<s>
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
AWS	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Amazon	B-Application
that	O
provides	O
on-demand	B-Architecture
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
platforms	I-Architecture
and	O
APIs	B-Application
to	O
individuals	O
,	O
companies	O
,	O
and	O
governments	O
,	O
on	O
a	O
metered	O
,	O
pay-as-you-go	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
times	O
,	O
clients	O
will	O
use	O
this	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
autoscaling	B-General_Concept
(	O
a	O
process	O
that	O
allows	O
a	O
client	O
to	O
use	O
more	O
compute	O
in	O
times	O
of	O
high	O
application	O
usage	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
scale	O
down	O
to	O
reduce	O
costs	O
when	O
there	O
is	O
less	O
traffic	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
web	O
services	O
provide	O
various	O
services	O
related	O
to	O
networking	B-Architecture
,	O
compute	O
,	O
storage	B-Application
,	O
middleware	O
,	O
IOT	B-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
processing	O
capacity	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
software	B-Application
tools	I-Application
via	O
AWS	B-Application
server	B-Operating_System
farms	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
frees	O
clients	O
from	O
managing	O
,	O
scaling	O
,	O
and	O
patching	O
hardware	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
foundational	O
services	O
is	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
Elastic	I-General_Concept
Compute	I-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
(	O
EC2	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
have	O
at	O
their	O
disposal	O
a	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
cluster	O
of	O
computers	O
,	O
with	O
extremely	O
high	O
availability	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
interacted	O
with	O
over	O
the	O
internet	O
via	O
REST	B-Protocol
APIs	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
CLI	O
or	O
the	O
AWS	B-Application
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
's	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
computers	O
emulate	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
attributes	O
of	O
a	O
real	O
computer	O
,	O
including	O
hardware	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
units	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPUs	O
)	O
and	O
graphics	B-Architecture
processing	I-Architecture
units	I-Architecture
(	O
GPUs	B-Architecture
)	O
for	O
processing	O
;	O
local/RAM	O
memory	O
;	O
hard-disk/SSD	O
storage	O
;	O
a	O
choice	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
;	O
networking	B-Architecture
;	O
and	O
pre-loaded	O
application	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
web	B-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
and	O
customer	O
relationship	O
management	B-Application
(	O
CRM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
services	O
are	O
delivered	O
to	O
customers	O
via	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
AWS	B-Application
server	B-Operating_System
farms	I-Operating_System
located	O
throughout	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fees	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
usage	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
Pay-as-you-go	O
"	O
model	O
)	O
,	O
hardware	O
,	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
software	O
,	O
or	O
networking	B-Architecture
features	O
chosen	O
by	O
the	O
subscriber	O
required	O
availability	O
,	O
redundancy	O
,	O
security	O
,	O
and	O
service	O
options	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subscribers	O
can	O
pay	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
AWS	B-Application
computer	O
,	O
a	O
dedicated	O
physical	O
computer	O
,	O
or	O
clusters	O
of	O
either	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
provides	O
select	O
portions	O
of	O
security	O
for	O
subscribers	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
physical	O
security	O
of	O
the	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
)	O
while	O
other	O
aspects	O
of	O
security	O
are	O
the	O
responsibility	O
of	O
the	O
subscriber	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
account	O
management	B-Application
,	O
vulnerability	O
scanning	O
,	O
patching	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
operates	O
from	O
many	O
global	O
geographical	O
regions	O
including	O
seven	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
markets	O
AWS	B-Application
to	O
subscribers	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
of	O
obtaining	O
large-scale	O
computing	O
capacity	O
more	O
quickly	O
and	O
cheaply	O
than	O
building	O
an	O
actual	O
physical	O
server	B-Operating_System
farm	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
Q4	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
has	O
33%	O
market	O
share	O
for	O
cloud	O
infrastructure	O
while	O
the	O
next	O
two	O
competitors	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
and	O
Google	B-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
have	O
21%	O
,	O
and	O
10%	O
respectively	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Synergy	O
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
comprises	O
over	O
200	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
including	O
computing	O
,	O
storage	B-Application
,	O
networking	B-Architecture
,	O
database	O
,	O
analytics	O
,	O
application	O
services	O
,	O
deployment	B-Application
,	O
management	B-Application
,	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
mobile	B-Application
,	O
developer	O
tools	O
,	O
RobOps	O
and	O
tools	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
popular	O
include	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
Elastic	I-General_Concept
Compute	I-General_Concept
Cloud	I-General_Concept
(	O
EC2	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
Simple	I-General_Concept
Storage	I-General_Concept
Service	I-General_Concept
(	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Connect	O
,	O
and	O
AWS	B-Application
Lambda	I-Application
(	O
a	O
serverless	B-General_Concept
function	I-General_Concept
that	O
can	O
perform	O
arbitrary	O
code	O
written	O
in	O
any	O
language	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
be	O
triggered	O
by	O
hundreds	O
of	O
events	O
,	O
including	O
http	B-Protocol
calls	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Services	O
expose	O
functionality	O
through	O
APIs	B-Application
for	O
clients	O
to	O
use	O
in	O
their	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
APIs	B-Application
are	O
accessed	O
over	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
,	O
using	O
the	O
REST	B-Protocol
architectural	O
style	O
and	O
SOAP	B-Protocol
protocol	O
for	O
older	O
APIs	B-Application
and	O
exclusively	O
JSON	B-General_Concept
for	O
newer	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clients	O
can	O
interact	O
with	O
these	O
APIs	B-Application
in	O
various	O
ways	O
,	O
including	O
from	O
the	O
AWS	B-Application
console	O
(	O
a	O
website	O
)	O
,	O
by	O
using	O
SDKs	O
written	O
in	O
various	O
languages	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Python	O
,	O
Java	O
,	O
and	O
JavaScript	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
by	O
making	O
direct	O
REST	B-Protocol
calls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
genesis	O
of	O
AWS	B-Application
came	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
building	O
Merchant.com,	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
e-commerce-as-a-service	O
platform	B-Device
that	O
offers	O
third-party	O
retailers	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
build	O
their	O
own	O
web-stores	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
pursued	O
service-oriented	O
architecture	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
to	O
scale	O
its	O
engineering	O
operations	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
then	O
CTO	O
Allan	O
Vermeulen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
frame	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
was	O
frustrated	O
with	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
its	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineering	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
sought	O
to	O
implement	O
various	O
recommendations	O
put	O
forth	O
by	O
Matt	O
Round	O
,	O
an	O
engineering	O
leader	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
including	O
maximization	O
of	O
autonomy	O
for	O
engineering	O
teams	O
,	O
adoption	O
of	O
REST	B-Protocol
,	O
standardization	O
of	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
removal	O
of	O
gate-keeping	O
decision-makers	O
(	O
bureaucracy	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
continuous	O
deployment	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
created	O
"	O
a	O
shared	O
IT	B-General_Concept
platform	B-Device
"	O
so	O
its	O
engineering	O
organizations	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
spending	O
70%	O
of	O
their	O
time	O
on	O
"	O
undifferentiated	O
heavy-lifting	O
"	O
such	O
as	O
IT	B-General_Concept
and	O
infrastructure	O
problems	O
,	O
could	O
focus	O
on	O
customer-facing	O
innovation	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
,	O
in	O
dealing	O
with	O
unusual	O
peak	O
traffic	O
patterns	O
,	O
especially	O
during	O
the	O
holiday	O
season	O
,	O
by	O
migrating	O
services	O
to	O
commodity	O
Linux	O
hardware	O
and	O
relying	O
on	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
Infrastructure	O
team	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
Tom	O
Killalea	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
first	O
CISO	O
,	O
had	O
already	O
run	O
its	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
and	O
associated	O
services	O
in	O
a	O
"	O
fast	O
,	O
reliable	O
,	O
cheap	O
"	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2002	O
,	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
Web	O
Services	O
,	O
managed	O
by	O
Colin	O
Bryar	O
,	O
launched	O
its	O
first	O
web	O
services	O
,	O
opening	O
up	O
the	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
platform	B-Device
to	O
all	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
one	O
hundred	O
applications	O
were	O
built	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
it	B-General_Concept
by	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
unexpected	O
developer	O
interest	O
took	O
Amazon	B-Application
by	O
surprise	O
and	O
convinced	O
them	O
that	O
developers	O
were	O
"	O
hungry	O
for	O
more.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Jassy	O
subsequently	O
mapped	O
out	O
the	O
vision	O
for	O
an	O
"	O
Internet	O
OS	B-General_Concept
"	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
foundational	O
infrastructure	O
primitives	O
that	O
alleviated	O
key	O
impediments	O
to	O
shipping	O
software	O
applications	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
fall	O
2003	O
,	O
databases	B-Application
,	O
storage	B-Application
,	O
and	O
compute	O
were	O
identified	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
set	O
of	O
infrastructure	O
pieces	O
that	O
Amazon	B-Application
should	O
launch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jeff	O
Barr	O
,	O
an	O
early	O
AWS	B-Application
employee	O
,	O
credits	O
Vermeulen	O
,	O
Jassy	O
,	O
Bezos	O
,	O
himself	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
few	O
others	O
for	O
coming	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
would	O
evolve	O
into	O
EC2	B-General_Concept
,	O
S3	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
RDS	O
;	O
Jassy	O
recalls	O
the	O
idea	O
was	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
brainstorming	O
for	O
about	O
a	O
week	O
with	O
"	O
ten	O
of	O
the	O
best	O
technology	B-General_Concept
minds	O
and	O
ten	O
of	O
the	O
best	O
product	O
management	B-Application
minds	O
"	O
on	O
about	O
ten	O
different	O
Internet	O
applications	O
and	O
the	O
most	O
primitive	O
building	O
blocks	O
required	O
to	O
build	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Werner	O
Vogels	O
cites	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
desire	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
"	O
invent	O
,	O
launch	O
,	O
reinvent	O
,	O
relaunch	O
,	O
start	O
over	O
,	O
rinse	O
,	O
repeat	O
"	O
as	O
fast	O
as	O
it	B-General_Concept
could	O
be	O
leading	O
them	O
to	O
break	O
down	O
organizational	O
structures	O
with	O
"	O
two-pizza	O
teams	O
"	O
and	O
application	B-Architecture
structures	I-Architecture
with	O
distributed	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
;	O
and	O
that	O
these	O
changes	O
ultimately	O
paved	O
way	O
for	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
AWS	B-Application
and	O
its	O
mission	O
"	O
to	O
expose	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
atomic-level	O
pieces	O
of	O
the	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
platform	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Brewster	O
Kahle	O
,	O
co-founder	O
of	O
Alexa	O
Internet	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Amazon	B-Application
in	O
1999	O
,	O
his	O
start-up	O
'	O
s	O
compute	O
infrastructure	O
helped	O
Amazon	B-Application
solve	O
its	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
problems	O
and	O
later	O
informed	O
the	O
innovations	O
that	O
underpinned	O
AWS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jassy	O
assembled	O
a	O
founding	O
team	O
of	O
57	O
employees	O
from	O
a	O
mix	O
of	O
engineering	O
and	O
business	O
backgrounds	O
to	O
kick-start	O
these	O
initiatives	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
majority	O
of	O
the	O
hires	O
coming	O
from	O
outside	O
the	O
company	O
;	O
Jeff	O
Lawson	O
,	O
Twilio	B-General_Concept
CEO	O
,	O
Adam	O
Selipsky	O
,	O
Tableau	O
CEO	O
,	O
Mikhail	O
Seregine	O
,	O
co-founder	O
at	O
Outschool	O
among	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2003	O
,	O
the	O
concept	O
for	O
compute	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
later	O
launch	O
as	O
EC2	B-General_Concept
,	O
was	O
reformulated	O
when	O
Chris	O
Pinkham	O
and	O
Benjamin	O
Black	O
presented	O
a	O
paper	O
internally	O
describing	O
a	O
vision	O
for	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
retail	O
computing	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
was	O
completely	O
standardized	O
,	O
completely	O
automated	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
rely	O
extensively	O
on	O
web	O
services	O
for	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
storage	B-Application
and	O
would	O
draw	O
on	O
internal	O
work	O
already	O
underway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Near	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
their	O
paper	O
,	O
they	O
mentioned	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
selling	O
access	O
to	O
virtual	B-General_Concept
servers	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
,	O
proposing	O
the	O
company	O
could	O
generate	O
revenue	O
from	O
the	O
new	O
infrastructure	O
investment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thereafter	O
Pinkham	O
,	O
Willem	O
van	O
Biljon	O
and	O
lead	O
developer	O
Christopher	O
Brown	O
developed	O
the	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
EC2	I-General_Concept
service	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
team	O
in	O
Cape	O
Town	O
,	O
South	O
Africa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2004	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
first	O
infrastructure	B-General_Concept
service	I-General_Concept
for	O
public	O
usage	O
:	O
Simple	B-Operating_System
Queue	I-Operating_System
Service	I-Operating_System
(	O
SQS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
14	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
launched	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
cloud	O
storage	B-Application
followed	O
by	O
EC2	B-General_Concept
in	O
August	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andy	O
Jassy	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
founder	O
and	O
vice	O
president	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
said	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
that	O
Amazon	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
"	O
helps	O
free	O
developers	O
from	O
worrying	O
about	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
going	O
to	O
store	O
data	O
,	O
whether	O
it	B-General_Concept
will	O
be	O
safe	O
and	O
secure	O
,	O
if	O
it	B-General_Concept
will	O
be	O
available	O
when	O
they	O
need	O
it	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
costs	O
associated	O
with	O
server	O
maintenance	O
,	O
or	O
whether	O
they	O
have	O
enough	O
storage	B-Application
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
enables	O
developers	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
innovating	O
with	O
data	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
figuring	O
out	O
how	O
to	O
store	O
it.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Pi	O
Corporation	O
,	O
a	O
startup	O
Paul	O
Maritz	O
co-founded	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
beta-user	O
of	O
EC2	B-General_Concept
outside	O
of	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
whilst	O
Microsoft	O
was	O
among	O
EC2	B-General_Concept
's	O
first	O
enterprise	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
SmugMug	B-Algorithm
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
AWS	B-Application
adopters	O
,	O
attributed	O
savings	O
of	O
around	O
US$	O
400,000	O
in	O
storage	B-Application
costs	O
to	O
S3	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Vogels	O
,	O
S3	B-General_Concept
was	O
built	O
with	O
8	O
microservices	O
when	O
it	B-General_Concept
launched	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
over	O
300	O
microservices	O
by	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2007	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
announced	O
its	O
annual	O
Start-up	O
Challenge	O
,	O
a	O
contest	O
with	O
prizes	O
worth	O
$	O
100,000	O
for	O
entrepreneurs	O
and	O
software	O
developers	O
based	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
using	O
AWS	B-Application
services	O
such	O
as	O
S3	B-General_Concept
and	O
EC2	B-General_Concept
to	O
build	O
their	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
edition	O
saw	O
participation	O
from	O
Justin.tv,	O
which	O
Amazon	B-Application
would	O
later	O
acquire	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
AWS	B-Application
services	O
from	O
this	O
period	O
include	O
SimpleDB	O
,	O
Mechanical	O
Turk	O
,	O
Elastic	O
Block	O
Store	O
,	O
Elastic	O
Beanstalk	O
,	O
Relational	O
Database	O
Service	O
,	O
DynamoDB	B-Application
,	O
CloudWatch	O
,	O
Simple	O
Workflow	O
,	O
CloudFront	O
,	O
and	O
Availability	O
Zones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2010	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
was	O
reported	O
that	O
all	O
of	O
com	O
's	O
retail	O
sites	O
had	O
migrated	O
to	O
AWS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
2012	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
was	O
considered	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
and	O
so	O
its	O
revenue	O
was	O
not	O
delineated	O
in	O
Amazon	B-Application
financial	O
statements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
that	O
year	O
industry	O
watchers	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
estimated	O
AWS	B-Application
revenue	O
to	O
be	O
over	O
$1.5	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
27	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
hosted	O
its	O
first	O
major	O
annual	O
conference	O
,	O
re:Invent	O
with	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
AWS	B-Application
 '	O
partners	O
and	O
ecosystem	O
,	O
with	O
over	O
150	O
sessions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
three-day	O
event	O
was	O
held	O
in	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
relatively	O
cheaper	O
connectivity	O
with	O
locations	O
across	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
the	O
rest	B-Protocol
of	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
opened	O
early	O
registrations	O
at	O
US$1099	O
per	O
head	O
for	O
their	O
customers	O
from	O
over	O
190	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
stage	O
with	O
Andy	O
Jassy	O
at	O
the	O
event	O
which	O
saw	O
around	O
6000	O
attendees	O
,	O
Reed	O
Hastings	O
,	O
CEO	O
at	O
Netflix	O
,	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
migrate	O
100%	O
of	O
Netflix	O
's	O
infrastructure	O
to	O
AWS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
industry-wide	O
training	O
and	O
skills	O
standardization	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
began	O
offering	O
a	O
certification	O
program	O
for	O
computer	O
engineers	O
,	O
on	O
April	O
30	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
to	O
highlight	O
expertise	O
in	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
launched	O
Activate	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
for	O
start-ups	O
worldwide	O
to	O
leverage	O
AWS	B-Application
credits	O
,	O
third-party	O
integrations	O
,	O
and	O
free	O
access	O
to	O
AWS	B-Application
experts	O
to	O
help	O
build	O
their	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
launched	O
its	O
partner	O
network	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
Partner	I-Application
Network	I-Application
(	O
APN	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
focused	O
on	O
helping	O
AWS-based	O
companies	O
grow	O
and	O
scale	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
their	O
business	O
with	O
close	O
collaboration	O
and	O
best	O
practices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
acquired	O
Annapurna	O
Labs	O
,	O
an	O
Israel-based	O
microelectronics	O
company	O
for	O
a	O
reported	O
US$350	O
–	O
370M	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2015	O
,	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
reported	O
AWS	B-Application
was	O
profitable	O
,	O
with	O
sales	O
of	O
$1.57	O
billion	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
quarter	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
and	O
$265	O
million	O
of	O
operating	O
income	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Founder	O
Jeff	O
Bezos	O
described	O
it	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
fast-growing	O
$5	O
billion	O
business	O
;	O
analysts	O
described	O
it	B-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
surprisingly	O
more	O
profitable	O
than	O
forecast	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
,	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
said	O
in	O
its	O
Q3	O
earnings	O
report	O
that	O
AWS	B-Application
's	O
operating	O
income	O
was	O
$521	O
million	O
,	O
with	O
operating	O
margins	O
at	O
25	O
percent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
's	O
2015	O
Q3	O
revenue	O
was	O
$2.1	O
billion	O
,	O
a	O
78%	O
increase	O
from	O
2014	O
's	O
Q3	O
revenue	O
of	O
$1.17	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2015	O
Q4	O
revenue	O
for	O
the	O
AWS	B-Application
segment	O
increased	O
69.5	O
%	O
y/y	O
to	O
$2.4	O
billion	O
with	O
a	O
28.5	O
%	O
operating	O
margin	O
,	O
giving	O
AWS	B-Application
a	O
$9.6	O
billion	O
run	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
Gartner	O
estimated	O
that	O
AWS	B-Application
customers	O
are	O
deploying	O
10x	O
more	O
infrastructure	O
on	O
AWS	B-Application
than	O
the	O
combined	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
next	O
14	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
James	O
Hamilton	O
,	O
who	O
leads	O
AWS	B-Application
 '	O
compute	O
,	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
network	O
design	O
,	O
wrote	O
a	O
retrospective	O
article	O
in	O
2016	O
to	O
highlight	O
the	O
ten-year	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
online	O
service	O
from	O
2006	O
to	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
early	O
fan	O
and	O
outspoken	O
proponent	O
of	O
the	O
technology	B-General_Concept
,	O
he	O
joined	O
the	O
AWS	B-Application
engineering	O
team	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
Q1	O
,	O
revenue	O
was	O
$2.57	O
billion	O
with	O
net	O
income	O
of	O
$604	O
million	O
,	O
a	O
64%	O
increase	O
over	O
2015	O
Q1	O
that	O
resulted	O
in	O
AWS	B-Application
being	O
more	O
profitable	O
than	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
North	O
American	O
retail	O
business	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
experienced	O
a	O
42%	O
rise	O
in	O
stock	O
value	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
increased	O
earnings	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
AWS	B-Application
contributed	O
56%	O
to	O
corporate	O
profits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
had	O
$17.46	O
billion	O
in	O
annual	O
revenue	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reflecting	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
AWS	B-Application
,	O
Jassy	O
's	O
annual	O
compensation	O
in	O
2017	O
hit	O
nearly	O
$36	O
million	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2018	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
launched	O
an	O
autoscaling	B-General_Concept
service	O
on	O
AWS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2018	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
announced	O
customized	O
ARM	O
cores	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
its	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
November	O
2018	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
is	O
developing	O
ground	O
stations	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
customer	O
's	O
satellites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
reported	O
37%	O
yearly	O
growth	O
and	O
accounted	O
for	O
12%	O
of	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
revenue	O
(	O
up	O
from	O
11%	O
in	O
2018	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
reported	O
32%	O
yearly	O
growth	O
and	O
accounted	O
for	O
32%	O
of	O
$41.8	O
billion	O
cloud	O
market	O
in	O
Q1	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2022	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
joined	O
the	O
MACH	O
Alliance	O
as	O
an	O
Enabler	O
member	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
was	O
reported	O
that	O
in	O
2019	O
Capital	O
One	O
had	O
not	O
secured	O
their	O
AWS	B-Application
resources	O
properly	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
subject	O
to	O
a	O
data	O
breach	O
by	O
a	O
former	O
AWS	B-Application
employee	O
,	O
Paige	O
Thompson	O
(	O
It	B-General_Concept
is	O
important	O
to	O
note	O
this	O
was	O
not	O
an	O
issue	O
with	O
AWS	B-Application
security	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
how	O
Capital	O
One	O
had	O
used	O
AWS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
announced	O
they	O
had	O
launched	O
the	O
AWS	B-Application
snow	O
cone	O
a	O
small	O
,	O
rugged	O
,	O
secure	O
edge	O
computing	O
device	O
to	O
the	O
International	O
Space	O
Station	O
on	O
the	O
Axiom	O
Mission	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
did	O
not	O
need	O
radiation	O
hardening	O
because	O
it	B-General_Concept
was	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
shielded	O
ISS	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
announced	O
and	O
displayed	O
a	O
preview	O
of	O
their	O
latest	O
AI	O
tools	O
for	O
programmers	O
called	O
CodeWhisperer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
currently	O
only	O
available	O
to	O
people	O
who	O
received	O
an	O
invitation	O
though	O
the	O
AWS	B-Application
IDE	O
Toolkit	O
,	O
CodeWhisperer	O
is	O
an	O
IDE	O
plugin	O
that	O
will	O
examine	O
the	O
users	O
code	O
and	O
comments	O
and	O
present	O
users	O
with	O
syntactically	O
correct	O
suggestions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
14	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
said	O
in	O
a	O
press	O
release	O
:	O
"	O
More	O
than	O
150,000	O
developers	O
have	O
signed	O
up	O
to	O
use	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
since	O
its	O
inception.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2012	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
hosted	O
its	O
first	O
customer	O
event	O
in	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
13	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
was	O
awarded	O
an	O
Agency	O
Authority	O
to	O
Operate	O
(	O
ATO	O
)	O
from	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Health	O
and	O
Human	O
Services	O
under	O
the	O
Federal	O
Risk	O
and	O
Authorization	O
Management	B-Application
Program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2013	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
was	O
revealed	O
that	O
AWS	B-Application
was	O
awarded	O
a	O
$600M	O
contract	O
with	O
the	O
CIA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2014	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
received	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense-Wide	O
provisional	O
authorization	O
for	O
all	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
2015	O
re:Invent	O
keynote	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
disclosed	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
million	O
active	O
customers	O
every	O
month	O
in	O
190	O
countries	O
,	O
including	O
nearly	O
2,000	O
government	O
agencies	O
,	O
5,000	O
education	O
institutions	O
and	O
more	O
than	O
17,500	O
nonprofits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
5	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
and	O
DXC	O
Technology	B-General_Concept
(	O
formed	O
from	O
a	O
merger	O
of	O
CSC	O
and	O
HPE	O
's	O
Enterprise	O
Services	O
Business	O
)	O
announced	O
an	O
expanded	O
alliance	O
to	O
increase	O
access	O
of	O
AWS	B-Application
features	O
for	O
enterprise	O
clients	O
in	O
existing	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
was	O
reported	O
that	O
more	O
than	O
80%	O
of	O
Germany	O
's	O
listed	O
DAX	O
companies	O
use	O
AWS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Navy	O
said	O
it	B-General_Concept
moved	O
72,000	O
users	O
from	O
six	O
commands	O
to	O
an	O
AWS	B-Application
cloud	O
system	O
as	O
a	O
first	O
step	O
toward	O
pushing	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
data	O
and	O
analytics	O
onto	O
the	O
cloud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
DISH	O
Network	O
announced	O
they	O
will	O
develop	O
and	O
launch	O
its	O
5G	O
network	O
on	O
AWS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2021	O
,	O
it	B-General_Concept
was	O
reported	O
that	O
spy	O
agencies	O
and	O
government	O
departments	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
such	O
as	O
GCHQ	O
,	O
MI5	O
,	O
MI6	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Defence	O
,	O
have	O
contracted	O
AWS	B-Application
to	O
host	O
their	O
classified	O
materials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
financial	O
services	O
firms	O
have	O
shifted	O
to	O
AWS	B-Application
in	O
some	O
form	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
20	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
suffered	O
a	O
major	O
outage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
took	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
days	O
for	O
service	O
to	O
be	O
fully	O
restored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
29	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
several	O
websites	O
that	O
rely	O
on	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
were	O
taken	O
offline	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
severe	O
storm	O
in	O
Northern	O
Virginia	O
,	O
where	O
AWS	B-Application
 '	O
largest	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
cluster	O
is	O
located	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
22	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
major	O
outage	O
occurred	O
,	O
affecting	O
many	O
sites	O
such	O
as	O
Reddit	B-Application
,	O
Foursquare	B-Application
,	O
Pinterest	B-Application
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
24	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
suffered	O
another	O
outage	O
causing	O
websites	O
such	O
as	O
Netflix	O
to	O
be	O
unavailable	O
for	O
customers	O
in	O
the	O
Northeastern	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
cited	O
their	O
Elastic	B-General_Concept
Load	I-General_Concept
Balancing	I-General_Concept
service	O
as	O
the	O
cause	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
28	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
experienced	O
a	O
massive	O
outage	O
of	O
S3	B-General_Concept
services	O
in	O
its	O
Northern	O
Virginia	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
majority	O
of	O
websites	O
that	O
relied	O
on	O
AWS	B-General_Concept
S3	I-General_Concept
either	O
hung	O
or	O
stalled	O
,	O
and	O
Amazon	B-Application
reported	O
within	O
five	O
hours	O
that	O
AWS	B-Application
was	O
fully	O
online	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
25	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
experienced	O
several	O
hours	O
of	O
outage	O
on	O
the	O
Kinesis	O
service	O
in	O
North	O
Virginia	O
(	O
us-east-1	O
)	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
AWS	B-Application
has	O
distinct	O
operations	O
in	O
31	O
geographical	O
"	O
regions	O
"	O
:	O
7	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
1	O
in	O
South	O
America	O
,	O
8	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
2	O
in	O
the	O
Middle	O
East	O
,	O
1	O
in	O
Africa	O
and	O
12	O
in	O
Asia	O
Pacific	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
region	O
has	O
multiple	O
"	O
Availability	O
Zones	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
consist	O
of	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
discrete	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
each	O
with	O
redundant	O
power	O
,	O
networking	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
connectivity	O
,	O
housed	O
in	O
separate	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
services	O
can	O
operate	O
across	O
Availability	O
Zones	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
S3	B-General_Concept
,	O
DynamoDB	B-Application
)	O
while	O
others	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
replicate	O
across	O
Zones	O
to	O
spread	O
demand	O
and	O
avoid	O
downtime	O
from	O
failures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
December	O
2014	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
operated	O
an	O
estimated	O
1.4	O
million	O
servers	O
across	O
11	O
regions	O
and	O
28	O
availability	O
zones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
global	O
network	O
of	O
AWS	B-Application
Edge	O
locations	O
consists	O
of	O
over	O
300	O
points	O
of	O
presence	O
worldwide	O
,	O
including	O
locations	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
Europe	O
,	O
Asia	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
Africa	O
,	O
and	O
South	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
AWS	B-Application
has	O
announced	O
the	O
planned	O
launch	O
of	O
four	O
additional	O
regions	O
in	O
Canada	O
(	O
Calgary	O
)	O
,	O
Israel	O
,	O
New	O
Zealand	O
,	O
and	O
Thailand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
signed	O
a	O
cooperation	O
agreement	O
with	O
the	O
New	O
Zealand	O
Government	O
to	O
build	O
large	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
in	O
New	O
Zealand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
claimed	O
its	O
aim	O
was	O
to	O
achieve	O
100%	O
renewable	O
energy	O
usage	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
's	O
partnerships	O
with	O
renewable	O
energy	O
providers	O
include	O
Community	O
Energy	O
of	O
Virginia	O
,	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
US	O
East	O
region	O
;	O
Pattern	O
Development	O
,	O
in	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
to	O
construct	O
and	O
operate	O
Amazon	B-Application
Wind	O
Farm	O
Fowler	O
Ridge	O
;	O
Iberdrola	O
Renewables	O
,	O
LLC	O
,	O
in	O
July	O
2015	O
,	O
to	O
construct	O
and	O
operate	O
Amazon	B-Application
Wind	O
Farm	O
US	O
East	O
;	O
EDP	O
Renewables	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
in	O
November	O
2015	O
,	O
to	O
construct	O
and	O
operate	O
Amazon	B-Application
Wind	O
Farm	O
US	O
Central	O
;	O
and	O
Tesla	O
Motors	O
,	O
to	O
apply	O
battery	O
storage	B-Application
technology	B-General_Concept
to	O
address	O
power	O
needs	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
West	O
(	O
Northern	O
California	O
)	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
also	O
has	O
"	O
pop-up	O
lofts	O
"	O
in	O
different	O
locations	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
market	O
AWS	B-Application
to	O
entrepreneurs	O
and	O
startups	O
in	O
different	O
tech	O
industries	O
in	O
a	O
physical	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visitors	O
can	O
work	O
or	O
relax	O
inside	O
the	O
loft	O
,	O
or	O
learn	O
more	O
about	O
what	O
they	O
can	O
do	O
with	O
AWS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2014	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
opened	O
their	O
first	O
temporary	O
pop-up	O
loft	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
opened	O
its	O
fourth	O
location	O
,	O
in	O
Tel	O
Aviv	O
from	O
March	O
1	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
to	O
March	O
22	O
,	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
launched	O
AWS	B-Application
re/Start	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
to	O
help	O
young	O
adults	O
and	O
military	O
veterans	O
retrain	O
in	O
technology-related	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
partnership	O
with	O
the	O
Prince	O
's	O
Trust	O
and	O
the	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Defence	O
(	O
MoD	O
)	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
will	O
help	O
to	O
provide	O
re-training	O
opportunities	O
for	O
young	O
people	O
from	O
disadvantaged	O
backgrounds	O
and	O
former	O
military	O
personnel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AWS	B-Application
is	O
working	O
alongside	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
partner	O
companies	O
including	O
Cloudreach	O
,	O
Sage	O
Group	O
,	O
EDF	O
Energy	O
,	O
and	O
Tesco	O
Bank	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2022	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
organization	O
has	O
committed	O
more	O
than	O
$30	O
million	O
over	O
three	O
years	O
to	O
early-stage	O
start-ups	O
led	O
by	O
Black	O
,	O
Latino	O
,	O
LGBTQIA+	O
,	O
and	O
Women	O
founders	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
AWS	B-Application
impact	O
Accelerator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Initiative	O
offers	O
qualifying	O
start-ups	O
up	O
to	O
$	O
225,000	O
in	O
cash	O
,	O
credits	O
,	O
extensive	O
training	O
,	O
mentoring	O
,	O
technical	O
guidance	O
and	O
includes	O
up	O
to	O
$	O
100,000	O
in	O
AWS	B-Application
service	O
credits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Greenpeace	O
assessed	O
major	O
tech	O
companies	O
—	O
including	O
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
providers	I-Architecture
like	O
AWS	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Oracle	O
,	O
Google	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Salesforce.com	O
and	O
Rackspace	O
—	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
level	O
of	O
"	O
clean	O
energy	O
"	O
usage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
group	O
gave	O
AWS	B-Application
an	O
overall	O
"	O
C	O
"	O
grade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Greenpeace	O
credited	O
AWS	B-Application
for	O
its	O
advances	O
toward	O
greener	O
computing	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
its	O
plans	O
to	O
launch	O
multiple	O
wind	O
and	O
solar	O
farms	O
across	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
organization	O
stated	O
that	O
Amazon	B-Application
is	O
opaque	O
about	O
its	O
carbon	O
footprint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
joined	O
an	O
industry	O
pledge	O
to	O
achieve	O
climate	O
neutrality	O
of	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
by	O
2030	O
,	O
the	O
Climate	O
Neutral	O
Data	B-Operating_System
Centre	I-Operating_System
Pact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
US	O
Department	O
of	O
Homeland	O
Security	O
has	O
employed	O
the	O
software	O
ATLAS	O
,	O
which	O
runs	O
on	O
Amazon	B-Application
Cloud	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	B-General_Concept
scanned	O
more	O
than	O
16.5	O
million	O
of	O
records	O
of	O
naturalized	O
Americans	O
and	O
flagged	O
approximately	O
124,000	O
of	O
them	O
for	O
manual	O
analysis	O
and	O
review	O
by	O
USCIS	O
officers	O
regarding	O
denaturalization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	B-Application
faced	O
protests	O
from	O
its	O
own	O
employees	O
and	O
activists	O
for	O
the	O
anti-migrant	O
collaboration	O
with	O
authorities	O
.	O
</s>
