<s>
Adobe	B-Device
FrameMaker	I-Device
is	O
a	O
document	B-Application
processor	I-Application
designed	O
for	O
writing	O
and	O
editing	O
large	O
or	O
complex	O
documents	O
,	O
including	O
structured	O
documents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
Frame	B-Device
Technology	I-Device
Corporation	I-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
bought	O
by	O
Adobe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameMaker	B-Device
became	O
an	O
Adobe	O
product	O
in	O
October	O
1995	O
when	O
Adobe	O
purchased	O
Frame	B-Device
Technology	I-Device
Corp	I-Device
.	I-Device
Adobe	O
added	O
SGML	B-Language
support	O
,	O
which	O
eventually	O
morphed	O
into	O
today	O
's	O
XML	B-Protocol
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2004	O
,	O
Adobe	O
stopped	O
supporting	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
for	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
reinvigorated	O
rumors	O
surfacing	O
in	O
2001	O
that	O
product	O
development	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
were	O
being	O
wound	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adobe	O
denied	O
these	O
rumors	O
in	O
2001	O
,	O
later	O
releasing	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
8	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
July	O
2007	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
9	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
10	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
11	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
12	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
(	O
2015	O
release	O
-	O
confusingly	O
,	O
internal	O
version	O
13.0	O
)	O
in	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
2017	O
(	O
internal	O
version	O
14.0	O
)	O
in	O
January	O
2017	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
2019	O
(	O
internal	O
version	O
15.0	O
)	O
in	O
August	O
2018	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
2020	O
(	O
internal	O
version	O
16.0	O
)	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
and	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
2022	O
(	O
internal	O
version	O
17.0	O
)	O
in	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameMaker	B-Device
has	O
two	O
ways	O
of	O
approaching	O
documents	O
:	O
structured	O
and	O
unstructured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Structured	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
is	O
used	O
to	O
achieve	O
consistency	O
in	O
documentation	O
within	O
industries	O
such	O
as	O
aerospace	O
,	O
where	O
several	O
models	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
complex	O
product	O
exist	O
,	O
or	O
pharmaceuticals	O
,	O
where	O
translation	O
and	O
standardization	O
are	O
important	O
requirements	O
in	O
communications	O
about	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Structured	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
uses	O
SGML	B-Language
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
concepts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
author	O
works	O
with	O
an	O
EDD	O
(	O
Element	B-Device
Definition	I-Device
Document	I-Device
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
FrameMaker-specific	O
DTD	O
(	O
Document	B-Language
Type	I-Language
Definition	I-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attributes	O
or	O
Metadata	O
can	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
these	O
elements	O
and	O
used	O
for	O
single	B-Application
source	I-Application
publishing	I-Application
or	O
for	O
filtering	O
elements	O
during	O
the	O
output	O
processes	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
publishing	O
for	O
print	O
or	O
for	O
Web-based	O
display	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unstructured	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
uses	O
tagged	O
paragraphs	O
without	O
any	O
imposed	O
logical	O
structure	O
,	O
except	O
that	O
expressed	O
by	O
the	O
author	O
’s	O
concept	O
,	O
topic	O
organization	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
formatting	O
supplied	O
by	O
paragraph	O
and	O
character	O
tags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
user	O
opens	O
a	O
structured	O
file	O
in	O
unstructured	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
,	O
the	O
structure	O
is	O
lost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MIF	O
(	O
Maker	O
Interchange	O
Format	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
markup	O
language	O
that	O
functions	O
as	O
a	O
companion	O
to	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
was	O
to	O
represent	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
documents	O
in	O
a	O
relatively	O
simple	O
ASCII-based	O
format	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
produced	O
or	O
understood	O
by	O
other	O
software	O
systems	O
and	O
also	O
by	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
was	O
to	O
ensure	O
any	O
version	O
of	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
could	O
read	O
a	O
document	O
produced	O
by	O
any	O
other	O
version	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
to	O
the	O
extent	O
it	O
had	O
the	O
same	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
every	O
version	O
of	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
could	O
read	O
the	O
last	O
couple	O
of	O
version	O
's	O
documents	O
,	O
reading	O
them	O
all	O
took	O
too	O
much	O
software	O
effort	O
and	O
testing	O
,	O
so	O
reading	O
MIF	O
was	O
sufficient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third	O
was	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
would	O
never	O
lose	O
a	O
writer	O
's	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
crashed	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
first	O
write	O
out	O
the	O
current	O
document	O
in	O
MIF	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
document	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
interactively	O
in	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
can	O
also	O
be	O
represented	O
,	O
exactly	O
and	O
completely	O
,	O
in	O
MIF	O
(	O
the	O
reverse	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
is	O
not	O
true	O
:	O
a	O
few	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
features	O
are	O
available	O
only	O
through	O
MIF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
versions	O
of	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
can	O
export	O
documents	O
in	O
MIF	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
read	O
MIF	O
documents	O
,	O
including	O
documents	O
created	O
by	O
an	O
earlier	O
version	O
or	O
by	O
another	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
working	O
on	O
his	O
master	O
's	O
degree	O
in	O
astrophysics	O
at	O
Columbia	O
University	O
,	O
Charles	O
"	O
Nick	O
"	O
Corfield	O
,	O
a	O
mathematician	O
alumnus	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
decided	O
to	O
write	O
a	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
document	B-Application
editor	I-Application
on	O
a	O
Sun-2	B-Device
workstation	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
substantial	O
DTP	O
product	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
's	O
conception	O
was	O
Interleaf	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
ran	O
on	O
Sun	O
workstations	B-Device
in	O
1981	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
,	O
Corfield	O
had	O
completed	O
a	O
functional	O
prototype	O
of	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prototype	O
caught	O
the	O
eyes	O
of	O
salesmen	O
at	O
the	O
fledgling	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
which	O
lacked	O
commercial	O
applications	O
to	O
showcase	O
the	O
graphics	O
capabilities	O
of	O
their	O
workstations	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
got	O
permission	O
from	O
Corfield	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
prototype	O
as	O
demoware	O
for	O
their	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
hence	O
,	O
the	O
primitive	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
received	O
plenty	O
of	O
exposure	O
in	O
the	O
Unix	B-Device
workstation	I-Device
arena	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meiry	O
had	O
little	O
means	O
to	O
fight	O
a	O
lengthy	O
and	O
expensive	O
lawsuit	O
with	O
Corfield	O
and	O
his	O
new	O
business	O
partners	O
,	O
and	O
he	O
chose	O
to	O
relinquish	O
his	O
rights	O
to	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
and	O
move	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
written	O
for	O
SunOS	B-Operating_System
(	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
UNIX	B-Application
)	O
on	O
Sun	O
machines	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
was	O
a	O
popular	O
technical	O
writing	O
tool	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
profitable	O
early	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
flourishing	O
desktop	O
publishing	O
market	O
on	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Macintosh	I-Device
,	O
the	O
software	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
Mac	B-Device
as	O
its	O
second	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
a	O
wave	O
of	O
UNIX	B-Device
workstation	I-Device
vendors	O
—	O
Apollo	O
,	O
Data	O
General	O
,	O
MIPS	O
,	O
Motorola	O
and	O
Sony	O
—	O
provided	O
funding	O
to	O
Frame	O
Technology	O
for	O
an	O
OEM	O
version	O
for	O
their	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
height	O
of	O
its	O
success	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
ran	O
on	O
more	O
than	O
thirteen	O
UNIX	B-Application
platforms	O
,	O
including	O
NeXT	O
Computer	O
's	O
NeXTSTEP	B-Application
,	O
Dell	O
's	O
System	O
V	O
Release	O
4	O
UNIX	B-Application
and	O
IBM	O
's	O
AIX	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
and	O
AT&T	O
were	O
promoting	O
the	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
GUI	B-Application
standard	O
to	O
win	O
over	O
Motif	O
,	O
so	O
Sun	O
contracted	O
Frame	O
Technology	O
to	O
implement	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
on	O
their	O
PostScript-based	O
NeWS	O
windowing	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NeWS	O
version	O
of	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
was	O
successfully	O
released	O
to	O
those	O
customers	O
adopting	O
the	O
OPEN	B-Operating_System
LOOK	I-Operating_System
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
was	O
considered	O
an	O
extraordinary	O
product	O
for	O
its	O
day	O
,	O
not	O
only	O
enabling	O
authors	O
to	O
produce	O
highly	O
structured	O
documents	O
with	O
relative	O
ease	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
giving	O
users	O
a	O
great	O
deal	O
of	O
typographical	O
control	O
in	O
a	O
reasonably	O
intuitive	O
and	O
totally	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frame	O
Technology	O
later	O
ported	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
but	O
the	O
company	O
lost	O
direction	O
soon	O
after	O
its	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
this	O
point	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
had	O
been	O
targeting	O
a	O
professional	O
market	O
for	O
highly	O
technical	O
publications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
maintenance	O
manuals	O
for	O
the	O
Boeing	O
777	O
project	O
,	O
and	O
licensed	O
each	O
copy	O
for	O
$	O
2,500	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
despite	O
some	O
initially	O
enthusiastic	O
users	O
,	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
never	O
really	O
took	O
off	O
in	O
the	O
academic	O
market	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
unwillingness	O
to	O
incorporate	O
various	O
functions	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
support	O
for	O
endnotes	O
or	O
long	O
footnotes	O
split	O
across	O
pages	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
equation	O
editor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
they	O
released	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
Adobe	B-Device
FrameMaker	I-Device
5.1	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Today	O
,	O
Adobe	B-Device
FrameMaker	I-Device
is	O
still	O
a	O
widely	O
used	O
publication	O
tool	O
for	O
technical	O
writers	O
,	O
although	O
no	O
version	O
has	O
been	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
operating	O
system	O
,	O
limiting	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
decision	O
to	O
cancel	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
caused	O
considerable	O
friction	O
between	O
Adobe	O
and	O
Mac	B-Device
users	O
,	O
including	O
Apple	O
itself	O
,	O
which	O
relied	O
on	O
it	O
for	O
creating	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
late	O
as	O
2008	O
,	O
Apple	O
manuals	O
for	O
OS	B-Application
X	I-Application
Leopard	I-Application
and	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
were	O
still	O
being	O
developed	O
on	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
7	O
in	O
Classic	O
mode	O
;	O
Apple	O
has	O
since	O
switched	O
to	O
using	O
InDesign	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameMaker	B-Device
versions	O
5.x	O
through	O
7.2	O
(	O
from	O
mid-1995	O
to	O
2005	O
)	O
did	O
not	O
contain	O
updates	O
to	O
major	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
(	O
including	O
its	O
general	O
user	O
interface	O
,	O
table	O
editing	O
,	O
and	O
illustration	O
editing	O
)	O
,	O
concentrating	O
instead	O
on	O
bug	O
fixes	O
and	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
XML-oriented	O
features	O
(	O
previously	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
FrameMaker+SGML	O
premium	O
product	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameMaker	B-Device
did	O
not	O
feature	O
multiple	O
undo	O
until	O
version	O
7.2	O
(	O
its	O
2005	O
release	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameMaker	B-Device
8	O
(	O
2007	O
)	O
introduced	O
Unicode	O
,	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
,	O
3D	O
,	O
and	O
built-in	O
DITA	B-Language
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Platform	O
support	O
included	O
Windows	O
(	O
2000	O
,	O
XP	O
,	O
and	O
Vista	B-Application
)	O
and	O
Sun	B-Application
Solaris	I-Application
(	O
8	O
,	O
9	O
,	O
and	O
10	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameMaker	B-Device
9	O
(	O
2009	O
)	O
introduced	O
a	O
redesigned	O
user	O
interface	O
and	O
several	O
enhancements	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
full	O
support	O
for	O
DITA	B-Language
,	O
support	O
for	O
more	O
media	O
types	O
,	O
better	O
PDF	O
output	O
,	O
and	O
enhanced	O
WebDAV-based	O
CMS	B-Protocol
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Platform	O
support	O
for	O
Sun	B-Application
Solaris	I-Application
and	O
Windows	O
2000	O
was	O
dropped	O
,	O
leaving	O
Windows	O
XP	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
as	O
the	O
sole	O
remaining	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameMaker	B-Device
10	O
(	O
2011	O
)	O
again	O
refined	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
and	O
introduced	O
several	O
changes	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
integration	O
with	O
content	B-Protocol
management	I-Protocol
systems	I-Protocol
via	O
EMC	O
Documentum	O
6.5	O
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
1	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
SharePoint	O
Server	O
2007	O
with	O
Service	O
Pack	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FrameMaker	B-Device
Publishing	O
Server	O
is	O
an	O
online	O
document	B-Application
processor	I-Application
server	O
for	O
automated	O
creation	O
of	O
multi-use	O
content	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
several	O
major	O
competitors	O
in	O
the	O
technical	O
publishing	O
market	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Arbortext	O
,	O
Interleaf	O
,	O
and	O
Corel	B-Application
Ventura	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
academic	O
users	O
now	O
use	O
LaTeX	B-Application
,	O
because	O
modern	O
editors	O
have	O
made	O
that	O
system	O
increasingly	O
user-friendly	O
,	O
and	O
LyX	B-Language
allows	O
LaTeX	B-Application
to	O
be	O
generated	O
with	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
knowledge	O
of	O
LaTeX	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
formats	O
,	O
including	O
DocBook	B-Protocol
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
target	O
authors	O
of	O
technical	O
documents	O
about	O
computer	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lastly	O
,	O
alternatives	O
to	O
FrameMaker	B-Device
for	O
technical	O
writing	O
include	O
Help	B-Protocol
authoring	I-Protocol
tools	I-Protocol
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
editors	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
Scribus	B-Application
is	O
an	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
desktop	O
publishing	O
alternative	O
.	O
</s>
