<s>
Open-source	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
aerospace	O
industry	O
like	O
FlightGear	B-Language
,	O
whose	O
flight	O
dynamics	O
engine	O
(	O
JSBSim	O
)	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
2015	O
NASA	O
benchmark	O
to	O
judge	O
new	O
simulation	O
code	O
to	O
space	O
industry	O
standards	O
,	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
for	O
private	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sega	O
's	O
last	O
EM	O
flight	O
simulator	O
was	O
Heli-Shooter	O
(	O
1977	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
combines	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
processor	O
with	O
electro-mechanical	O
components	O
,	O
screen	O
projection	O
and	O
audio	O
tape	O
deck	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gameplay	O
involves	O
the	O
player	O
piloting	O
a	O
helicopter	B-Application
using	O
a	O
throttle	O
joystick	B-Device
(	O
to	O
accelerate	O
and	O
decelerate	O
)	O
and	O
pedals	O
(	O
to	O
maneuver	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
)	O
across	O
a	O
realistic	O
three-dimensional	O
landscape	O
and	O
shooting	O
at	O
military	O
targets	O
across	O
the	O
landscape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1975	O
,	O
Taito	O
released	O
a	O
simulator	O
video	O
game	O
in	O
arcades	O
,	O
Interceptor	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
a	O
crude	O
arcade	O
first-person	O
combat	O
flight	O
simulator	O
that	O
involved	O
using	O
an	O
eight-way	O
joystick	B-Device
to	O
aim	O
with	O
a	O
crosshair	O
and	O
shoot	O
at	O
enemy	O
aircraft	O
that	O
move	O
in	O
formations	O
of	O
two	O
and	O
scale	O
in	O
size	O
depending	O
on	O
their	O
distance	O
to	O
the	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
it	O
became	O
a	O
trend	O
for	O
arcade	O
flight	O
combat	O
simulators	O
to	O
use	O
hydraulic	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
arcade	O
cabinets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yu	O
Suzuki	O
's	O
team	O
at	O
Sega	O
(	O
later	O
known	O
as	O
Sega	O
AM2	O
)	O
developed	O
hydraulic	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
cockpit	O
cabinets	O
for	O
flight	O
combat	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Space	B-Application
Harrier	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
,	O
After	B-Application
Burner	I-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
R360	B-Application
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Taito	O
's	O
Midnight	O
Landing	O
(	O
1987	O
)	O
and	O
Top	O
Landing	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
air	B-Application
combat	I-Application
,	O
but	O
instead	O
simulated	O
a	O
commercial	O
airliner	O
,	O
while	O
utilizing	O
motion	B-General_Concept
simulator	I-General_Concept
cockpit	O
cabinets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arcade	O
flight	O
combat	O
simulators	O
later	O
began	O
adopting	O
3D	O
polygons	O
with	O
Taito	O
's	O
Air	B-Application
Inferno	I-Application
(	O
1990	O
)	O
and	O
Steel	B-Application
Talons	I-Application
(	O
1991	O
)	O
by	O
Atari	O
Games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flight	O
simulators	O
were	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
types	O
of	O
programs	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
for	O
early	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
began	O
adopting	O
3D	O
polygon	O
graphics	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
with	O
titles	O
such	O
as	O
MicroProse	O
's	O
F-19	B-Application
Stealth	I-Application
Fighter	I-Application
(	O
1988	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
even	O
home	O
entertainment	O
flight	O
simulators	O
had	O
become	O
so	O
realistic	O
that	O
after	O
the	O
events	O
of	O
September	O
11	O
,	O
2001	O
,	O
some	O
journalists	O
and	O
experts	O
speculated	O
that	O
the	O
hijackers	O
might	O
have	O
gained	O
enough	O
knowledge	O
to	O
steer	O
a	O
passenger	O
airliner	O
from	O
packages	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Flight	I-Application
Simulator	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Falcon	B-Application
4.0	I-Application
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
such	O
modification	O
;	O
"	O
modders	O
"	O
have	O
created	O
whole	O
new	O
warzones	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
fly	O
hundreds	O
of	O
different	O
aircraft	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
single	O
original	O
flyable	O
airframe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	O
pilots	O
and	O
virtual	O
air	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
controllers	I-Application
take	O
part	O
in	O
an	O
online	O
flying	O
experience	O
which	O
attempts	O
to	O
simulate	O
real-world	O
aviation	O
to	O
a	O
high	O
degree	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
four	O
networks	O
where	O
this	O
sort	O
of	O
play	O
is	O
possible	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
ones	O
being	O
VATSIM	O
and	O
IVAO	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
provided	O
airspace	O
on	O
both	O
networks	O
covers	O
the	O
entire	O
globe	O
,	O
VATSIM	O
is	O
generally	O
regarded	O
to	O
have	O
better	O
coverage	O
of	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
Europe	O
,	O
and	O
Australia	O
,	O
while	O
at	O
IVAO	B-Protocol
pilots	O
and	O
controllers	O
generally	O
fly	O
and	O
control	O
in	O
Africa	O
and	O
South	O
America	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Successful	O
examples	O
of	O
these	O
are	O
the	O
Pilotwings	B-Application
series	O
by	O
Nintendo	O
and	O
the	O
Ace	B-Application
Combat	I-Application
series	O
by	O
Namco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Flight	I-Application
Simulator	I-Application
2020	I-Application
to	O
Xbox	B-Device
consoles	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
presence	O
of	O
flight	O
simulators	O
on	O
console	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
growth	O
in	O
home	O
cockpit	O
complexity	O
and	O
realism	O
has	O
been	O
further	O
fueled	O
by	O
the	O
opening	O
up	O
of	O
the	O
simulation	O
software	O
packages	O
with	O
published	O
SDKs	O
(	O
Software	B-Application
Development	I-Application
Kits	I-Application
)	O
now	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
most	O
modern	O
airliners	O
now	O
using	O
Glass	O
Cockpit	O
type	O
displays	O
it	O
is	O
relatively	O
simple	O
to	O
replicate	O
the	O
displays	O
in	O
software	O
,	O
outputting	O
them	O
via	O
multi	O
head	O
graphics	O
cards	O
or	O
networked	O
PCs	B-Device
to	O
cheaply	O
available	O
LCD	O
monitors	O
mounted	O
behind	O
the	O
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interface	O
hardware	O
for	O
these	O
home-made	O
controls	O
is	O
directly	O
available	O
from	O
commercial	O
suppliers	O
,	O
or	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
by	O
dismantling	O
cheap	O
joysticks	B-Device
or	O
similar	O
components	O
and	O
rewiring	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
home	O
builds	O
will	O
even	O
incorporate	O
motion	B-General_Concept
platforms	I-General_Concept
,	O
although	O
unlike	O
commercial	O
simulators	O
these	O
are	O
normally	O
more	O
limited	O
in	O
motion	O
,	O
and	O
often	O
rely	O
on	O
electrical	O
motors	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
hydraulics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
in	O
2013	O
a	O
hobbyist	O
space	O
flight	O
simulator	O
project	O
was	O
realized	O
under	O
usage	O
of	O
Pioneer	B-Language
simulation	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Flight	O
simulator	O
software	O
is	O
largely	O
on	O
PC	O
,	O
however	O
mobile	O
flight	O
simulators	O
are	O
also	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
,	O
with	O
Infinite	B-Application
Flight	I-Application
,	O
X-Plane	O
Mobile	O
competing	O
with	O
the	O
PC	O
simulators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
PC	O
flight	O
simulators	O
can	O
use	O
mobile	O
devices	O
or	O
additional	O
PCs	B-Device
as	O
additional	O
interfaces	O
for	O
display	O
and	O
control	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
touch	O
interfaces	O
on	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Existing	O
mapping	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
set	O
to	O
interface	O
with	O
PC	O
flight	O
simulators	O
like	O
X-Plane	O
or	O
FlightGear	B-Language
to	O
create	O
a	O
moving	O
map	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FlightGear	B-Language
can	O
recreate	O
map	O
interfaces	O
,	O
instrument	O
panels	O
or	O
control	O
interfaces	O
on	O
any	O
mobile	O
device	O
that	O
supports	O
a	O
browser	B-Application
or	O
through	O
a	O
dedicated	O
mobile	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FlightGear	B-Language
is	O
a	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
flight	O
simulator	O
that	O
also	O
simulates	O
space	O
flight	O
in	O
Earth	O
's	O
orbit	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
actively	O
maintained	O
by	O
a	O
large	O
user	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FlightGear	B-Language
is	O
used	O
professionally	O
in	O
Aerospace	O
engineering	O
and	O
research	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
flight	O
dynamics	O
engine	O
(	O
JSBSim	O
)	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
2015	O
NASA	O
benchmark	O
to	O
judge	O
new	O
simulation	O
code	O
to	O
the	O
standards	O
of	O
the	O
space	O
industry	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
freely	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FlightGear	B-Language
project	O
receives	O
development	O
from	O
people	O
with	O
scientific	O
and	O
engineering	O
backgrounds	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
open	O
to	O
contributions	O
from	O
any	O
source	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
regards	O
to	O
space	O
flight	O
,	O
FlightGear	B-Language
can	O
accurately	O
handle	O
speeds	O
from	O
transonic	O
to	O
high	O
hypersonic	O
or	O
re-entry	O
regimes	O
with	O
a	O
flight	O
dynamics	O
engine	O
that	O
can	O
incorporate	O
windtunnel	O
data	O
or	O
computational	O
fluid	O
dynamics	O
,	O
and	O
uses	O
a	O
3D	O
model	O
of	O
gravity	O
used	O
for	O
spaceflight	O
based	O
on	O
spherical	O
harmonics	O
which	O
can	O
simulate	O
the	O
twisting	O
force	O
caused	O
by	O
gravity	O
varying	O
over	O
a	O
craft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
particular	O
note	O
is	O
FlightGear	B-Language
's	O
Space	O
Shuttle	O
project	O
,	O
whose	O
simulation	O
is	O
backed	O
by	O
NASA	O
windtunnel	O
data	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
detailed	O
and	O
accurate	O
simulation	O
outside	O
of	O
NASA	O
's	O
internal	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FlightGear	B-Language
also	O
runs	O
on	O
Raspberry	B-Operating_System
Pi	I-Operating_System
from	O
Pi	O
4	O
onwards	O
through	O
a	O
special	O
stripped	O
down	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
Flight	I-Application
Simulator	I-Application
series	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Flight	I-Application
Simulator	I-Application
X	I-Application
includes	O
space	O
as	O
an	O
area	O
to	O
be	O
discovered	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
payware	O
Space	O
Shuttle	O
add-on	O
also	O
being	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
series	O
 '	O
latest	O
installment	O
,	O
simply	O
called	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Flight	I-Application
Simulator	I-Application
,	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
August	O
18	O
,	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kerbal	B-Device
Space	I-Device
Program	I-Device
,	O
spacecraft	O
and	O
aircraft	O
construction	O
and	O
flight	O
simulator	O
;	O
initially	O
space-focused	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
air-breathing	O
engines	O
and	O
lift	O
surfaces	O
made	O
atmospheric	O
flight	O
practical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Language
Combat	I-Language
Simulator	I-Language
(	O
DCS	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
highly	O
realistic	O
simulator	O
focused	O
on	O
study-level	O
simulations	O
of	O
payware	O
military	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lockheed	O
Martin	O
Prepar3D	O
(	O
P3D	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
offshoot	O
of	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Flight	I-Application
Simulator	I-Application
series	O
built	O
on	O
the	O
engine	O
used	O
in	O
FSX	B-Application
licensed	O
to	O
Lockheed	O
Martin	O
,	O
however	O
Lockheed	O
Martin	O
only	O
obtained	O
the	O
license	O
for	O
professional	O
and	O
academic	O
use	O
,	O
so	O
use	O
for	O
personal	O
or	O
consumer	O
entertainment	O
is	O
not	O
allowed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Infinite	B-Application
Flight	I-Application
,	O
a	O
flight	O
simulator	O
for	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
