<s>
The	O
Transformational	B-Operating_System
Satellite	I-Operating_System
Communications	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
network	O
currently	O
provides	O
connectivity	O
for	O
all	O
communication	O
through	O
space	O
assets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JTRS	O
is	O
a	O
software-defined	B-Architecture
radio	I-Architecture
that	O
will	O
work	O
with	O
many	O
existing	O
military	O
and	O
civilian	O
radios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
integrated	O
encryption	O
and	O
Wideband	O
Networking	O
Software	O
to	O
create	O
mobile	B-Protocol
ad	I-Protocol
hoc	I-Protocol
networks	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AN	O
contributes	O
to	O
Network	O
Centric	O
Warfare	O
by	O
enabling	O
commanders	O
to	O
provide	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
information	I-General_Concept
to	O
warfighters	O
in	O
the	O
air	O
and	O
on	O
the	O
ground	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
four	O
main	O
network	B-Architecture
topologies	I-Architecture
that	O
will	O
be	O
deployed	O
and	O
vary	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
placement	O
of	O
backbone	O
and	O
subnet	O
class	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
flat	O
ad	O
hoc	O
topology	B-Architecture
refers	O
to	O
establishing	O
nonpersistent	O
network	O
connections	O
as	O
needed	O
among	O
AN	O
nodes	O
that	O
are	O
present	O
at	O
a	O
given	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
network	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
can	O
be	O
compared	O
to	O
any	O
conventional	O
deployed	O
network	O
that	O
utilizes	O
routers	O
,	O
switches	O
,	O
and	O
hubs	O
to	O
temporarily	O
connect	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
network	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
characterized	O
by	O
a	O
persistent	O
backbone	O
is	O
established	O
using	O
relatively	O
persistent	O
wideband	O
connections	O
among	O
high-value	O
platforms	O
flying	O
relatively	O
stable	O
orbits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
network	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
is	O
comparable	O
to	O
a	O
conventional	O
permanent	O
network	O
with	O
established	O
data	O
trunks	O
,	O
routers	O
,	O
switches	O
,	O
and	O
hubs	O
to	O
connect	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Routing	O
protocols	O
must	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
identify	O
nodes	O
transmitted	O
within	O
their	O
own	O
platform	O
and	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
to	O
other	O
platforms	O
regardless	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
topology	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gateways	O
and	O
proxies	O
enable	O
the	O
connection	O
numerous	O
technology	O
types	O
regardless	O
of	O
age	O
to	O
communicate	O
across	O
the	O
IP-based	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
only	O
temporary	O
until	O
all	O
platforms	O
use	O
a	O
standardized	O
IP	B-Protocol
radio	O
for	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compression	B-General_Concept
:	O
Data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
or	O
header	O
compression	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
minimize	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
bits	O
sent	O
over	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Caching	B-General_Concept
:	O
A	O
local	O
cache	B-General_Concept
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
save	O
and	O
provide	O
data	O
objects	O
that	O
are	O
requested	O
multiple	O
times	O
,	O
reducing	O
transmissions	O
over	O
the	O
network	O
(	O
and	O
improving	O
response	O
times	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Store	B-Protocol
and	I-Protocol
forward	I-Protocol
:	O
Message	O
queuing	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
ensure	O
message	O
delivery	O
to	O
users	O
who	O
become	O
disconnected	O
from	O
the	O
network	O
or	O
are	O
unable	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
network	O
for	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pipelining	B-Protocol
:	O
Rather	O
than	O
opening	O
several	O
separate	O
network	O
connections	O
pipelining	B-Protocol
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
share	O
a	O
single	O
network	O
connection	O
for	O
multiple	O
data	O
transfers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Protocol	O
streamlining	O
:	O
The	O
number	O
of	O
transmissions	O
to	O
set	O
up	O
and	O
take	O
down	O
connections	O
and	O
acknowledge	O
receipt	O
of	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
minimized	O
through	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
caching	B-General_Concept
,	O
spoofing	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
batching	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Embedded	O
acknowledgments	B-Protocol
:	O
Acknowledgements	B-Protocol
can	O
be	O
embedded	O
in	O
the	O
header	O
of	O
larger	O
information	O
carrying	O
packets	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
packets	O
traversing	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
will	O
be	O
employed	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
strike	O
package	O
or	O
combat	B-Application
air	I-Application
patrol	I-Application
(	O
CAP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pilots	O
will	O
be	O
provided	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
digital	O
voice	O
,	O
and	O
interactive	O
data	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airborne	O
fighter	O
platforms	O
will	O
participate	O
in	O
both	O
tethered	O
and	O
flat	O
ad	O
hoc	O
network	B-Architecture
topologies	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tethered	O
topology	B-Architecture
would	O
primarily	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
reachback	O
and	O
forwarding	O
between	O
the	O
airborne	O
fighter	O
platform	O
and	O
supporting	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
flat	O
ad	O
hoc	O
topology	B-Architecture
would	O
be	O
used	O
between	O
airborne	O
fighter	O
platforms	O
in	O
a	O
strike	O
package	O
or	O
CAP	O
for	O
the	O
more	O
frequent	O
information	O
exchanges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
services	O
provided	O
by	O
C4ISR	O
aircraft	O
include	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
voice	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
bulk	O
data	O
transfer	O
,	O
and	O
interactive	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
C4ISR	O
platforms	O
will	O
participate	O
in	O
both	O
tethered	O
and	O
tiered	O
ad	O
hoc	O
network	B-Architecture
topologies	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tethered	O
topology	B-Architecture
would	O
primarily	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
reachback	O
and	O
forwarding	O
between	O
the	O
C4ISR	O
platform	O
,	O
Ground	O
Theater	O
Air	O
Control	O
System	O
,	O
and	O
strike	O
package	O
or	O
CAP	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tiered	O
ad	O
hoc	O
topology	B-Architecture
would	O
be	O
used	O
between	O
the	O
C4ISR	O
platform	O
and	O
airborne	O
fighter	O
platforms	O
in	O
a	O
strike	O
package	O
or	O
CAP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
services	O
necessary	O
for	O
communication	O
relay	O
platforms	O
include	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
transfer	O
,	O
voice	O
,	O
video	O
,	O
bulk	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
interactive	O
data	O
transfer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airborne	O
communications	O
relay	O
platforms	O
will	O
participate	O
in	O
both	O
tethered	O
and	O
tiered	O
ad	O
hoc	O
network	B-Architecture
topologies	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tethered	O
topology	B-Architecture
would	O
primarily	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
reachback	O
and	O
forwarding	O
between	O
the	O
C4ISR	O
platform	O
,	O
Ground	O
Theater	O
Air	O
Control	O
System	O
,	O
and	O
strike	O
package	O
or	O
CAP	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tiered	O
ad	O
hoc	O
topology	B-Architecture
would	O
be	O
used	O
between	O
the	O
C4ISR	O
platform	O
and	O
airborne	O
fighter	O
platforms	O
in	O
a	O
strike	O
package	O
or	O
CAP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technique	O
runs	O
radio	O
frequencies	O
over	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optics	I-Architecture
and	O
is	O
currently	O
being	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
EA-6B	O
Prowler	O
electronic	O
warfare	O
jet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
methods	O
of	O
authentication	O
and	O
authorization	O
are	O
being	O
used	O
,	O
to	O
include	O
biometrics	O
,	O
cryptographic	O
tokens	O
,	O
and	O
integrated	O
Public	B-Architecture
Key	I-Architecture
Infrastructure	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Getting	O
COTS	O
to	O
install	O
in	O
applications	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
designed	O
for	O
continues	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
vast	O
engineering	O
challenge	O
as	O
military	O
researchers	O
work	O
to	O
integrate	O
civilian	O
L-3	O
radio	O
and	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
technology	O
into	O
reconnaissance	O
aircraft	O
designed	O
in	O
the	O
60s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
interim	O
solution	O
developed	O
by	O
Northrop	O
Grumman	O
is	O
the	O
Dialup	O
rate	O
IP	B-Protocol
over	O
existing	O
radios	O
(	O
DRIER	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
