<s>
Aluminium-ion	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
a	O
class	O
of	O
rechargeable	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
in	O
which	O
aluminium	O
ions	O
serve	O
as	O
charge	O
carriers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
aluminium-based	O
batteries	O
offer	O
the	O
possibilities	O
of	O
low	O
cost	O
and	O
low	O
flammability	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
high	O
capacity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
all	O
other	O
batteries	O
,	O
aluminium-ion	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
include	O
two	O
electrodes	O
connected	O
by	O
an	O
electrolyte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aluminium-ion	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
are	O
conceptually	O
similar	O
to	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
,	O
but	O
possess	O
an	O
aluminum	O
charge	O
carrier	O
instead	O
of	O
lithium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
theoretical	O
voltage	O
for	O
aluminium-ion	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
is	O
lower	O
than	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
,	O
2.65V	O
and	O
4V	O
respectively	O
,	O
the	O
theoretical	O
energy	O
density	O
potential	O
for	O
aluminium-ion	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
is	O
1060Wh/kg	O
in	O
comparison	O
to	O
lithium-ion	O
'	O
s406	O
Wh/kg	O
limit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aluminium-ion	B-Algorithm
batteries	I-Algorithm
to	O
date	O
have	O
a	O
relatively	O
short	O
shelf	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
reasons	O
is	O
the	O
fracture	O
of	O
the	O
graphite	B-Application
anode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
a	O
research	O
team	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
electrolyte	O
as	O
ORNL	O
,	O
but	O
used	O
vanadium	O
oxide	O
nanowires	B-Architecture
for	O
the	O
cathode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2015	O
researchers	O
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
developed	O
an	O
aluminum-ion	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
recharge	B-Architecture
time	O
of	O
about	O
one	O
minute	O
(	O
for	O
an	O
unspecified	O
battery	O
capacity	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	O
was	O
made	O
of	O
an	O
aluminum	O
anode	O
,	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
,	O
isolation	O
foam	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
graphite	B-Application
cathode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
discharging	O
,	O
AlCl4−	O
ions	O
rapidly	O
de-intercalate	O
through	O
the	O
graphite	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
High	O
Specific	O
Energy	O
Aluminium-Ion	O
Rechargeable	B-Architecture
Batteries	I-Architecture
for	O
Decentralized	O
Electricity	O
Generation	O
Sources	O
(	O
ALION	O
)	O
project	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
a	O
consortium	O
of	O
materials	O
and	O
component	O
manufacturers	O
and	O
battery	O
assemblers	O
as	O
a	O
European	O
Horizon	O
2020	O
project	O
led	O
by	O
the	O
LEITAT	O
research	O
institute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
graphene	O
formed	O
a	O
highly	O
oriented	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
