<s>
Note	O
:	O
is	O
also	O
equal	O
to	O
the	O
estimated	O
standard	B-General_Concept
deviation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
confidence	O
interval	O
for	O
does	O
not	O
include	O
zero	O
,	O
we	O
can	O
reject	O
the	O
null	B-General_Concept
hypothesis	I-General_Concept
for	O
Hardy	O
Weinberg	O
Equilibrium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
using	O
the	O
z-statistic	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
transform	O
the	O
statistic	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
such	O
that	O
asymptotically	B-Language
,	O
it	O
has	O
a	O
standard	O
normal	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
do	O
this	O
,	O
divide	O
by	O
its	O
standard	B-General_Concept
deviation	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
gives	O
the	O
simplified	O
equation	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
determine	O
if	O
z	O
is	O
significantly	O
larger	O
or	O
smaller	O
than	O
expected	O
under	O
Hardy	O
Weinberg	O
Equilibrium	O
,	O
find	O
"	O
the	O
probability	O
of	O
observing	O
"	O
a	O
value	O
as	O
or	O
more	O
extreme	O
as	O
the	O
observed	O
z	O
"	O
under	O
the	O
null	B-General_Concept
hypothesis	I-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
probability	O
values	O
calculated	O
from	O
these	O
equations	O
can	O
be	O
analyzed	O
by	O
comparison	O
to	O
a	O
pre-specified	O
value	O
of	O
α	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
observed	O
probability	O
p≤α	O
,	O
we	O
can	O
"	O
reject	O
the	O
null	B-General_Concept
hypothesis	I-General_Concept
of	O
Hardy	O
Weinberg	O
Equilibrium	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
p>α	O
,	O
we	O
fail	O
to	O
reject	O
the	O
null	B-General_Concept
hypothesis	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commonly	O
used	O
values	O
of	O
α	B-General_Concept
are	O
0.05	O
,	O
0.01	O
,	O
and	O
0.001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
a	O
significance	O
of	O
α	B-General_Concept
=	O
0.05	O
,	O
we	O
can	O
reject	O
the	O
hypothesis	O
of	O
Hardy	O
Weinberg	O
Equilibrium	O
if	O
the	O
absolute	O
value	O
of	O
z	O
is	O
"	O
greater	O
than	O
or	O
equal	O
to	O
the	O
critical	O
value	O
1.96	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
two-sided	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
