<s>
In	O
computing	O
,	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
(	O
AmI	B-Operating_System
)	O
refers	O
to	O
electronic	O
environments	O
that	O
are	O
sensitive	O
and	O
responsive	O
to	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
projection	O
on	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
,	O
telecommunications	O
and	O
computing	O
originally	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
by	O
Eli	O
Zelkha	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
at	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Ventures	O
for	O
the	O
time	O
frame	O
2010	O
–	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
concept	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
enable	O
devices	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
concert	O
with	O
people	O
in	O
carrying	O
out	O
their	O
everyday	O
life	O
activities	O
,	O
tasks	O
,	O
and	O
rituals	O
,	O
in	O
an	O
intuitive	O
way	O
by	O
using	O
information	O
and	O
intelligence	O
that	O
is	O
hidden	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
connecting	O
these	O
devices	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
:	O
The	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
paradigm	O
builds	O
upon	O
pervasive	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
profiling	B-Algorithm
,	O
context	O
awareness	O
,	O
and	O
human-centric	O
computer	O
interaction	O
design	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
,	O
is	O
characterized	O
by	O
systems	O
and	O
technologies	O
that	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
anticipatory	B-General_Concept
:	O
they	O
can	O
anticipate	O
your	O
desires	O
without	O
conscious	O
mediation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
context	O
of	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
environment	O
is	O
home	O
,	O
but	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
extended	O
to	O
work	B-Application
spaces	I-Application
(	O
offices	O
,	O
co-working	O
)	O
,	O
public	O
spaces	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
smart	O
street	O
lights	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
hospital	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
is	O
primarily	O
of	O
interest	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
relationship	O
to	O
and	O
the	O
advancement	O
in	O
sensor	O
technology	O
and	O
sensor	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
interest	O
in	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
grew	O
in	O
importance	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
increasing	O
volume	O
and	O
importance	O
of	O
digital	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
that	O
were	O
difficult	O
to	O
understand	O
or	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
the	O
user	B-Application
experience	I-Application
design	I-Application
emerged	O
to	O
create	O
new	O
technologies	O
and	O
media	O
around	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
personal	O
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
is	O
influenced	O
by	O
user-centered	O
design	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
placed	O
in	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
activity	O
and	O
asked	O
to	O
give	O
feedback	O
through	O
specific	O
user	B-Application
evaluations	I-Application
and	O
tests	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
design	O
or	O
even	O
co-create	O
the	O
design	O
with	O
the	O
designer	O
(	O
participatory	O
design	O
)	O
or	O
with	O
other	O
users	O
(	O
end-user	O
development	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
requires	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
key	O
technologies	O
to	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
unobtrusive	O
,	O
user-friendly	O
hardware	O
such	O
as	O
miniaturization	O
,	O
nanotechnology	O
,	O
and	O
smart	O
devices	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
human-centric	O
computer	O
interfaces	O
(	O
intelligent	B-General_Concept
agents	I-General_Concept
,	O
multimodal	B-Application
interaction	I-Application
,	O
context	O
awareness	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
implement	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
dynamic	O
and	O
massively	O
distributed	O
device	O
networks	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
easy	O
to	O
control	O
and	O
program	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
service	B-Protocol
discovery	I-Protocol
,	O
auto-configuration	B-Device
,	O
end-user	O
programmable	O
devices	O
and	O
systems	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Zelkha	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
Simon	B-Operating_System
Birrell	I-Operating_System
,	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
'	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
 '	O
to	O
investigate	O
different	O
scenarios	O
that	O
would	O
transform	O
the	O
high-volume	O
consumer	O
electronic	O
industry	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
fragmented	O
with	O
features	O
"	O
,	O
into	O
an	O
industry	O
where	O
user-friendly	O
devices	O
supported	O
ubiquitous	O
information	O
,	O
communication	O
and	O
entertainment	O
by	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
developing	O
the	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
concept	O
,	O
Palo	O
Alto	O
Ventures	O
created	O
the	O
keynote	O
address	O
for	O
Roel	O
Pieper	O
of	O
Philips	O
for	O
the	O
Digital	O
Living	O
Room	O
Conference	O
,	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
group	O
included	O
Eli	O
Zelkha	O
,	O
Brian	O
Epstein	O
,	O
Simon	B-Operating_System
Birrell	I-Operating_System
,	O
Doug	O
Randall	O
,	O
and	O
Clark	O
Dodsworth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
plans	O
continued	O
to	O
develop	O
throughout	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
plans	O
were	O
made	O
to	O
construct	O
a	O
feasibility	O
and	O
usability	O
facility	O
dedicated	O
to	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
vision	O
at	O
Philips	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
parallel	O
initiatives	O
started	O
to	O
explore	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
in	O
more	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
European	O
Commission	O
played	O
a	O
crucial	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
further	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
AmI	B-Operating_System
vision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
many	O
initiatives	O
the	O
AmI	B-Operating_System
vision	O
gained	O
traction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
started	O
an	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
research	O
group	O
at	O
their	O
Media	O
Lab	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Symposium	O
on	O
Ambient	B-Operating_System
Intelligence	I-Operating_System
(	O
EUSAI	O
)	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
conferences	O
have	O
been	O
held	O
that	O
address	O
special	O
topics	O
in	O
AmI	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
far	O
as	O
dissemination	O
of	O
information	O
on	O
personal	O
presence	O
is	O
out	O
of	O
control	O
,	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
vision	O
is	O
subject	O
of	O
criticism	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Wright	O
,	O
Serge	O
Gutwirth	O
,	O
Michael	O
Friedewald	O
et	O
al.	O
,	O
Safeguards	O
in	O
a	O
World	O
of	O
Ambient	B-Operating_System
Intelligence	I-Operating_System
,	O
Springer	O
,	O
Dordrecht	O
,	O
2008	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
immersive	O
,	O
personalized	O
,	O
context-aware	O
and	O
anticipatory	B-General_Concept
characteristics	O
brings	O
up	O
societal	O
,	O
political	O
and	O
cultural	O
concerns	O
about	O
the	O
loss	O
of	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
example	O
scenario	O
above	O
shows	O
both	O
the	O
positive	O
and	O
negative	O
possibilities	O
offered	O
by	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
of	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
do	O
not	O
necessarily	O
have	O
to	O
reduce	O
privacy	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
research	O
groups	O
and	O
communities	O
are	O
investigating	O
the	O
socioeconomic	O
,	O
political	O
and	O
cultural	O
aspects	O
of	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISTAG	O
advisory	O
group	O
suggests	O
that	O
the	O
following	O
characteristics	O
will	O
permit	O
the	O
societal	O
acceptance	O
of	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
should	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISTAG	O
group	O
acknowledges	O
the	O
following	O
entry	O
points	O
to	O
AmI	B-Operating_System
business	O
landscape	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variety	O
of	O
technologies	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
enable	O
Ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
environments	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Hitchhiker	I-Application
's	I-Application
Guide	I-Application
to	I-Application
the	I-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
by	O
Douglas	O
Adams	O
.	O
</s>
