<s>
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
:	I-Algorithm
How	I-Algorithm
Search	I-Algorithm
Engines	I-Algorithm
Reinforce	I-Algorithm
Racism	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
2018	O
book	O
by	O
Safiya	O
Umoja	O
Noble	O
in	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
information	O
science	O
,	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
and	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
Noble	O
thought	O
of	O
the	O
title	O
"	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
"	O
for	O
the	O
eventual	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
changes	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
algorithm	O
had	O
changed	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
results	O
for	O
a	O
search	O
of	O
"	O
black	O
girls	O
,	O
"	O
though	O
the	O
underlying	O
biases	O
remain	O
influential	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
text	O
based	O
on	O
over	O
six	O
years	O
of	O
academic	O
research	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
search	I-Application
algorithms	O
,	O
examining	O
search	O
results	O
from	O
2009	O
to	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noble	O
takes	O
a	O
Black	O
intersectional	O
feminist	O
approach	O
to	O
her	O
work	O
in	O
studying	O
how	O
google	B-Application
algorithms	O
affect	O
people	O
differently	O
by	O
race	O
and	O
gender	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Noble	O
's	O
argument	O
addresses	O
how	O
racism	O
infiltrates	O
the	B-Application
google	I-Application
algorithm	O
itself	O
,	O
something	O
that	O
is	O
true	O
throughout	O
many	O
coding	O
systems	O
including	O
facial	O
recognition	O
,	O
and	O
medical	O
care	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
new	O
technological	O
systems	O
promote	O
themselves	O
as	O
progressive	O
and	O
unbiased	O
,	O
Noble	O
is	O
arguing	O
against	O
this	O
point	O
and	O
saying	O
that	O
many	O
technologies	O
,	O
including	O
google	B-Application
's	I-Application
algorithm	O
"	O
reflect	O
and	O
reproduce	O
existing	O
inequities.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Chapter	O
1	O
of	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
,	O
Safiya	O
Noble	O
explores	O
how	O
Google	B-Application
search	I-Application
's	O
auto	O
suggestion	O
feature	O
is	O
demoralizing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noble	O
also	O
discusses	O
how	O
Google	B-Application
can	O
remove	O
the	O
human	O
curation	O
from	O
the	O
first	O
page	O
of	O
results	O
to	O
eliminate	O
any	O
potential	O
racial	O
slurs	O
or	O
inappropriate	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
discussed	O
in	O
this	O
text	O
is	O
a	O
public	O
dispute	O
of	O
the	O
results	O
that	O
were	O
returned	O
when	O
“	O
Jew	O
”	O
was	O
searched	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
included	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
anti-Semitic	O
pages	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
claimed	O
little	O
ownership	O
for	O
the	O
way	O
it	O
provided	O
these	O
identities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
instead	O
encouraged	O
people	O
to	O
use	O
“	O
Jews	O
”	O
or	O
“	O
Jewish	O
people	O
”	O
and	O
claimed	O
the	O
actions	O
of	O
White	O
supremacist	O
groups	O
are	O
out	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unless	O
pages	O
are	O
unlawful	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
will	O
allow	O
its	O
algorithm	O
to	O
continue	O
to	O
act	O
without	O
removing	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noble	O
reflects	O
on	O
AdWords	O
which	O
is	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
advertising	O
tool	O
and	O
how	O
this	O
tool	O
can	O
add	O
to	O
the	O
biases	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Adwords	O
allows	O
anyone	O
to	O
advertise	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
search	O
pages	O
and	O
is	O
highly	O
customizable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
ranks	O
ads	O
on	O
relevance	O
and	O
then	O
displays	O
the	O
ads	O
on	O
pages	O
which	O
it	O
believes	O
are	O
relevant	O
to	O
the	O
search	O
query	O
taking	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
if	O
an	O
advertiser	O
is	O
passionate	O
about	O
his/her	O
topic	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
controversial	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
appear	O
on	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
search	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Chapter	O
2	O
of	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
,	O
Noble	O
explains	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
exacerbated	O
racism	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
continue	O
to	O
deny	O
responsibility	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
puts	O
the	O
blame	O
on	O
those	O
who	O
have	O
created	O
the	O
content	O
and	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
those	O
who	O
are	O
actively	O
seeking	O
this	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
algorithm	O
has	O
maintained	O
social	O
inequalities	O
and	O
stereotypes	O
for	O
Black	O
,	O
Latina	O
,	O
and	O
Asian	O
women	O
,	O
mostly	O
due	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
design	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
that	O
normalizes	O
whiteness	O
and	O
men	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
She	O
explains	O
that	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
algorithm	O
categorizes	O
information	O
which	O
exacerbates	O
stereotypes	O
while	O
also	O
encouraging	O
white	O
hegemonic	O
norms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noble	O
found	O
that	O
after	O
searching	O
for	O
black	O
girls	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
search	O
results	O
were	O
common	O
stereotypes	O
of	O
black	O
girls	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
categories	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
created	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
black	O
girl	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
hides	O
behind	O
their	O
algorithm	O
that	O
has	O
been	O
proven	O
to	O
perpetuate	O
inequalities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Chapter	O
3	O
of	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
,	O
Safiya	O
Noble	O
discusses	O
how	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
search	O
engine	O
combines	O
multiple	O
sources	O
to	O
create	O
threatening	O
narratives	O
about	O
minorities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
She	O
explains	O
a	O
case	O
study	O
where	O
she	O
searched	O
“	O
black	O
on	O
white	O
crimes	O
”	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
Chapter	O
4	O
of	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
,	O
Noble	O
furthers	O
her	O
argument	O
by	O
discussing	O
the	O
way	O
in	O
which	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
oppressive	O
control	O
over	O
identity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
She	O
critiques	O
the	O
internet	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
influence	O
one	O
's	O
future	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
permanent	O
nature	O
and	O
compares	O
U.S.	O
privacy	O
laws	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
citizens	O
with	O
“	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
forget	O
or	O
be	O
forgotten.	O
”	O
When	O
utilizing	O
search	O
engines	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
these	O
breaches	O
of	O
privacy	O
disproportionately	O
affect	O
women	O
and	O
people	O
of	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
claims	O
that	O
they	O
safeguard	O
our	O
data	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
protect	O
us	O
from	O
losing	O
our	O
information	O
,	O
but	O
fails	O
to	O
address	O
what	O
happens	O
when	O
you	O
want	O
your	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
deleted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Chapter	O
5	O
of	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
,	O
Noble	O
moves	O
the	O
discussion	O
away	O
from	O
google	B-Application
and	O
onto	O
other	O
information	O
sources	O
deemed	O
credible	O
and	O
neutral	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noble	O
argues	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
just	O
google	B-Application
,	O
but	O
all	O
digital	O
search	O
engines	O
that	O
reinforce	O
societal	O
structures	O
and	O
discriminatory	O
biases	O
and	O
by	O
doing	O
so	O
she	O
points	O
out	O
just	O
how	O
interconnected	O
technology	O
and	O
society	O
are	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Chapter	O
6	O
of	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
,	O
Safiya	O
Noble	O
discusses	O
possible	O
solutions	O
for	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
algorithmic	O
bias	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
She	O
first	O
argues	O
that	O
public	O
policies	O
enacted	O
by	O
local	O
and	O
federal	O
governments	O
will	O
reduce	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
“	O
information	O
monopoly	O
”	O
and	O
regulate	O
the	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
search	O
engines	O
filter	O
their	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simultaneously	O
,	O
Noble	O
condemns	O
the	O
common	O
neoliberal	O
argument	O
that	O
algorithmic	O
biases	O
will	O
disappear	O
if	O
more	O
women	O
and	O
racial	O
minorities	O
enter	O
the	O
industry	O
as	O
software	B-General_Concept
engineers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
She	O
calls	O
this	O
argument	O
“	O
complacent	O
”	O
because	O
it	O
places	O
responsibility	O
on	O
individuals	O
,	O
who	O
have	O
less	O
power	O
than	O
media	O
companies	O
,	O
and	O
indulges	O
a	O
mindset	O
she	O
calls	O
“	O
big-data	B-Application
optimism	O
,	O
”	O
or	O
a	O
failure	O
to	O
challenge	O
the	O
notion	O
that	O
the	O
institutions	O
themselves	O
do	O
not	O
always	O
solve	O
,	O
but	O
sometimes	O
perpetuate	O
inequalities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
illustrate	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
she	O
uses	O
the	O
example	O
of	O
Kandis	O
,	O
a	O
Black	O
hairdresser	O
whose	O
business	O
faces	O
setbacks	O
because	O
the	O
review	O
site	O
Yelp	B-Application
has	O
used	O
biased	O
advertising	O
practices	O
and	O
searching	O
strategies	O
against	O
her	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lastly	O
,	O
she	O
points	O
out	O
that	O
big-data	B-Application
optimism	O
leaves	O
out	O
discussion	O
about	O
the	O
harms	O
that	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
can	O
disproportionately	O
enact	O
upon	O
minority	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
,	O
Safiya	O
Noble	O
explores	O
the	O
social	O
and	O
political	O
implications	O
of	O
the	O
results	O
from	O
our	O
Google	B-Application
searches	I-Application
and	O
our	O
search	O
patterns	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
outlining	O
crucial	O
points	O
and	O
theories	O
throughout	O
the	O
book	O
,	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
only	O
academic	O
readers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critical	O
reception	O
for	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
largely	O
positive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
Review	O
of	O
Books	O
,	O
Emily	O
Drabinski	O
writes	O
,	O
"	O
What	O
emerges	O
from	O
these	O
pages	O
is	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
’s	O
algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
oppression	I-Algorithm
comprise	O
just	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
hidden	O
infrastructures	O
that	O
govern	O
our	O
daily	O
lives	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
others	O
are	O
likely	O
just	O
as	O
hard-coded	O
with	O
white	O
supremacy	O
and	O
misogyny	O
as	O
the	O
one	O
that	O
Noble	O
explores.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
PopMatters	O
,	O
Hans	O
Rollman	O
writes	O
that	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
"demonstrate[s]	O
that	O
search	O
engines	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
particular	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
are	O
not	O
simply	O
imperfect	O
machines	O
,	O
but	O
systems	O
designed	O
by	O
humans	O
in	O
ways	O
that	O
replicate	O
the	O
power	O
structures	O
of	O
the	O
western	O
countries	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
built	O
,	O
complete	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
sexism	O
and	O
racism	O
that	O
are	O
built	O
into	O
those	O
structures.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
February	O
2018	O
,	O
Algorithms	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
Oppression	I-Algorithm
received	O
press	O
attention	O
when	O
the	O
official	O
Twitter	B-Application
account	I-Application
for	O
the	O
Institute	O
of	O
Electrical	O
and	O
Electronics	O
Engineers	O
expressed	O
criticism	O
of	O
the	O
book	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
search	I-Application
suggested	O
in	O
its	O
blurb	O
did	O
not	O
match	O
Noble	O
's	O
predictions	O
.	O
</s>
