<s>
Amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
frequency	I-Algorithm
allocation	I-Algorithm
is	O
done	O
by	O
national	O
telecommunication	O
authorities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Globally	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
(	O
ITU	O
)	O
oversees	O
how	O
much	O
radio	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
is	O
set	O
aside	O
for	O
amateur	O
radio	O
transmissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specific	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
vary	O
from	O
country	O
to	O
country	O
and	O
between	O
ITU	O
regions	O
as	O
specified	O
in	O
the	O
current	O
ITU	O
HF	B-Algorithm
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
for	O
amateur	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modes	O
and	O
types	O
of	O
allocations	O
within	O
each	O
frequency	O
band	O
is	O
called	O
a	O
bandplan	B-Algorithm
;	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
determined	O
by	O
regulation	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
typically	O
is	O
set	O
by	O
agreements	O
between	O
amateur	O
radio	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	O
authorities	O
regulate	O
amateur	O
usage	O
of	O
radio	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
International	O
agreements	O
assign	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
which	O
differ	O
by	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2200	B-Algorithm
metres	I-Algorithm
135.7137.8kHz	O
just	O
below	O
the	O
Asian	O
and	O
European	O
longwave	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
band	O
and	O
far	O
below	O
the	O
commercial	O
AM	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
630	O
metres	O
472	O
–	O
479kHz	O
just	O
below	O
the	O
commercial	O
AM	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
band	O
and	O
the	O
maritime	O
radio	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
160	B-Algorithm
metres	I-Algorithm
18002000kHz	O
(	O
1.8	O
–	O
2MHz	O
)	O
–	O
just	O
above	O
the	O
commercial	O
AM	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
160metres	O
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
top	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
the	O
longest-wavelength	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
US	O
and	O
Canada	O
the	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
band	O
from	O
3.6	O
–	O
4.0MHz	O
,	O
permits	O
use	O
of	O
single-sideband	B-Device
voice	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
amplitude	O
modulation	O
voice	O
;	O
this	O
sub-band	O
is	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
75metre	O
band	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
channels	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
centered	O
on	O
5.332	O
,	O
5.348	O
,	O
5.368	O
,	O
5.373	O
,	O
and	O
5.405MHz	O
;	O
since	O
most	O
SSB	B-Device
radios	I-Device
display	O
the	O
(	O
suppressed	O
)	O
carrier	O
frequency	O
,	O
in	O
USB	O
mode	O
the	O
dial	O
frequencies	O
would	O
all	O
be	O
1.5kHz	O
lower	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2015	O
ITU	O
World	O
Radiocommunications	O
Conference	O
(	O
WRC-15	O
)	O
approved	O
a	O
Worldwide	O
Frequency	B-Algorithm
Allocation	I-Algorithm
of	O
5.351.5	O
–	O
5.366.5MHz	O
to	O
the	O
Amateur	O
Service	O
on	O
a	O
secondary	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
cost	O
of	O
running	O
high-power	O
commercial	O
broadcasting	B-Operating_System
facilities	O
,	O
decreased	O
listenership	O
,	O
and	O
increasing	O
competition	O
from	O
Internet-based	O
international	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
services	O
,	O
many	O
"	O
short	O
wave	O
"	O
services	O
are	O
being	O
shut	O
down	O
,	O
leaving	O
the	O
40metre	O
band	O
free	O
of	O
other	O
users	O
for	O
amateur	O
radio	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
30metres	O
is	O
a	O
WARC	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amateur	O
radio	O
contests	O
are	O
not	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
WARC	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
of	O
the	O
PSK31	B-Device
data	O
mode	O
tend	O
to	O
congregate	O
around	O
14.070MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
17metres	O
is	O
a	O
WARC	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
12metres	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
WARC	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
FM	B-Application
operations	O
are	O
normally	O
found	O
at	O
the	O
high	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
band	O
(	O
Also	O
repeaters	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
29.5	O
–	O
29.7MHz	O
segment	O
in	O
many	O
countries	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frequencies	O
above	O
30MHz	O
are	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Very	B-Algorithm
High	I-Algorithm
Frequency	I-Algorithm
(	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
)	O
region	O
and	O
those	O
above	O
300MHz	O
are	O
called	O
Ultra	O
High	B-Algorithm
Frequency	I-Algorithm
(	O
UHF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
allocated	O
bands	O
for	O
amateurs	O
are	O
many	O
megahertz	O
wide	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
high-fidelity	O
audio	O
transmission	O
modes	O
(	O
FM	B-Application
)	O
and	O
very	O
fast	O
data	O
transmission	O
modes	O
that	O
are	O
unfeasible	O
for	O
the	O
kilohertz-wide	O
allocations	O
in	O
the	O
HF	B-Algorithm
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
"	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
"	O
propagation	O
is	O
a	O
primary	O
factor	O
for	O
range	O
calculation	O
,	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
bands	O
above	O
HF	B-Algorithm
comes	O
from	O
use	O
of	O
other	O
propagation	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
signal	O
transmitted	O
on	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
from	O
a	O
hand-held	O
portable	O
will	O
typically	O
travel	O
about	O
5	O
–	O
10	O
km	O
(	O
3	O
–	O
6miles	O
)	O
depending	O
on	O
terrain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
large	O
antenna	O
system	O
like	O
a	O
long	O
yagi	O
,	O
and	O
higher	O
power	O
(	O
typically	O
100watts	O
or	O
more	O
)	O
contacts	O
of	O
around	O
1	O
000	O
km	O
(	O
600miles	O
)	O
using	O
the	O
Morse	O
code	O
(	O
CW	O
)	O
and	O
single-sideband	B-Device
(	O
SSB	B-Device
)	O
modes	O
are	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
amateurs	O
on	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
seek	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
"	O
band	O
openings	O
"	O
where	O
natural	O
occurrences	O
in	O
the	O
atmosphere	O
and	O
ionosphere	O
extend	O
radio	O
transmission	O
distances	O
well	O
over	O
their	O
normal	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moon	O
bounce	O
and	O
satellite	B-Application
relay	O
are	O
also	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
islands	O
of	O
intense	O
ionization	O
are	O
called	O
"	O
sporadic	O
E	O
"	O
and	O
result	O
in	O
erratic	O
but	O
often	O
strong	O
propagation	O
characteristics	O
on	O
the	O
"low[er]	O
band	O
"	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
radio	O
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
6metre	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
falls	O
into	O
this	O
category	O
,	O
often	O
called	O
"	O
the	O
magic	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
will	O
often	O
"	O
open	O
up	O
"	O
from	O
one	O
small	O
area	O
into	O
another	O
small	O
geographic	O
area	O
1	O
000	O
–	O
1	O
700km	O
(	O
600	O
–	O
1	O
000miles	O
)	O
away	O
during	O
the	O
spring	O
and	O
early	O
summer	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
may	O
make	O
for	O
smoggy	O
or	O
foggy	O
days	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
also	O
causes	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
and	O
UHF	O
radio	O
transmissions	O
to	O
travel	O
or	O
duct	O
along	O
the	O
boundaries	O
of	O
these	O
warm/cold	O
atmospheric	O
layers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tropo-scatter	O
happens	O
when	O
water	O
droplets	O
and	O
dust	O
particles	O
refract	O
a	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
or	O
UHF	O
signal	O
over	O
the	O
horizon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
relatively	O
high	O
power	O
and	O
a	O
high	O
gain	O
antenna	O
,	O
this	O
propagation	O
will	O
give	O
marginal	O
enhanced	O
over-the-horizon	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
and	O
UHF	O
communications	O
up	O
to	O
several	O
hundred	O
kilometres	O
(	O
miles	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Satellite	B-Application
,	O
buried	O
fibre	O
optic	O
,	O
and	O
terrestrial	O
microwave	O
access	O
have	O
relegated	O
commercial	O
use	O
of	O
tropo-scatter	O
to	O
the	O
history	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
F2	O
and	O
TE	O
band	O
openings	O
from	O
other	O
ionospheric	O
reflection/refraction	O
modes	O
,	O
or	O
sky-wave	O
propagation	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
known	O
can	O
also	O
occasionally	O
occur	O
on	O
the	O
low	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
VHF	B-Algorithm
frequencies	O
of	O
6	O
or	O
4metres	O
,	O
and	O
very	O
rarely	O
on	O
2metres	O
(	O
high	O
band	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
)	O
during	O
extreme	O
peaks	O
in	O
the	O
11year	O
sunspot	O
cycle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
intense	O
solar	O
storm	O
causing	O
aurora	O
borealis	O
(	O
northern	O
lights	O
)	O
will	O
also	O
provide	O
occasional	O
propagation	O
enhancement	O
to	O
HF-low	O
(	O
6-metre	O
)	O
band	O
radio	O
waves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Signals	O
are	O
often	O
distorted	O
and	O
on	O
the	O
lower	O
frequencies	O
give	O
a	O
curious	O
"	O
watery	O
sound	O
"	O
to	O
normally	O
propagated	O
HF	B-Algorithm
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mode	O
requires	O
moderately	O
high	O
power	O
(	O
more	O
than	O
500watts	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
fairly	O
large	O
,	O
high-gain	O
antenna	O
because	O
round-trip	O
path	O
loss	O
is	O
on	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
270dB	O
for	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
old-fashioned	O
Morse	O
code	O
or	O
modern	O
JT65	B-Protocol
,	O
designed	O
for	O
working	O
with	O
weak	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Satellite	B-Application
relay	O
is	O
not	O
really	O
a	O
propagation	O
mode	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
an	O
active	O
repeater	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Satellites	B-Application
have	O
been	O
highly	O
successful	O
in	O
providing	O
VHF/UHF/SHF	O
users	O
"	O
propagation	O
"	O
beyond	O
the	O
horizon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amateurs	O
have	O
sponsored	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
dozens	O
of	O
communications	O
satellites	B-Application
since	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
satellites	B-Application
are	O
usually	O
known	O
as	O
OSCARs	B-Application
(	O
Orbiting	O
Satellite	B-Application
Carrying	O
Amateur	O
Radio	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amateur	O
television	O
(	O
ATV	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
hobby	O
of	O
transmitting	O
broadcast-compatible	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
by	O
amateur	O
radio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
bands	O
at	O
VHF	B-Algorithm
or	O
lower	O
are	O
less	O
than	O
6MHz	O
wide	O
,	O
so	O
ATV	O
operation	O
is	O
confined	O
to	O
UHF	O
and	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bandwidth	O
requirements	O
will	O
vary	O
from	O
this	O
for	O
PAL	B-Language
and	O
SECAM	O
transmissions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ATV	O
operation	O
in	O
the	O
70cm	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
is	O
particularly	O
popular	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
signals	O
can	O
be	O
received	O
on	O
any	O
cable-ready	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operation	O
in	O
the	O
33cm	B-Algorithm
and	O
23cm	B-Algorithm
bands	O
is	O
easily	O
augmented	O
by	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
various	O
varieties	O
of	O
consumer-grade	O
wireless	O
video	O
devices	O
that	O
exist	O
and	O
operate	O
in	O
unlicensed	O
frequencies	O
coincident	O
to	O
these	O
bands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
amateur	O
stations	O
have	O
rarely	O
been	O
allowed	O
to	O
operate	O
on	O
frequencies	O
lower	O
than	O
the	O
medium-wave	B-Algorithm
broadcast	B-Operating_System
band	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
recent	O
times	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
historic	O
users	O
of	O
these	O
low	B-Algorithm
frequencies	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
vacating	O
the	O
spectrum	O
,	O
limited	O
space	O
has	O
opened	O
up	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
new	O
amateur	O
radio	O
allocations	O
and	O
special	O
experimental	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
8	B-Algorithm
metres	I-Algorithm
(	O
39.9	O
to	O
40.7MHz	O
)	O
,	O
Republic	O
of	O
Ireland	O
,	O
Slovenia	O
and	O
South	O
Africa	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
5	B-Algorithm
metres	I-Algorithm
(	O
59.5	O
to	O
60.1MHz	O
)	O
,	O
Republic	O
of	O
Ireland	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
charts	O
show	O
the	O
voluntary	O
bandplans	B-Algorithm
used	O
by	O
amateurs	O
in	O
ITU	O
Region1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
60	B-Algorithm
metres	I-Algorithm
5258.5	O
–	O
5264	O
5276	O
–	O
5284	O
5288	O
–	O
5292	O
5298	O
–	O
5307	O
5313	O
–	O
5323	O
5333	O
–	O
5338	O
5351.5	O
–	O
5366.5	O
,	O
UK	O
5354	O
–	O
5358	O
5362	O
–	O
5374.5	O
5378	O
–	O
5382	O
5395	O
–	O
5401.5	O
5403.5	O
–	O
5406.5	O
IARU	O
R1	O
(	O
WRC-15	O
)	O
&	O
UK	O
WRC-15	O
alloc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
60	B-Algorithm
metres	I-Algorithm
5250	O
–	O
5450	O
Bulgaria	O
,	O
Denmark	O
5370	O
–	O
5450	O
Estonia	O
,	O
5260	O
–	O
5410	O
Norway	O
,	O
5275	O
–	O
5450	O
Kenya	O
,	O
5060	O
–	O
5450	O
Somalia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
for	O
hams	O
in	O
ITU	O
Region	O
2	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ITU	O
band	O
Band	O
name	O
Frequencies	O
(	O
kHz/MHz/GHz	O
)	O
Lower	O
end	O
Upper	O
end	O
5	O
,	O
LF	B-Algorithm
(	O
kHz	O
)	O
2200	O
metres	O
135.7	O
kHz	O
137.8	O
kHz	O
1750	O
metres	O
Power	O
restricted	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
license	O
required	O
in	O
unallocated	O
160	O
–	O
190	O
kHz	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FCC	O
Report	O
and	O
Order	O
permits	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
digital	O
modes	O
that	O
comply	O
with	O
emission	B-Device
designator	I-Device
“	O
60H0J2B	O
”	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
PSK31	B-Device
as	O
well	O
as	O
any	O
RTTY	O
signal	O
with	O
a	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
60Hz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Report	O
and	O
Order	O
also	O
allows	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
modes	O
that	O
comply	O
with	O
emission	B-Device
designator	I-Device
“	O
2K80J2D	O
”	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
any	O
digital	O
mode	O
with	O
a	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
2.8kHz	O
or	O
less	O
whose	O
technical	O
characteristics	O
have	O
been	O
documented	O
publicly	O
,	O
per	O
Part97.309(4 )	O
of	O
the	O
FCC	O
Rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
modes	O
would	O
include	O
PACTORI	O
,	O
II	O
,	O
or	O
III	O
,	O
300baud	O
packet	O
,	O
MFSK	B-Device
,	O
MT63	B-Device
,	O
Contestia	O
,	O
Olivia	B-Device
,	O
DominoEX	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IARU	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
for	O
hams	O
in	O
ITU	O
Region	O
3	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Bands	O
above	O
1300MHz	O
:	O
societies	O
should	O
consult	O
with	O
the	O
amateur	O
satellite	B-Application
community	O
for	O
proposed	O
satellite	B-Application
operating	O
frequencies	O
before	O
deciding	O
local	O
bandplans	B-Algorithm
above	O
1300MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio	O
amateurs	O
may	O
engage	O
in	O
satellite	B-Application
and	O
space	O
craft	O
communications	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
frequencies	O
allowed	O
for	O
such	O
activities	O
are	O
allocated	O
separately	O
from	O
more	O
general	O
use	O
radio	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
the	O
Amateur	O
Radio	O
Service	O
is	O
not	O
permitted	O
to	O
engage	O
in	O
satellite	B-Application
operations	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
a	O
sister	O
radio	O
service	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
Amateur	O
Satellite	B-Application
Service	O
,	O
exists	O
which	O
allows	O
satellite	B-Application
operations	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
purposes	O
as	O
the	O
Amateur	O
Radio	O
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
reason	O
the	O
two	O
services	O
are	O
separate	O
is	O
to	O
limit	O
the	O
frequencies	O
available	O
for	O
satellite	B-Application
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
shared	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
amateur	O
radio	O
allocations	O
internationally	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
satellites	B-Application
to	O
roam	O
worldwide	O
,	O
the	O
ITU	O
does	O
not	O
consider	O
all	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
appropriate	O
for	O
satellite	B-Application
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Being	O
separate	O
from	O
the	O
Amateur	O
Radio	O
Service	O
,	O
the	O
Amateur	O
Satellite	B-Application
Service	O
receives	O
its	O
own	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
allocations	O
are	O
within	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
bands	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
with	O
one	O
exception	O
,	O
the	O
allocations	O
are	O
the	O
same	O
in	O
all	O
three	O
ITU	O
regions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
amateur	O
satellite	B-Application
operations	O
occur	O
within	O
the	O
allocations	O
tabled	O
below	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
AO-7	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
an	O
up-link	O
from	O
432.125MHz	O
to	O
432.175MHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
International	O
amateur	O
satellite	B-Application
frequency	B-Algorithm
allocations	I-Algorithm
Range	O
Band	O
Letter	O
Allocation	O
Preferred	O
sub-bands	O
User	O
status	O
Notes	O
HF	B-Algorithm
40	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
Primary	O
20	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
Primary	O
17	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
Primary	O
Entire	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
15	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
H	O
Primary	O
Entire	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
12	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
Primary	O
Entire	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
10	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
A	O
Primary	O
Entire	O
amateur	B-Algorithm
radio	I-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
VHF	B-Algorithm
2	B-Algorithm
m	I-Algorithm
V	O
Primary	O
UHF	O
70	B-Algorithm
cm	I-Algorithm
U	O
23	B-Algorithm
cm	I-Algorithm
L	O
Only	O
uplinks	O
allowed	O
13	B-Algorithm
cm	I-Algorithm
S	O
SHF	B-Algorithm
9	B-Algorithm
cm	I-Algorithm
S2	O
Not	O
available	O
in	O
ITU	O
region	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
