<s>
An	O
action	B-Application
game	I-Application
is	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
genre	O
that	O
emphasizes	O
physical	O
challenges	O
,	O
including	O
hand	O
–	O
eye	O
coordination	O
and	O
reaction	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
genre	O
includes	O
a	O
large	O
variety	O
of	O
sub-genres	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
fighting	O
games	O
,	O
beat	B-Application
'	I-Application
em	I-Application
ups	I-Application
,	O
shooter	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
platform	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiplayer	O
online	O
battle	O
arena	O
and	O
some	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
strategy	B-Application
games	I-Application
are	O
also	O
considered	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
action	B-Application
game	I-Application
,	O
the	O
player	O
typically	O
controls	O
a	O
character	O
often	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
protagonist	O
or	O
avatar	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enemy	O
attacks	O
and	O
obstacles	O
deplete	O
the	O
player	O
character	O
's	O
health	O
and	O
lives	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
player	O
receives	O
a	O
game	B-Application
over	I-Application
when	O
they	O
run	O
out	O
of	O
lives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
some	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
early	O
arcade	O
games	O
,	O
are	O
unbeatable	O
and	O
have	O
an	O
indefinite	O
number	O
of	O
levels	O
;	O
with	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
only	O
goal	O
being	O
to	O
get	O
as	O
far	O
as	O
they	O
can	O
to	O
maximize	O
their	O
score	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
games	I-Application
can	O
sometimes	O
incorporate	O
other	O
challenges	O
such	O
as	O
races	O
,	O
puzzles	O
,	O
or	O
collecting	O
objects	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
central	O
to	O
the	O
genre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
faster	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
are	O
more	O
challenging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
games	I-Application
may	O
sometimes	O
involve	O
puzzle	O
solving	O
,	O
but	O
they	O
are	O
usually	O
quite	O
simple	O
because	O
the	O
player	O
is	O
under	O
immense	O
time	O
pressure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Players	O
advance	O
through	O
an	O
action	B-Application
game	I-Application
by	O
completing	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
level	O
involves	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
challenges	O
,	O
whether	O
dancing	O
in	O
a	O
dance	B-Application
game	I-Application
or	O
shooting	O
things	O
in	O
a	O
shooter	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
player	O
must	O
overcome	O
to	O
win	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
games	O
force	O
players	O
to	O
restart	O
a	O
level	O
after	O
dying	O
,	O
although	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
evolved	O
to	O
offer	O
saved	O
games	O
and	O
checkpoints	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
restart	O
partway	O
through	O
a	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Levels	O
in	O
an	O
action	B-Application
game	I-Application
may	O
be	O
linear	O
or	O
nonlinear	O
,	O
and	O
sometimes	O
include	O
shortcuts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
games	I-Application
sometimes	O
offer	O
a	O
teleporter	O
that	O
will	O
cause	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
avatar	B-Application
to	O
re-appear	O
elsewhere	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
games	I-Application
sometimes	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
time	O
restrictions	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
the	O
player	O
controls	O
a	O
single	O
avatar	B-Application
as	O
the	O
protagonist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
avatar	B-Application
has	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
navigate	O
and	O
maneuver	O
,	O
and	O
often	O
collects	O
or	O
manipulates	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
make	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
powerful	O
attack	O
that	O
destroys	O
all	O
enemies	O
within	O
a	O
limited	O
range	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
attack	O
is	O
rare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
may	O
gain	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
speed	O
,	O
more	O
powerful	O
attacks	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
temporary	O
shield	O
from	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
even	O
allow	O
players	O
to	O
spend	O
upgrade	O
points	O
on	O
the	O
power	O
ups	O
of	O
their	O
choice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
that	O
involve	O
navigating	O
a	O
space	O
,	O
players	O
will	O
encounter	O
obstacles	O
,	O
traps	O
,	O
and	O
enemies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enemies	O
typically	O
follow	O
fixed	O
patterns	O
and	O
attack	O
the	O
player	O
,	O
although	O
newer	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
may	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
more	O
complex	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
to	O
pursue	O
the	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
has	O
a	O
certain	O
number	O
of	O
hit-markers	O
or	O
health	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
depleted	O
by	O
enemy	O
attacks	O
and	O
other	O
hazards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
player	O
's	O
avatar	B-Application
is	O
often	O
given	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
chances	O
to	O
retry	O
after	O
death	O
,	O
typically	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
lives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
starting	O
a	O
new	O
life	O
,	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
is	O
typically	O
invincible	O
for	O
a	O
few	O
seconds	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
re-orient	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
games	I-Application
take	O
place	O
in	O
either	O
2D	O
or	O
3D	O
from	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
perspectives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2D	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
typically	O
use	O
a	O
side	O
view	O
or	O
top-down	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
3D	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
the	O
perspective	O
is	O
usually	O
tied	O
to	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
from	O
a	O
first-person	O
perspective	O
or	O
third-person	O
perspective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
3D	O
games	O
offer	O
a	O
context-sensitive	O
perspective	O
that	O
is	O
controlled	O
by	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
what	O
the	O
player	O
needs	O
to	O
know	O
is	O
contained	O
within	O
a	O
single	O
screen	O
,	O
although	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
frequently	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
heads-up	O
display	O
that	O
display	O
important	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
health	O
or	O
ammunition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
games	I-Application
sometimes	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
maps	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
during	O
lulls	O
in	O
action	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
mini-map	O
that	O
is	O
always	O
visible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
games	I-Application
tend	O
to	O
set	O
simple	O
goals	O
,	O
and	O
reaching	O
them	O
is	O
obvious	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
keep	O
track	O
of	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
score	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Skillful	O
play	O
is	O
often	O
rewarded	O
with	O
point	O
multipliers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
Pac-Man	B-Application
where	O
each	O
ghost	O
that	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
eats	O
will	O
generate	O
twice	O
as	O
many	O
points	O
as	O
the	O
last	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
will	O
offer	O
bonus	O
objects	O
that	O
increase	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
score	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
achieving	O
a	O
high	O
score	O
is	O
the	O
only	O
goal	O
,	O
and	O
levels	O
increase	O
in	O
difficulty	O
until	O
the	O
player	O
loses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
games	I-Application
contain	O
several	O
major	O
subgenres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
that	O
do	O
not	O
fit	O
any	O
particular	O
subgenres	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
genres	O
like	O
adventure	O
or	O
strategy	B-Application
games	I-Application
that	O
have	O
action	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
(	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
character-driven	O
"	O
games	O
,	O
"	O
character	O
games	O
"	O
or	O
just	O
"	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
"	O
)	O
are	O
a	O
broad	O
category	O
of	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
referring	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
games	O
that	O
are	O
driven	O
by	O
the	O
physical	O
actions	O
of	O
player	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
dates	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
golden	O
age	O
of	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
terms	O
"	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
"	O
and	O
"	O
character	O
games	O
"	O
began	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
distinguish	O
a	O
new	O
emerging	O
genre	O
of	O
character-driven	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
from	O
the	O
space	O
shoot	O
'	O
em	O
ups	O
that	O
had	O
previously	O
dominated	O
the	O
arcades	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Classic	O
examples	O
of	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
from	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
include	O
Frogger	B-Application
,	O
maze	B-Application
games	I-Application
like	O
Pac-Man	B-Application
,	O
and	O
platformers	O
like	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beat	B-Application
'	I-Application
em	I-Application
ups	I-Application
(	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
brawlers	B-Application
"	O
)	O
are	O
games	O
that	O
involve	O
fighting	O
through	O
a	O
side-scrolling	O
stage	O
of	O
multiple	O
adversaries	O
,	O
using	O
martial	O
arts	O
or	O
other	O
close-range	O
fighting	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hack	B-Application
and	I-Application
slash	I-Application
games	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
slash	B-Application
'	I-Application
em	I-Application
up	I-Application
"	O
or	O
"	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
"	O
)	O
are	O
a	O
subgenre	O
of	O
beat	B-Application
'	I-Application
em	I-Application
up	I-Application
brawlers	B-Application
that	O
emphasize	O
combat	O
with	O
melee-based	O
weapons	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
swords	O
or	O
blades	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
2D	O
examples	O
include	O
Shinobi	B-Application
,	O
Golden	O
Axe	O
,	O
classic	O
Ninja	B-Application
Gaiden	I-Application
(	O
Shadow	B-Application
Warriors	I-Application
)	O
,	O
Strider	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Crown	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
3D	O
examples	O
include	O
Devil	B-Application
May	I-Application
Cry	I-Application
,	O
Dynasty	B-Application
Warriors	I-Application
,	O
modern	O
Ninja	B-Application
Gaiden	I-Application
,	O
God	O
of	O
War	O
,	O
and	O
Bayonetta	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Maze	B-Application
games	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Pac-Man	B-Application
involve	O
navigating	O
a	O
maze	B-Application
to	O
avoid	O
or	O
chase	O
adversaries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
exist	O
in	O
both	O
2D	O
and	O
3D	O
forms	O
such	O
as	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
and	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
64	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Side-scrolling	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
(	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
side-scrolling	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
"	O
or	O
"	O
side-scrollers	O
"	O
)	O
are	O
a	O
broad	O
category	O
of	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
that	O
were	O
popular	O
from	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
to	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
which	O
involve	O
player	O
characters	O
defeating	O
large	O
groups	O
of	O
weaker	O
enemies	O
along	O
a	O
side-scrolling	O
playfield	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
examples	O
included	O
beat	B-Application
'	I-Application
em	I-Application
ups	I-Application
like	O
Kung-Fu	B-Application
Master	I-Application
and	O
Double	B-Application
Dragon	I-Application
,	O
ninja	B-Application
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
like	O
The	B-Application
Legend	I-Application
of	I-Application
Kage	I-Application
and	O
Shinobi	B-Application
,	O
scrolling	O
platformers	O
like	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
and	O
Sonic	B-Application
the	I-Application
Hedgehog	I-Application
,	O
and	O
run	O
and	O
gun	O
video	O
games	O
like	O
Rolling	B-Application
Thunder	I-Application
and	O
Gunstar	B-Application
Heroes	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Space	O
shooters	O
were	O
initially	O
categorized	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
genre	O
from	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
term	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
up	O
until	O
character-driven	O
shooters	O
(	O
particularly	O
scrolling	O
run-and-gun	O
shooters	O
)	O
became	O
popular	O
by	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shooter	O
games	O
do	O
not	O
always	O
involve	O
military	O
conflicts	O
;	O
other	O
settings	O
include	O
hunting	O
games	O
,	O
or	O
follow	O
the	O
story	O
of	O
a	O
criminal	O
(	O
as	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
popular	O
Grand	B-Application
Theft	I-Application
Auto	I-Application
franchise	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
shooting	O
is	O
almost	O
always	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
violence	O
,	O
non-violent	O
shooters	O
exist	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Splatoon	B-Application
which	O
focuses	O
on	O
claiming	O
more	O
territory	O
than	O
the	O
opposing	O
team	O
by	O
covering	O
the	O
playable	O
environment	O
with	O
colored	O
paint	O
or	O
ink	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hybrid	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
are	O
games	O
that	O
combine	O
elements	O
of	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
with	O
elements	O
from	O
other	O
genres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action-adventure	O
games	O
mix	O
elements	O
of	O
both	O
action	O
and	O
adventure	O
game	O
genres	O
such	O
as	O
The	B-Application
Legend	I-Application
of	I-Application
Zelda	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Action	B-Application
role-playing	I-Application
games	I-Application
include	O
features	O
of	O
role-playing	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
characters	O
with	O
experience	O
points	O
and	O
statistics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Battle	O
royale	O
games	O
are	O
a	O
subgenre	O
of	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
that	O
combine	O
last-man-standing	O
gameplay	O
with	O
survival	B-Application
game	I-Application
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
multiplayer	O
in	O
nature	O
,	O
and	O
eschews	O
the	O
complex	O
crafting	O
and	O
resource	O
gathering	O
mechanics	O
of	O
survival	B-Application
games	I-Application
for	O
a	O
faster-paced	O
confrontation	O
game	O
more	O
typical	O
of	O
shooters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiplayer	O
online	O
battle	O
arena	O
games	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
MOBA	O
,	O
"	O
hero	O
brawler	B-Application
"	O
or	O
"	O
action	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
strategy	O
"	O
games	O
)	O
are	O
a	O
subgenre	O
of	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
strategy	O
(	O
RTS	O
)	O
games	O
with	O
action	B-Application
game	I-Application
elements	O
similar	O
to	O
brawlers	B-Application
or	O
fighting	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhythm	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
challenge	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
sense	O
of	O
rhythm	O
,	O
and	O
award	O
points	O
for	O
accurately	O
pressing	O
certain	O
buttons	O
in	O
sync	O
with	O
a	O
musical	O
beat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
relatively	O
new	O
subgenre	O
of	O
action	B-Application
game	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rhythm	O
games	O
are	O
sometimes	O
classified	O
as	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
music	B-Application
game	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Survival	B-Application
games	I-Application
start	O
the	O
player	O
off	O
with	O
minimal	O
resources	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
hostile	O
,	O
open-world	O
environment	O
,	O
and	O
require	O
them	O
to	O
collect	O
resources	O
,	O
craft	O
tools	O
,	O
weapons	O
,	O
and	O
shelter	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
survive	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Survival	B-Application
games	I-Application
often	O
feature	O
a	O
crafting	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
players	O
to	O
engage	O
in	O
tool-making	O
to	O
convert	O
raw	O
resources	O
into	O
useful	O
items	O
such	O
as	O
medical	O
supplies	O
for	O
healing	O
,	O
structures	O
which	O
shelter	O
the	O
player	O
from	O
a	O
frequently	O
hostile	O
environment	O
,	O
weapons	O
to	O
defend	O
themselves	O
with	O
,	O
and	O
tools	O
to	O
create	O
more	O
complex	O
items	O
,	O
structures	O
,	O
weapons	O
and	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
survival	B-Application
game	I-Application
genre	O
may	O
overlap	O
with	O
the	O
survival	O
horror	O
genre	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
player	O
must	O
survive	O
within	O
a	O
setting	O
traditionally	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
horror	O
genre	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
zombie	O
apocalypse	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
people	O
can	O
improve	O
their	O
eyesight	O
by	O
playing	O
action	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tests	O
by	O
scientists	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Rochester	O
on	O
college	O
students	O
showed	O
that	O
over	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
a	O
month	O
,	O
performance	O
in	O
eye	O
examinations	O
improved	O
by	O
about	O
20%	O
in	O
those	O
playing	O
Unreal	B-Operating_System
Tournament	I-Operating_System
compared	O
to	O
those	O
playing	O
Tetris	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
arcade	O
games	O
are	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
because	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
difficult	O
for	O
unskilled	O
players	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
make	O
more	O
money	O
quickly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
study	O
was	O
James	B-Application
Bond	I-Application
007	I-Application
:	I-Application
Nightfire	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
examples	O
of	O
shooting	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
during	O
the	O
early-to-mid-1970s	O
include	O
Syzygy	O
Engineering	O
's	O
Computer	B-Application
Space	I-Application
(	O
1971	O
)	O
,	O
Galaxy	B-Application
Game	I-Application
(	O
1971	O
)	O
,	O
Tank	B-Application
(	O
1974	O
)	O
by	O
Kee	O
Games	O
,	O
Gun	B-Application
Fight	I-Application
(	O
1975	O
)	O
by	O
Taito	O
and	O
Midway	O
Manufacturing	O
,	O
and	O
Midway	O
's	O
Sea	B-Application
Wolf	I-Application
(	O
1976	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
turn	O
,	O
early	O
arcade	O
shooter	O
video	O
games	O
were	O
inspired	O
by	O
early	B-Application
mainframe	I-Application
games	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Spacewar	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
turning	O
point	O
for	O
action	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
came	O
with	O
the	O
1978	O
release	O
of	O
Taito	O
's	O
shoot	O
'	O
em	O
up	O
game	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
,	O
which	O
marked	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
golden	O
age	O
of	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
was	O
designed	O
by	O
Tomohiro	O
Nishikado	O
,	O
who	O
drew	O
inspiration	O
from	O
Atari	O
's	O
Breakout	B-Application
(	O
1976	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
science	O
fiction	O
genre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nishikado	O
added	O
several	O
interactive	O
elements	O
to	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
that	O
he	O
found	O
lacking	O
in	O
earlier	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
enemies	O
to	O
react	O
to	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
movement	O
and	O
fire	O
back	O
and	O
a	O
game	B-Application
over	I-Application
triggered	O
by	O
enemies	O
killing	O
the	O
player	O
(	O
either	O
by	O
getting	O
hit	O
or	O
enemies	O
reaching	O
the	O
bottom	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
)	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
timer	O
running	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
earlier	O
arcade	O
games	O
which	O
often	O
had	O
a	O
timer	O
,	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
introduced	O
the	O
"	O
concept	O
of	O
going	O
round	O
after	O
round.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
had	O
a	O
basic	O
story	O
with	O
animated	O
characters	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
crescendo	O
of	O
action	O
and	O
climax	O
"	O
which	O
laid	O
the	O
groundwork	O
for	O
later	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
Eugene	O
Jarvis	O
,	O
who	O
said	O
many	O
games	O
"	O
still	O
rely	O
on	O
the	O
multiple	O
life	O
,	O
progressively	O
difficult	O
level	O
paradigm	O
"	O
of	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
mainstream	O
success	O
of	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
,	O
the	O
industry	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
dominated	O
by	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
which	O
have	O
remained	O
a	O
dominant	O
genre	O
in	O
video	O
arcades	O
and	O
on	O
game	B-Device
consoles	I-Device
through	O
to	O
the	O
present	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
set	O
the	O
template	O
for	O
later	O
games	O
in	O
the	O
shooter	O
subgenre	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
considered	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
influential	O
games	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
success	O
of	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
led	O
to	O
space	O
shooters	O
becoming	O
the	O
dominant	O
genre	O
in	O
arcades	O
for	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
,	O
before	O
a	O
new	O
genre	O
of	O
character-driven	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
emerged	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
"	O
began	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
in	O
reference	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
genre	O
of	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
that	O
emerged	O
from	O
Japanese	O
arcade	O
developers	O
,	O
drawing	O
inspiration	O
from	O
manga	O
and	O
anime	O
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Eugene	O
Jarvis	O
,	O
these	O
new	O
character-driven	O
Japanese	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
emphasized	O
"	O
character	O
development	O
,	O
hand-drawn	O
animation	O
and	O
backgrounds	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
more	O
deterministic	O
,	O
scripted	O
,	O
pattern-type	O
"	O
of	O
play	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terms	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
"	O
or	O
"	O
character	O
games	O
"	O
began	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
distinguish	O
these	O
new	O
character-driven	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
from	O
the	O
space	O
shooters	O
that	O
had	O
previously	O
dominated	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Namco	O
's	O
hit	O
maze	B-Application
game	I-Application
Pac-Man	B-Application
(	O
1980	O
)	O
popularized	O
the	O
genre	O
of	O
"	O
character-led	O
"	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
popular	O
non-shooting	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
defining	O
key	O
elements	O
of	O
the	O
genre	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
parallel	O
visual	O
processing	O
"	O
which	O
requires	O
simultaneously	O
keeping	O
track	O
of	O
multiple	O
entities	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
player	O
character	O
,	O
the	O
character	O
's	O
location	O
,	O
the	O
enemies	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
energizers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
classic	O
examples	O
of	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
that	O
followed	O
include	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
(	O
1981	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
established	O
the	O
template	O
for	O
the	O
platform	O
game	O
subgenre	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Konami	O
's	O
Frogger	B-Application
(	O
1981	O
)	O
and	O
Universal	O
Entertainment	O
's	O
Lady	B-Application
Bug	I-Application
(	O
1981	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Martial	O
arts	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
eventually	O
emerged	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
with	O
Data	O
East	O
's	O
Karate	B-Device
Champ	I-Device
(	O
1984	O
)	O
establishing	O
the	O
one-on-one	O
fighting	O
game	O
subgenre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Japanese	O
developers	O
were	O
creating	O
a	O
character-driven	O
action	B-Application
game	I-Application
genre	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
American	O
developers	O
largely	O
adopted	O
a	O
different	O
approach	O
to	O
game	O
design	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Eugene	O
Jarvis	O
,	O
American	O
arcade	O
developers	O
focused	O
mainly	O
on	O
space	O
shooters	O
during	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
to	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
greatly	O
influenced	O
by	O
Japanese	O
space	O
shooters	O
but	O
taking	O
the	O
genre	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
direction	O
from	O
the	O
"	O
more	O
deterministic	O
,	O
scripted	O
,	O
pattern-type	O
"	O
gameplay	O
of	O
Japanese	O
games	O
,	O
towards	O
a	O
more	O
"	O
programmer-centric	O
design	O
culture	O
,	O
emphasizing	O
algorithmic	O
generation	O
of	O
backgrounds	O
and	O
enemy	O
dispatch	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
an	O
emphasis	O
on	O
random-event	O
generation	O
,	O
particle-effect	O
explosions	O
and	O
physics	O
"	O
as	O
seen	O
in	O
arcade	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
his	O
own	O
Defender	B-Application
(	O
1981	O
)	O
and	O
Robotron	B-Application
:	I-Application
2084	I-Application
(	O
1982	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Atari	O
's	O
Asteroids	B-Application
(	O
1979	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
side-scrolling	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
emerged	O
,	O
combining	O
elements	O
from	O
earlier	O
side-view	O
,	O
single-screen	O
character	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
single-screen	O
platformers	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
side-scrolling	O
of	O
space	O
shooters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
new	O
side-scrolling	O
character-driven	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
featured	O
large	O
character	O
sprites	O
in	O
colorful	O
,	O
side-scrolling	O
environments	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
core	O
gameplay	O
consisting	O
of	O
fighting	O
large	O
groups	O
of	O
weaker	O
enemies	O
using	O
attacks/weapons	O
such	O
as	O
punches	O
,	O
kicks	O
,	O
guns	O
,	O
swords	O
,	O
ninjutsu	O
or	O
magic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
notable	O
early	O
example	O
was	O
Irem	O
's	O
Kung-Fu	B-Application
Master	I-Application
(	O
1984	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
beat	B-Application
'	I-Application
em	I-Application
up	I-Application
and	O
the	O
most	O
influential	O
side-scrolling	O
martial	O
arts	O
action	B-Application
game	I-Application
;	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
two	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
martial	O
arts	O
films	O
,	O
Bruce	B-Application
Lee	I-Application
's	O
Game	O
of	O
Death	O
(	O
1973	O
)	O
and	O
Jackie	O
Chan	O
's	O
Wheels	O
on	O
Meals	O
(	O
1984	O
)	O
,	O
This	O
side-scrolling	O
arcade	O
action	O
format	O
became	O
popular	O
during	O
the	O
mid-to-late	O
1980s	O
,	O
with	O
examples	O
including	O
ninja	B-Application
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Taito	O
's	O
The	B-Application
Legend	I-Application
of	I-Application
Kage	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
and	O
Sega	O
's	O
Shinobi	B-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
,	O
run	O
and	O
gun	O
video	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Namco	O
's	O
Rolling	B-Application
Thunder	I-Application
(	O
1986	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
beat	B-Application
'	I-Application
em	I-Application
ups	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Technōs	O
Japan	O
's	O
Renegade	B-Application
(	O
1986	O
)	O
and	O
Double	B-Application
Dragon	I-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shigeru	O
Miyamoto	O
combined	O
the	O
platforming	O
of	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
and	O
Mario	B-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
(	O
1983	O
)	O
with	O
side-scrolling	O
elements	O
from	O
racing	O
game	O
Excitebike	B-Application
(	O
1984	O
)	O
and	O
beat	B-Application
'	I-Application
em	I-Application
up	I-Application
Kung-Fu	B-Application
Master	I-Application
to	O
create	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
(	O
NES	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
examples	O
include	O
first-person	O
light	O
gun	O
shooting	O
gallery	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Duck	B-Application
Hunt	I-Application
(	O
1984	O
)	O
,	O
pseudo-3D	O
third-person	O
rail	O
shooters	O
such	O
as	O
Sega	O
's	O
Space	B-Application
Harrier	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
and	O
After	B-Application
Burner	I-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Taito	O
's	O
Operation	B-Application
Wolf	I-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
which	O
popularized	O
military-themed	O
first-person	O
light	O
gun	O
rail	O
shooters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
trend	O
that	O
was	O
popularized	O
for	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
was	O
competitive	O
multiplayer	O
,	O
including	O
what	O
would	O
later	O
be	O
known	O
as	O
esports	O
tournaments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
arcade	O
fighting	O
game	O
Street	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
II	I-Application
(	O
1991	O
)	O
by	O
Capcom	O
popularized	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
direct	O
,	O
tournament-level	O
competition	O
between	O
two	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
,	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
most	O
often	O
relied	O
on	O
high	O
scores	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
best	O
player	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
changed	O
with	O
Street	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
II	I-Application
,	O
where	O
players	O
would	O
instead	O
challenge	O
each	O
other	O
directly	O
,	O
"	O
face-to-face	O
,	O
"	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
best	O
player	O
,	O
paving	O
the	O
way	O
for	O
the	O
competitive	O
multiplayer	O
and	O
deathmatch	O
modes	O
found	O
in	O
modern	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inspired	O
by	O
Street	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
II	I-Application
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
SNK	O
fighting	O
games	O
Fatal	B-Application
Fury	I-Application
(	O
1991	O
)	O
and	O
Art	B-Application
of	I-Application
Fighting	I-Application
(	O
1992	O
)	O
,	O
John	O
Romero	O
created	O
the	O
deathmatch	O
mode	O
in	O
id	O
Software	O
's	O
Doom	B-Application
(	O
1993	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
popularized	O
competitive	O
multiplayer	O
online	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
"	O
3D	O
Revolution	O
"	O
where	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
made	O
the	O
transition	O
from	O
2D	O
and	O
pseudo-3D	O
graphics	O
to	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
3D	O
polygon	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
arcade	O
system	O
boards	O
that	O
were	O
originally	O
designed	O
for	O
3D	O
racing	O
games	O
during	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
to	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Namco	B-Application
System	I-Application
21	I-Application
,	O
Sega	O
Model	O
1	O
and	O
Sega	O
Model	O
2	O
,	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
produce	O
3D	O
arcade	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
including	O
3D	O
rail	O
shooters	O
such	O
as	O
Namco	O
's	O
Galaxian	B-Application
3	I-Application
(	O
1990	O
)	O
and	O
Solvalou	O
(	O
1991	O
)	O
,	O
3D	O
fighting	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Sega	O
AM2	O
's	O
Virtua	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
(	O
1993	O
)	O
and	O
Namco	O
's	O
Tekken	B-Application
(	O
1994	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
3D	O
light	O
gun	O
shooters	O
such	O
as	O
Sega	O
AM2	O
's	O
Virtua	B-Language
Cop	I-Language
(	O
1994	O
)	O
and	O
Namco	O
's	O
Time	B-Application
Crisis	I-Application
(	O
1995	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
the	O
first-person	O
shooter	O
(	O
FPS	O
)	O
genre	O
was	O
popularized	O
by	O
Doom	B-Application
;	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
considered	O
,	O
despite	O
not	O
using	O
3D	O
polygons	O
,	O
a	O
major	O
leap	O
forward	O
for	O
three-dimensional	O
environments	O
in	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
polygon	O
texture	O
mapping	O
appeared	O
in	O
action	B-Application
games	I-Application
around	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
,	O
introduced	O
to	O
fighting	O
games	O
by	O
Sega	O
AM2	O
's	O
Virtua	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
2	I-Application
(	O
1994	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
light	O
gun	O
shooters	O
by	O
Sega	O
AM2	O
's	O
Virtua	B-Language
Cop	I-Language
in	O
1994	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
FPS	O
games	O
by	O
Parallax	O
Software	O
's	O
Descent	B-Application
(	O
1995	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
