<s>
Active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
addressing	B-General_Concept
scheme	I-General_Concept
used	O
in	O
flat	B-General_Concept
panel	I-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
method	O
of	O
switching	O
individual	O
elements	O
(	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
is	O
attached	O
to	O
a	O
transistor	B-Application
and	O
capacitor	O
actively	O
maintaining	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
state	O
while	O
other	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
being	O
addressed	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
with	O
the	O
older	O
passive	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
technology	O
in	O
which	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
must	O
maintain	O
its	O
state	O
passively	O
,	O
without	O
being	O
driven	O
by	O
circuitry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
technology	O
was	O
invented	O
by	O
Bernard	O
J	O
.	O
Lechner	O
at	O
RCA	O
,	O
using	O
MOSFETs	B-Architecture
(	O
metal	B-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
oxide	I-Architecture
–	I-Architecture
semiconductor	I-Architecture
field-effect	I-Architecture
transistors	I-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
technology	O
was	O
first	O
demonstrated	O
as	O
a	O
feasible	O
device	O
using	O
thin-film	O
transistors	B-Application
(	O
TFTs	O
)	O
by	O
T	O
.	O
Peter	O
Brody	O
,	O
Fang	O
Chen	O
Luo	O
and	O
their	O
team	O
at	O
the	O
Thin-Film	O
Devices	O
department	O
of	O
Westinghouse	O
Electric	O
Corporation	O
in	O
1974	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
term	O
was	O
introduced	O
into	O
the	O
literature	O
in	O
1975	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
an	O
m×n	O
matrix	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
connectors	O
needed	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
display	O
is	O
m+n	O
(	O
just	O
like	O
in	O
passive	B-Device
matrix	I-Device
technology	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
is	O
attached	O
to	O
a	O
switch-device	O
,	O
which	O
actively	O
maintains	O
the	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
state	O
while	O
other	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
being	O
addressed	O
,	O
also	O
preventing	O
crosstalk	O
from	O
inadvertently	O
changing	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
an	O
unaddressed	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Portable	I-Device
(	O
1989	O
)	O
was	O
perhaps	O
the	O
first	O
consumer	O
laptop	O
to	O
employ	O
an	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
decline	O
of	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tubes	I-Device
as	O
a	O
consumer	O
display	O
technology	O
,	O
virtually	O
all	O
TVs	O
,	O
computer	O
monitors	O
and	O
smartphone	O
screens	O
that	O
use	O
LCD	B-Device
or	O
OLED	B-Device
technology	O
employ	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
technology	O
.	O
</s>
