrade	O
replaces	O
the	O
PIC	O
microcontroller	O
with	O
a	O
more	O
powerful	O
ARM	O
processor	O
,	O
providing	O
more	O
functionality	O
such	O
as	O
write	O
access	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Replay	O
uses	O
an	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
with	O
about	O
three	O
times	O
more	O
capacity	O
and	O
that	O
does	O
support	O
the	O
AGA	B-Device
chipset	I-Device
and	O
a	O
68020	B-Device
soft	B-Device
core	I-Device
with	O
68030	B-Device
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
is	O
the	O
Clone-A	O
system	O
announced	O
by	O
Individual	O
Computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
mid	O
2007	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
in	O
its	O
development	O
form	O
,	O
with	O
FPGA-based	O
boards	O
replacing	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
chipset	O
and	O
mounted	O
on	O
an	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
motherboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
is	O
a	O
single-user	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
consumer	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
to	O
implement	O
preemptive	B-Operating_System
multitasking	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
first	O
by	O
Commodore	O
International	O
and	O
initially	O
introduced	O
in	O
1985	O
with	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
John	O
C	B-Language
.	O
Dvorak	O
wrote	O
in	O
PC	O
Magazine	O
in	O
1996	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
combines	O
a	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
and	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaDOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
disk	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
portion	O
of	O
the	O
OS	B-General_Concept
and	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
the	O
native	O
graphical	O
windowing	O
,	O
graphical	B-Application
environment	I-Application
for	O
file	O
management	O
and	O
launching	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaDOS	B-Operating_System
allows	O
long	O
filenames	B-Device
(	O
up	O
to	O
107	O
characters	O
)	O
with	O
whitespace	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
filename	B-Device
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
windowing	B-Application
system	I-Application
and	O
user	O
interface	O
engine	O
that	O
handles	O
all	O
input	O
events	O
is	O
called	O
Intuition	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
multi-tasking	O
kernel	O
is	O
called	O
Exec	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
acts	O
as	O
a	O
scheduler	O
for	O
tasks	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
providing	O
pre-emptive	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
with	O
prioritised	O
round-robin	O
scheduling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
enabled	O
true	O
pre-emptive	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
in	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
256KB	O
of	O
free	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
does	O
not	O
implement	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
;	O
the	O
68000	B-Device
CPU	B-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
include	O
a	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
this	O
speeds	O
and	O
eases	O
inter-process	B-Operating_System
communication	I-Operating_System
because	O
programs	B-Application
can	O
communicate	O
by	O
simply	O
passing	O
a	O
pointer	O
back	O
and	O
forth	O
,	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
made	O
the	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
more	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
crashes	B-General_Concept
from	O
badly	O
behaving	O
programs	B-Application
than	O
other	O
multitasking	B-Operating_System
systems	O
that	O
did	O
implement	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Amiga	B-Application
OS	I-Application
is	O
fundamentally	O
incapable	O
of	O
enforcing	O
any	O
form	O
of	O
security	O
model	O
since	O
any	O
program	O
had	O
full	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
co-operational	O
memory	B-General_Concept
protection	I-General_Concept
feature	O
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
and	O
could	O
be	O
retrofitted	O
to	O
old	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
systems	O
using	O
Enforcer	O
or	O
CyberGuard	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
problem	O
was	O
somewhat	O
exacerbated	O
by	O
Commodore	O
's	O
initial	O
decision	O
to	O
release	O
documentation	O
relating	O
not	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
OS	B-General_Concept
's	O
underlying	O
software	O
routines	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
to	O
the	O
hardware	O
itself	O
,	O
enabling	O
intrepid	O
programmers	O
who	O
had	O
developed	O
their	O
skills	O
on	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
to	O
POKE	B-Language
the	O
hardware	O
directly	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
done	O
on	O
the	O
older	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
new	O
AGA	B-Device
chipset	I-Device
was	O
released	O
,	O
Commodore	O
declined	O
to	O
release	O
low-level	O
documentation	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
force	O
developers	O
into	O
using	O
the	O
approved	O
software	O
routines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
directly	O
or	O
indirectly	O
inspired	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
various	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
MorphOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
AROS	B-Application
clearly	O
inherit	O
heavily	O
from	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
as	O
explained	O
directly	O
in	O
articles	O
regarding	O
these	O
two	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
also	O
influenced	O
BeOS	B-Application
,	O
which	O
featured	O
a	O
centralized	O
system	O
of	O
Datatypes	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
present	O
in	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
DragonFly	B-Application
BSD	I-Application
was	O
also	O
inspired	O
by	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
as	O
stated	O
by	O
Dragonfly	O
developer	O
Matthew	O
Dillon	O
who	O
is	O
a	O
former	O
Amiga	B-Device
developer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WindowLab	B-Device
and	O
amiwm	B-Device
are	O
among	O
several	O
window	B-Application
managers	I-Application
for	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
seek	O
to	O
mimic	O
the	O
Workbench	B-Operating_System
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
licensed	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
GUI	B-Application
from	O
Commodore	O
in	O
exchange	O
for	O
the	O
REXX	O
language	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allowed	O
OS/2	B-Application
to	O
have	O
the	O
WPS	O
(	O
Workplace	B-Device
Shell	I-Device
)	O
GUI	B-Application
shell	O
for	O
OS/2	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
a	O
32-bit	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commodore-Amiga	O
produced	O
Amiga	B-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
,	O
informally	O
known	O
as	O
Amix	B-Operating_System
,	O
based	O
on	O
AT&T	O
SVR4	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
2500	I-Device
and	O
Amiga	B-Device
3000	I-Device
and	O
is	O
included	O
with	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
3000UX	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
other	O
unusual	O
features	O
of	O
Amix	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
hardware-accelerated	O
windowing	B-Application
system	I-Application
that	O
can	O
scroll	O
windows	O
without	O
copying	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amix	B-Operating_System
is	O
not	O
supported	O
on	O
the	O
later	O
Amiga	B-Device
systems	O
based	O
on	O
68040	B-Device
or	O
68060	B-General_Concept
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
,	O
still	O
maintained	O
,	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
are	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
classic	O
Amiga	B-Device
platform	I-Device
,	O
including	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
NetBSD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
require	O
a	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
with	O
MMU	B-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
the	O
68020	B-Device
with	O
68851	B-General_Concept
or	O
full	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
68030	B-Device
,	O
68040	B-Device
or	O
68060	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Linux	B-Application
for	O
Amigas	B-Device
with	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
accelerator	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Debian	O
and	O
Yellow	B-General_Concept
Dog	I-General_Concept
Linux	I-General_Concept
can	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
an	O
official	O
,	O
older	O
version	O
of	O
OpenBSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
Amiga	B-Device
release	O
is	O
3.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MINIX	B-Operating_System
1.5.10	O
also	O
runs	O
on	O
Amiga	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
Sidecar	I-Device
is	O
a	O
complete	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
XT	I-Device
compatible	O
computer	O
contained	O
in	O
an	O
expansion	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
Commodore	O
in	O
1986	O
and	O
promoted	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
run	O
business	O
software	O
on	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
1000	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
time	O
commercial	O
developers	O
marketed	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
games	O
and	O
creative	O
software	O
,	O
often	O
developing	O
titles	O
simultaneously	O
for	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
due	O
to	O
the	O
similar	O
hardware	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
creative	O
software	O
included	O
3D	O
rendering	O
(	O
ray-tracing	O
)	O
packages	O
,	O
bitmap	B-Application
graphics	I-Application
editors	I-Application
,	O
desktop	O
video	O
software	O
,	O
software	O
development	O
packages	O
and	O
"	O
tracker	B-Application
"	O
music	O
editors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
remained	O
a	O
popular	O
platform	O
for	O
non-commercial	O
software	O
,	O
often	O
developed	O
by	O
enthusiasts	O
,	O
and	O
much	O
of	O
which	O
was	O
freely	O
redistributable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
on-line	O
archive	O
,	O
Aminet	B-Device
,	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
1991	O
and	O
until	O
the	O
late-1990s	O
was	O
the	O
largest	O
public	O
archive	O
of	O
software	O
,	O
art	O
and	O
documents	O
for	O
any	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
Amiga	B-Device
was	O
chosen	O
by	O
the	O
developers	O
from	O
the	O
Spanish	O
word	O
for	O
a	O
female	O
friend	O
,	O
because	O
they	O
knew	O
Spanish	O
,	O
and	O
because	O
it	O
occurred	O
before	O
Apple	O
and	O
Atari	O
alphabetically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
conveyed	O
the	O
message	O
that	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
computer	I-Device
line	O
was	O
"	O
user	O
friendly	O
"	O
as	O
a	O
pun	O
or	O
play	O
on	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
official	O
Amiga	B-Device
logo	O
was	O
a	O
rainbow-colored	O
double	O
check	O
mark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
it	O
was	O
never	O
adopted	O
as	O
a	O
trademark	O
by	O
Commodore	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
Boing	O
Ball	O
"	O
has	O
been	O
synonymous	O
with	O
Amiga	B-Device
since	O
its	O
launch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
Commodore	O
advertisements	O
attempted	O
to	O
cast	O
the	O
computer	O
as	O
an	O
all-purpose	O
business	O
machine	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
was	O
most	O
commercially	O
successful	O
as	O
a	O
home	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
demise	O
of	O
Commodore	O
,	O
various	O
groups	O
have	O
marketed	O
successors	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
Amiga	B-Device
line	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Genesi	O
sold	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
based	O
hardware	O
under	O
the	O
Pegasos	B-Device
brand	O
running	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
and	O
MorphOS	B-Operating_System
;	O
</s>
<s>
Eyetech	O
sold	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
based	O
hardware	O
under	O
the	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
brand	O
from	O
2002	O
to	O
2005	O
running	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
Kit	O
distributes	O
and	O
sells	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
based	O
hardware	O
under	O
the	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
brand	O
from	O
2010	O
to	O
present	O
day	O
running	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
ACube	O
Systems	O
sells	O
the	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3	O
compatible	O
Minimig	O
system	O
with	O
a	O
Freescale	O
MC68SEC000	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
(	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
compatible	O
)	O
and	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
compatible	O
Sam440	B-Device
/	O
Sam460	B-Device
/	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
500	B-Device
systems	O
with	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
processors	I-Architecture
;	O
</s>
<s>
A-EON	O
Technology	O
Ltd	O
sells	O
the	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
compatible	O
AmigaOne	B-Device
X1000	I-Device
system	O
with	O
P.A.	O
</s>
<s>
Semi	O
PWRficient	B-General_Concept
PA6T-1682M	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
Kit	O
Amiga	B-Device
Store	O
,	O
Vesalia	O
Computer	O
and	O
AMIGAstore.eu	O
sell	O
numerous	O
items	O
from	O
aftermarket	O
components	O
to	O
refurbished	O
classic	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
and	O
MorphOS	B-Operating_System
are	O
commercial	O
proprietary	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
,	O
based	O
on	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3.1	O
source	O
code	O
with	O
some	O
parts	O
of	O
version	O
3.9	O
,	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
Hyperion	B-Operating_System
Entertainment	I-Operating_System
and	O
runs	O
on	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
based	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MorphOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
based	O
on	O
some	O
parts	O
of	O
AROS	B-Application
source	O
code	O
,	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
MorphOS	B-Operating_System
Team	I-Operating_System
and	O
is	O
continued	O
on	O
Apple	O
and	O
other	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
based	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
AROS	B-Application
,	O
a	O
free	O
and	O
open	O
source	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
re-implementation	O
of	O
the	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
3.1	O
APIs	B-Application
)	O
,	O
for	O
Amiga	B-Device
68k	O
,	O
x86	O
and	O
ARM	O
hardware	O
(	O
one	O
version	O
runs	O
Linux-hosted	O
on	O
the	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
AROS	B-Application
for	O
Amiga	B-Device
68k	O
hardware	O
aims	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
Kickstart	B-Device
ROM	B-Device
replacement	O
for	O
emulation	O
purpose	O
and/or	O
for	O
use	O
on	O
real	O
"	O
classic	O
"	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
Format	O
continued	O
publication	O
until	O
2000	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
Active	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
1999	O
and	O
was	O
published	O
until	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
magazines	O
are	O
in	O
publication	O
today	O
:	O
Amiga	B-Device
Future	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
available	O
in	O
both	O
English	O
and	O
German	O
;	O
Bitplane.it,	O
a	O
bimonthly	O
magazine	O
in	O
Italian	O
;	O
and	O
AmigaPower	O
,	O
a	O
long-running	O
French	O
magazine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Print	O
magazine	O
Amiga	B-Device
Addict	O
started	O
publication	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
continues	O
to	O
be	O
popular	O
enough	O
that	O
fans	O
to	O
support	O
conferences	O
such	O
as	O
Amiga37	O
which	O
had	O
over	O
50	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
series	O
of	O
computers	O
found	O
a	O
place	O
in	O
early	O
computer	O
graphic	O
design	O
and	O
television	O
presentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Season	O
1	O
and	O
part	O
of	O
season	O
2	O
of	O
the	O
television	O
series	O
Babylon	O
5	O
were	O
rendered	O
in	O
LightWave	B-Device
3D	I-Device
on	O
Amigas	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
television	O
series	O
using	O
Amigas	B-Device
for	O
special	O
effects	O
included	O
SeaQuest	B-Application
DSV	I-Application
and	O
Max	O
Headroom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
many	O
celebrities	O
and	O
notable	O
individuals	O
have	O
made	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
Andy	O
Warhol	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
user	O
of	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
and	O
appeared	O
at	O
the	O
launch	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
made	O
a	O
computer	O
artwork	O
of	O
Debbie	O
Harry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Warhol	O
used	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
to	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
style	O
of	O
art	O
made	O
with	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
a	O
multimedia	O
opera	O
called	O
You	O
Are	O
the	O
One	O
,	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
an	O
animated	O
sequence	O
featuring	O
images	O
of	O
actress	O
Marilyn	O
Monroe	O
assembled	O
in	O
a	O
short	O
movie	O
with	O
a	O
soundtrack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
was	O
discovered	O
on	O
two	O
old	O
Amiga	B-Device
floppies	O
in	O
a	O
drawer	O
in	O
Warhol	O
's	O
studio	O
and	O
repaired	O
in	O
2006	O
by	O
the	O
Detroit	O
Museum	O
of	O
New	O
Art	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pop	O
artist	O
has	O
been	O
quoted	O
as	O
saying	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
thing	O
I	O
like	O
most	O
about	O
doing	O
this	O
kind	O
of	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
is	O
that	O
it	O
looks	O
like	O
my	O
work	O
in	O
other	O
media	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artist	O
Jean	O
"	O
Moebius	O
"	O
Giraud	O
credits	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
he	O
bought	O
for	O
his	O
son	O
as	O
a	O
bridge	O
to	O
learning	O
about	O
"	O
using	O
paint	O
box	O
programs	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
DVD	O
commentary	O
track	O
,	O
this	O
spoof	O
was	O
created	O
on	O
an	O
Amiga	B-Device
home	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rolf	O
Harris	O
used	O
an	O
Amiga	B-Device
to	O
digitize	O
his	O
hand-drawn	O
art	O
work	O
for	O
animation	O
on	O
his	O
television	O
series	O
Rolf	O
's	O
Cartoon	O
Club	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Todd	O
Rundgren	O
's	O
video	O
"	O
Change	O
Myself	O
"	O
was	O
produced	O
with	O
Toaster	O
and	O
Lightwave	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scottish	O
pop	O
artist	O
Calvin	O
Harris	O
composed	O
his	O
2007	O
debut	O
album	O
I	O
Created	O
Disco	O
with	O
an	O
Amiga	B-Application
1200	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Susumu	O
Hirasawa	O
,	O
a	O
Japanese	O
progressive-electronic	O
artist	O
,	O
is	O
known	O
for	O
using	O
Amigas	B-Device
to	O
compose	O
and	O
perform	O
music	O
,	O
aid	O
his	O
live	O
shows	O
and	O
make	O
his	O
promotional	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
and	O
has	O
referenced	O
it	O
in	O
his	O
lyrics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
used	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
to	O
create	O
the	O
virtual	O
drummer	O
TAINACO	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
a	O
CG	O
rendered	O
figure	O
whose	O
performance	O
was	O
made	O
with	O
Elan	O
Performer	O
and	O
was	O
projected	O
with	O
DCTV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
composed	O
and	O
performed	O
"	O
Eastern-boot	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
AmigaOS	B-Application
4	I-Application
boot	B-Operating_System
jingle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electronic	O
musician	O
Max	O
Tundra	O
created	O
his	O
three	O
albums	O
with	O
an	O
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bob	O
Casale	O
,	O
keyboardist	O
and	O
guitarist	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
wave	O
band	O
Devo	O
,	O
used	O
Amiga	B-Device
computer	I-Device
graphics	O
on	O
the	O
album	O
cover	O
to	O
Devo	O
's	O
album	O
Total	O
Devo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Gold	I-Application
and	I-Application
Silver	I-Application
's	O
music	O
was	O
created	O
on	O
an	O
Amiga	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
converted	O
to	O
MIDI	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
reconverted	O
to	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
music	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amigas	B-Device
were	O
used	O
in	O
various	O
NASA	O
laboratories	O
to	O
keep	O
track	O
of	O
low	O
orbiting	O
satellites	O
until	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amigas	B-Device
were	O
used	O
at	O
Kennedy	O
Space	O
Center	O
to	O
run	O
strip-chart	O
recorders	O
,	O
to	O
format	O
and	O
display	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
control	B-Device
stations	O
of	O
platforms	O
for	O
Delta	O
rocket	O
launches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Palomar	O
Observatory	O
used	O
Amigas	B-Device
to	O
calibrate	O
and	O
control	B-Device
the	O
charge-coupled	B-Algorithm
devices	I-Algorithm
in	O
their	O
telescopes	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
display	O
and	O
store	O
the	O
digitized	O
images	O
they	O
collected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
London	O
Transport	O
Museum	O
developed	O
their	O
own	O
interactive	O
multi-media	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
CD32	B-Device
including	O
a	O
virtual	O
tour	O
of	O
the	O
museum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amiga	B-Device
500	I-Device
motherboards	O
were	O
used	O
,	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
a	O
LaserDisc	O
player	O
and	O
genlock	O
device	O
,	O
in	O
arcade	O
games	O
manufactured	O
by	O
American	O
Laser	O
Games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
custom	O
Amiga	B-Device
4000T	I-Device
motherboard	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
HDI	O
1000	B-Device
medical	O
ultrasound	O
system	O
built	O
by	O
Advanced	O
Technology	O
Labs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
the	O
Grand	O
Rapids	O
Public	O
School	O
district	O
uses	O
a	O
Commodore	B-Device
Amiga	I-Device
2000	B-Device
with	O
1200	B-Application
baud	O
modem	B-Application
to	O
automate	O
its	O
air	O
conditioning	O
and	O
heating	O
systems	O
for	O
the	O
19	O
schools	O
covered	O
by	O
the	O
GRPS	O
district	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Weather	I-Application
Network	I-Application
used	O
Amigas	B-Device
to	O
display	O
the	O
weather	O
on	O
TV	O
.	O
</s>
