<s>
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
is	O
a	O
concept	O
that	O
overlays	O
network	O
theory	O
and	O
principles	O
into	O
the	O
transportation	O
realm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
,	O
the	O
new	O
science	O
of	O
bringing	O
network	O
connectivity	O
to	O
aircraft	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
technology	O
that	O
has	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
integrate	O
and	O
support	O
a	O
myriad	O
of	O
activities	O
,	O
in	O
both	O
the	O
cockpit	O
and	O
cabin	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
sees	O
all	O
the	O
participating	O
aircraft	O
acting	O
as	O
air-to-air	O
relays	O
,	O
each	O
operating	O
in	O
a	O
peer-to-peer	O
relationship	O
with	O
other	O
aircraft	O
,	O
and	O
supporting	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
an	O
aircraft	O
is	O
not	O
consuming	O
bandwidth	O
for	O
its	O
own	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
for	O
the	O
cockpit	O
offers	O
many	O
possibilities	O
:	O
digital	O
air	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
communications	O
that	O
enables	O
the	O
pilot	O
to	O
have	O
better	O
access	O
to	O
digital	O
information	O
sources	O
,	O
air	O
transport	O
operations	O
and	O
administration	O
,	O
enhanced	O
weather	O
information	O
,	O
4-dimensional	O
trajectory	O
flight	O
plan	O
management	O
from	O
the	O
air	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
control	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
safety	O
and	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
also	O
provides	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Federal	O
Air	O
Marshals	O
,	O
airline	O
operations	O
,	O
and	O
flight	O
crew	O
for	O
security	O
information	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
for	O
the	O
cabin	O
offers	O
communications	O
for	O
passengers	O
,	O
in-flight	O
entertainment	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
non-critical	O
information	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
end-state	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
system	O
is	O
envisioned	O
as	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
ground	O
stations	O
,	O
specially	O
equipped	O
aircraft	O
,	O
satellites	O
and	O
unmanned	O
aircraft	O
systems	O
to	O
carry	O
two-way	O
broadband	O
communications	O
traffic	O
to	O
aircraft	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
passengers	O
,	O
operators	O
and	O
air	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
control	I-Application
centers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
change	O
how	O
aircraft	O
are	O
monitored	O
and	O
tracked	O
by	O
air	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
control	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
exchange	O
information	O
with	O
and	O
about	O
other	O
aircraft	O
(	O
peer-to-peer	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fundamental	O
premise	O
of	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
is	O
that	O
network	O
capability	O
to	O
aircraft	O
will	O
improve	O
the	O
way	O
operators	O
of	O
aircraft	O
and	O
the	O
National	O
Air	O
Space	O
will	O
handle	O
information	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
non-air	O
traffic	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
suggestions	O
of	O
what	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
as	O
“	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
,	O
”	O
took	O
place	O
in	O
July	O
1999	O
at	O
a	O
NASA	O
Small	O
Aircraft	O
Transportation	O
System	O
(	O
SATS	O
)	O
Planning	O
Conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
“	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
”	O
was	O
actually	O
coined	O
by	O
NASA	O
’s	O
Dr.	O
Bruce	O
Holmes	O
,	O
then	O
the	O
Program	O
Manager	O
for	O
SATS	O
,	O
who	O
conveyed	O
it	O
to	O
Yost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
it	O
was	O
ultimately	O
used	O
by	O
SATS	O
in	O
their	O
multi-aircraft	O
,	O
high	O
volume	O
operations	O
flight	O
demonstration	O
at	O
Danville	O
VA	O
,	O
NASA	O
chose	O
not	O
to	O
invest	O
further	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
NASA	O
declined	O
to	O
pursue	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
further	O
,	O
and	O
based	O
on	O
his	O
originally	O
proposed	O
concept	O
,	O
Yost	O
then	O
cultivated	O
his	O
original	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
idea	O
and	O
subsequently	O
started	O
the	O
Federal	O
Aviation	O
Administration	O
’s	O
own	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
research	O
project	O
at	O
the	O
FAA	O
William	O
J	O
Hughes	O
Technical	O
Center	O
in	O
Atlantic	O
City	O
N.J.	O
(	O
The	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
capability	O
that	O
supported	O
SATS	O
was	O
subsequently	O
the	O
winner	O
of	O
NASA	O
's	O
"	O
Turning	O
Goals	O
Into	O
Reality	O
"	O
Mobility	O
Award	O
for	O
revolutionizing	O
aviation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yost	O
then	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
form	O
the	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
Collaboration	O
Group	O
(	O
AICG	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
matured	O
into	O
the	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
Consortium	O
(	O
AIC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
called	O
“	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
,	O
”	O
the	O
“	O
Internet	O
”	O
moniker	O
was	O
not	O
received	O
well	O
internally	O
by	O
FAA	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
mentions	O
and	O
publications	O
about	O
“	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
”	O
or	O
“	O
Airborne	O
Networking	O
”	O
most	O
likely	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
research	O
program	O
initiated	O
and	O
conducted	O
by	O
Yost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yost	O
worked	O
with	O
two	O
early	O
developers	O
of	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
capabilities	O
,	O
each	O
with	O
completely	O
different	O
approaches	O
and	O
different	O
operational	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
system	O
in	O
the	O
FAA	O
’s	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
R&D	O
program	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Project	O
Management	O
Enterprises	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
PMEI	O
)	O
,	O
of	O
Bethesda	O
,	O
Md.	O
,	O
headed	O
by	O
Prasad	O
Nair	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
PMEI	O
low	O
bandwidth	O
approach	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
system	O
in	O
the	O
FAA	O
’s	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
R&D	O
program	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
AeroSat	O
(	O
now	O
Astronics	O
Aerosat	O
)	O
of	O
Manchester	O
,	O
New	O
Hampshire	O
,	O
and	O
provided	O
very	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
project	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
conduct	O
flight	O
tests	O
in	O
the	O
FAA	O
Technical	O
Center	O
’s	O
Bombardier	O
Global	O
5000	O
Business	O
Jet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
“	O
flying	O
laboratory	O
”	O
was	O
equipped	O
with	O
multiple	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
technology	O
offered	O
potential	O
solid	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
FAA	O
’s	O
NexGen	O
air	B-Application
traffic	I-Application
management	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
required	O
implementation	O
of	O
4-dimensional	O
trajectory	O
flight	O
planning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
technology	O
has	O
strong	O
potential	O
to	O
enhance	O
future	O
oceanic	O
communications	O
,	O
resolving	O
communications	O
and	O
location	O
problems	O
currently	O
faced	O
in	O
the	O
oceanic	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Next	O
,	O
the	O
FAA	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
program	O
conducted	O
flight	O
testing	O
of	O
its	O
early	O
Airborne	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
systems	O
by	O
testing	O
both	O
system	O
capabilities	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
