<s>
Advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
in	O
which	O
each	O
human	O
player	O
uses	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
chess	I-Application
program	O
to	O
explore	O
the	O
possible	O
results	O
of	O
candidate	O
moves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
called	O
cyborg	O
chess	B-Application
or	O
centaur	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
,	O
advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
was	O
introduced	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
by	O
grandmaster	O
Garry	O
Kasparov	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
bringing	O
together	O
human	O
and	O
computer	O
skills	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
following	O
results	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
increasing	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
play	O
to	O
heights	O
never	O
before	O
seen	O
in	O
chess	B-Application
;	O
</s>
<s>
offering	O
the	O
public	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
the	O
mental	O
processes	O
of	O
strong	O
human	O
chess	B-Application
players	O
and	O
powerful	O
chess	B-Application
computers	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
their	O
forces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variant	O
or	O
superset	O
of	O
advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
is	O
freestyle	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
,	O
in	O
which	O
teams	O
are	O
also	O
allowed	O
and	O
,	O
within	O
the	O
established	O
time	O
limits	O
,	O
every	O
possible	O
form	O
of	O
consultation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Freestyle	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Ingo	O
Althoefer	O
and	O
Timo	O
Klaustermeyer	O
with	O
a	O
Blitz	O
tournament	O
in	O
August	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
was	O
already	O
common	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
:	O
"	O
An	O
interesting	O
possibility	O
which	O
arises	O
from	O
the	O
'	O
brute	O
force	O
 '	O
capabilities	O
of	O
contemporary	O
chess	B-Application
programs	I-Application
is	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
brand	O
of	O
'	O
consultation	O
chess	B-Application
 '	O
where	O
the	O
partnership	O
is	O
between	O
man	O
and	O
machine.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
computer-assisted	O
chess	B-Application
tournaments	O
originated	O
in	O
science	O
fiction	O
,	O
notably	O
in	O
The	O
Peace	O
War	O
written	O
by	O
Vernor	O
Vinge	O
in	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
world	O
champion	O
grandmaster	O
Garry	O
Kasparov	O
,	O
who	O
retired	O
from	O
competitive	O
chess	B-Application
in	O
2005	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
long	O
history	O
in	O
playing	O
"	O
Man	O
vs.	O
Machine	O
"	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
are	O
his	O
matches	O
against	O
IBM	O
's	O
computer	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
Kasparov	O
defeated	O
in	O
February	O
1996	O
,	O
scoring	O
4	O
–	O
2	O
in	O
a	O
6-game	O
match	O
,	O
and	O
lost	O
to	O
,	O
–	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
May	O
1997	O
rematch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
1997	O
match	O
was	O
famous	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
in	O
which	O
a	O
world	O
champion	O
had	O
been	O
defeated	O
by	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
this	O
spectacular	O
match	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
matches	O
against	O
computers	O
,	O
Garry	O
Kasparov	O
had	O
the	O
idea	O
to	O
invent	O
a	O
new	O
form	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
in	O
which	O
humans	O
and	O
computers	O
co-operate	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
contending	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kasparov	O
named	O
this	O
form	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
"	O
advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
event	O
was	O
held	O
in	O
June	O
1998	O
in	O
León	O
,	O
Spain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
played	O
between	O
Garry	O
Kasparov	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
using	O
Fritz	B-Application
5	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Veselin	O
Topalov	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
using	O
ChessBase	O
7.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
analytical	O
engines	O
used	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Fritz	B-Application
,	O
HIARCS	B-Application
and	O
Junior	B-Application
,	O
were	O
integrated	O
into	O
these	O
two	O
programs	O
,	O
and	O
could	O
have	O
been	O
called	O
at	O
a	O
click	O
of	O
the	O
mouse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
years	O
advanced-chess	O
events	O
were	O
held	O
in	O
León	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
players	O
sit	O
in	O
a	O
typical	O
chess-playing	O
room	O
,	O
equipped	O
with	O
fast	O
computers	O
of	O
equal	O
hardware	O
strength	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
traditional	O
face-to-face	O
chess	B-Application
,	O
the	O
players	O
usually	O
face	O
their	O
respective	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
player	O
is	O
typically	O
allotted	O
one	O
hour	O
of	O
thinking	O
time	O
(	O
as	O
was	O
the	O
time	O
control	O
used	O
in	O
all	O
advanced-chess	O
events	O
in	O
León	O
)	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
particular	O
tournament	O
regulations	O
may	O
vary	O
regarding	O
this	O
matter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
whole	O
game	O
,	O
the	O
players	O
 '	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
are	O
projected	O
onto	O
large	O
screens	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
the	O
viewing	O
audience	O
to	O
watch	O
how	O
the	O
strongest	O
players	O
decide	O
about	O
their	O
moves	O
and	O
make	O
their	O
plans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
advanced-chess	O
play	O
is	O
at	O
the	O
highest	O
Elo	O
rating	O
level	O
when	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
top	O
grandmasters	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anyone	O
can	O
play	O
advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
,	O
sometimes	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
success	O
as	O
the	O
strongest	O
grandmasters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
debated	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
peculiarities	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
team	O
,	O
whether	O
the	O
human	O
should	O
be	O
considered	O
the	O
advanced-chess	O
player	O
,	O
or	O
rather	O
the	O
team	O
itself	O
should	O
be	O
considered	O
the	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
prevailing	O
view	O
that	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
human	O
subordinates	O
the	O
computer	O
in	O
a	O
meaningful	O
intent	O
to	O
win	O
a	O
chess	B-Application
game	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
human	O
is	O
the	O
one	O
who	O
makes	O
the	O
final	O
decision	O
about	O
the	O
move	O
to	O
be	O
played	O
,	O
the	O
human	O
should	O
be	O
considered	O
the	O
advanced-chess	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
have	O
also	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
computer-assisted	O
player	O
"	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
an	O
advanced-chess	O
player	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
key	O
element	O
is	O
cooperation	O
,	O
not	O
assistance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
wake	O
of	O
León	O
,	O
the	O
ubiquity	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
a	O
high	O
number	O
of	O
commercial	O
and	O
free	O
Internet	B-Application
chess	I-Application
servers	I-Application
has	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
for	O
anyone	O
to	O
play	O
advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
was	O
CCO	O
(	O
Computer	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Organization	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
organized	O
advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
events	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
which	O
took	O
place	O
on	O
Free	O
Internet	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
FICS	O
)	O
or	O
on	O
the	O
correspondence	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
chess	B-Application
events	O
usually	O
used	O
unrated	O
games	O
,	O
but	O
CCO	O
did	O
propose	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
of	O
a	O
third	O
category	O
of	O
players	O
:	O
the	O
"	O
advanced-chess	O
player	O
"	O
,	O
called	O
(	O
C	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
advanced-chess	O
rating	O
category	O
,	O
since	O
most	O
chess	B-Application
servers	I-Application
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
already	O
had	O
suitable	O
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
the	O
famous	O
freestyle	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
tournaments	O
were	O
born	O
with	O
the	O
participation	O
not	O
only	O
of	O
the	O
great	O
GMs	O
but	O
also	O
of	O
any	O
other	O
player	O
who	O
wanted	O
to	O
register	O
for	O
the	O
tournament	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
the	O
surprise	O
of	O
many	O
who	O
were	O
certain	O
that	O
the	O
GMs	O
would	O
prove	O
superior	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
an	O
amateur	O
player	O
–	O
expert	O
in	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
software	I-Application
–	O
who	O
won	O
the	O
challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
then	O
evolved	O
into	O
freestyle	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
with	O
rules	O
very	O
different	O
from	O
those	O
of	O
León	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
category	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
players	O
was	O
created	O
:	O
the	O
"	O
freestyle	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
player	O
"	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
centaur	O
(	O
a	O
mythological	O
term	O
chosen	O
to	O
imply	O
joint	O
work	O
by	O
human	O
and	O
computer	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
new	O
type	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
,	O
the	O
integration	O
between	O
man	O
and	O
machine	O
has	O
become	O
fundamental	O
and	O
constant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
when	O
the	O
combination	O
reaches	O
the	O
right	O
balance	O
and	O
a	O
profound	O
synergy	O
is	O
created	O
between	O
the	O
human	O
and	O
the	O
electronic	O
component	O
,	O
the	O
centaur	O
becomes	O
an	O
unsurpassed	O
player	O
,	O
stronger	O
than	O
the	O
strongest	O
chess	B-Application
players	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
and	O
manages	O
to	O
produce	O
games	O
that	O
are	O
close	O
to	O
perfection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Precisely	O
for	O
this	O
reason	O
the	O
freestyle	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
sets	O
for	O
centaurs	O
have	O
recently	O
been	O
defined	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Formula	O
1	O
"	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
freestyle	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
meetings	O
no	O
longer	O
take	O
place	O
in	O
dedicated	O
rooms	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
at	O
home	O
,	O
live	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
an	O
internet-connected	O
computer	O
via	O
a	O
web	O
server	O
like	O
Playchess	O
or	O
Infinity	O
Chess	B-Application
,	O
and	O
chess	B-Application
players	O
at	O
every	O
level	O
and	O
from	O
all	O
over	O
the	O
world	O
can	O
participate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
advanced	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
tournaments	O
online	O
,	O
called	O
centaur	O
freestyle	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
tournaments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
important	O
were	O
the	O
aforementioned	O
PAL/CSS	O
Freestyle	O
Tournament	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
very	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
play	O
and	O
the	O
winners	O
,	O
in	O
chronological	O
order	O
,	O
were	O
:	O
Zacks	O
(	O
Steven	O
Cramton	O
and	O
Stephen	O
Zackery	O
,	O
USA	O
)	O
,	O
Zorchamp	O
(	O
Hydra	B-Architecture
,	O
UAE	O
)	O
,	O
Rajlich	O
(	O
Vasik	O
Rajlich	O
,	O
Hungary	O
)	O
,	O
Xakru	O
(	O
Jiri	O
Dufek	O
,	O
Czechia	O
)	O
,	O
Flying	O
Saucers	O
(	O
Dagh	O
Nielsen	O
,	O
Denmark	O
)	O
,	O
Rajlich	O
(	O
Vasik	O
Rajlich	O
,	O
Hungary	O
)	O
,	O
Ibermax	O
(	O
Anson	O
Williams	O
,	O
England	O
)	O
and	O
Ultima	O
(	O
Eros	O
Riccio	O
,	O
Italy	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
tournaments	O
have	O
been	O
organized	O
by	O
FICGS	O
,	O
ChessBase	O
,	O
ICC	O
and	O
especially	O
Infinity	O
Chess	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
FICGS	O
organized	O
the	O
Chess	B-Application
Freestyle	O
Cup	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
won	O
by	O
Eros	O
Riccio	O
(	O
1st	O
and	O
3rd	O
editions	O
)	O
,	O
David	O
Evans	O
(	O
2nd	O
edition	O
)	O
and	O
Alvin	O
Alcala	O
(	O
4th	O
and	O
5th	O
edition	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChessBase	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
2008	O
Dresden	O
Chess	B-Application
Olympics	O
,	O
organized	O
the	O
Computer	O
Bild	O
Spiele	O
Schach	O
Turnier	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
won	O
by	O
the	O
Italian	O
Eros	O
Riccio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	O
Chess	B-Application
Club	O
also	O
held	O
their	O
own	O
freestyle	O
tour	O
dubbed	O
as	O
1st	O
Ultimate	O
Chess	B-Application
Championship	O
2015	O
,	O
won	O
by	O
Alvin	O
Alcala	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Infinity	O
Chess	B-Application
,	O
the	O
server	O
directed	O
by	O
the	O
CCGM	O
Arno	O
Nickel	O
,	O
has	O
organized	O
multiple	O
tournaments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
important	O
were	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
Welcome	O
Freestyle	O
Tournament	O
,	O
Christmas	O
Freestyle	O
Tournament	O
,	O
IC	O
Freestyle	O
Masters	O
,	O
Infinity	O
Freestyle	O
Tournament	O
,	O
Infinity	O
Chess	B-Application
Freestyle	O
Battle	O
2014	O
,	O
8-legs	O
of	O
Centaur	O
Weekend	O
Tours	O
,	O
IC	O
Team	O
Cup	O
and	O
Ultimate	O
Challenge.Eros	O
Riccio	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
successful	O
Infinity	O
Chess	B-Application
freestyle	O
player	O
,	O
winning	O
the	O
tours	O
up	O
to	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Infinity	O
chess	B-Application
has	O
developed	O
two	O
special	O
Elo	O
rankings	O
for	O
the	O
centaurs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
results	O
achieved	O
in	O
advanced-chess	O
tournaments	O
from	O
2005	O
to	O
2013	O
,	O
lists	O
Sephiroth	O
(	O
Eros	O
Riccio	O
)	O
in	O
first	O
place	O
with	O
2755	O
points	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Centaur	B-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
is	O
sometimes	O
invoked	O
to	O
argue	O
that	O
humans	O
will	O
continue	O
to	O
remain	O
relevant	O
as	O
AI	O
progresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Work	O
invoked	O
in	O
2016	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
"	O
centaur	O
warfighting	O
"	O
,	O
extending	O
the	O
centaur	O
concept	O
beyond	O
the	O
chess	B-Application
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tyler	O
Cowen	O
and	O
others	O
assessed	O
in	O
2013	O
that	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
chess	B-Application
engine	I-Application
advances	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
getting	O
difficult	O
to	O
see	O
any	O
major	O
advantage	O
to	O
centaurs	O
over	O
computers	O
by	O
themselves	O
in	O
chess	B-Application
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
seemed	O
unlikely	O
that	O
centaurs	O
would	O
retain	O
a	O
significant	O
advantage	O
for	O
much	O
longer	O
.	O
</s>
