<s>
AOMedia	B-Application
Video	I-Application
1	I-Application
(	O
AV1	B-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
open	O
,	O
royalty-free	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
format	I-Algorithm
initially	O
designed	O
for	O
video	O
transmissions	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
successor	O
to	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
by	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
(	O
AOMedia	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
consortium	O
founded	O
in	O
2015	O
that	O
includes	O
semiconductor	O
firms	O
,	O
video	B-Application
on	I-Application
demand	I-Application
providers	O
,	O
video	O
content	O
producers	O
,	O
software	O
development	O
companies	O
and	O
web	O
browser	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AV1	B-Application
bitstream	O
specification	O
includes	O
a	O
reference	O
video	B-Application
codec	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
conducted	O
testing	O
that	O
approximated	O
real-world	O
conditions	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
reference	O
encoder	O
achieved	O
34%	O
,	O
46.2	O
%	O
and	O
50.3	O
%	O
higher	O
data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
than	O
libvpx-vp9	O
,	O
x264	B-Language
High	O
profile	O
,	O
and	O
x264	B-Language
Main	O
profile	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
unlike	O
H.264/AVC	B-Application
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
AV1	B-Application
has	O
a	O
royalty-free	O
licensing	O
model	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
hinder	O
adoption	O
in	O
open-source	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AVIF	O
is	O
an	O
image	O
file	O
format	O
that	O
uses	O
AV1	B-Application
compression	B-General_Concept
algorithms	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Alliance	O
's	O
motivations	O
for	O
creating	O
AV1	B-Application
included	O
the	O
high	O
cost	O
and	O
uncertainty	O
involved	O
with	O
the	O
patent	O
licensing	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
MPEG-designed	O
codec	O
expected	O
to	O
succeed	O
AVC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
Alliance	O
's	O
seven	O
founding	O
members	O
–	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Cisco	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
and	O
Netflix	O
–	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
initial	O
focus	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
format	O
would	O
be	O
delivery	O
of	O
high-quality	O
web	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
announcement	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
came	O
with	O
the	O
press	O
release	O
on	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
on	O
1	O
September	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
42	O
days	O
before	O
,	O
on	O
21	O
July	O
2015	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
's	O
initial	O
licensing	O
offer	O
was	O
announced	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
increase	O
over	O
the	O
royalty	O
fees	O
of	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
AVC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
increased	O
cost	O
,	O
the	O
complexity	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
licensing	O
process	O
increased	O
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
previous	O
MPEG	O
standards	O
where	O
the	O
technology	O
in	O
the	O
standard	O
could	O
be	O
licensed	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
entity	O
,	O
MPEG-LA	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
standard	O
was	O
finished	O
,	O
two	O
patent	O
pools	O
had	O
been	O
formed	O
with	O
a	O
third	O
pool	O
on	O
the	O
horizon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
various	O
patent	O
holders	O
were	O
refusing	O
to	O
license	O
patents	O
via	O
either	O
pool	O
,	O
increasing	O
uncertainty	O
about	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
's	O
licensing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
negative	O
effect	O
of	O
patent	O
licensing	O
on	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
has	O
also	O
been	O
cited	O
as	O
a	O
reason	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
building	O
an	O
H.264	B-Application
implementation	O
into	O
Firefox	B-Application
would	O
prevent	O
it	O
from	O
being	O
distributed	O
free	O
of	O
charge	O
since	O
licensing	O
fees	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
paid	O
to	O
MPEG-LA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
Foundation	O
Europe	O
has	O
argued	O
that	O
FRAND	O
patent	O
licensing	O
practices	O
make	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
implementation	O
of	O
standards	O
impossible	O
due	O
to	O
various	O
incompatibilities	O
with	O
free	B-License
software	I-License
licenses	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
project	O
were	O
sourced	O
from	O
previous	O
research	O
efforts	O
by	O
Alliance	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
contributors	O
had	O
started	O
experimental	O
technology	O
platforms	O
years	O
before	O
:	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
's	O
Daala	B-Application
published	O
code	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
experimental	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
evolution	O
project	O
VP10	O
was	O
announced	O
on	O
12	O
September	O
2014	O
,	O
and	O
Cisco	O
's	O
Thor	B-Algorithm
was	O
published	O
on	O
11	O
August	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
the	O
code	O
base	O
of	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
AV1	B-Application
incorporates	O
additional	O
techniques	O
,	O
several	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
developed	O
in	O
these	O
experimental	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
companies	O
are	O
part	O
of	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
,	O
including	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
Vimeo	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Netflix	O
,	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
,	O
AMD	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
,	O
Intel	O
and	O
ARM	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Cisco	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Hulu	B-Application
,	O
VideoLAN	B-Application
,	O
Adobe	O
and	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
management	O
of	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
streams	O
has	O
been	O
officially	O
included	O
among	O
the	O
typological	O
videos	O
manageable	O
by	O
Coremedia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
0.1.0	O
of	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
reference	O
codec	O
was	O
published	O
on	O
7	O
April	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
these	O
,	O
the	O
bitstream	B-General_Concept
format	I-General_Concept
,	O
was	O
projected	O
to	O
be	O
frozen	O
in	O
January	O
2018	O
but	O
was	O
delayed	O
due	O
to	O
unresolved	O
critical	O
bugs	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
further	O
changes	O
to	O
transformations	O
,	O
syntax	O
,	O
the	O
prediction	O
of	O
motion	O
vectors	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
completion	O
of	O
legal	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Alliance	O
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
bitstream	O
specification	O
on	O
28	O
March	O
2018	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
reference	O
,	O
software-based	O
encoder	O
and	O
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Martin	O
Smole	O
from	O
AOM	O
member	O
Bitmovin	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
computational	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
reference	O
encoder	O
was	O
the	O
greatest	O
remaining	O
challenge	O
after	O
the	O
bitstream	B-General_Concept
format	I-General_Concept
freeze	O
had	O
been	O
completed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
the	O
early	O
version	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
was	O
orders	O
of	O
magnitude	O
slower	O
than	O
existing	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
21	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
MIME	B-Protocol
type	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
was	O
defined	O
as	O
video/AV1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
usage	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
using	O
this	O
MIME	B-Protocol
type	O
is	O
restricted	O
to	O
Real-time	B-Protocol
Transport	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
purposes	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
aims	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
video	O
format	O
for	O
the	O
web	O
that	O
is	O
both	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
and	O
royalty	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Matt	O
Frost	O
,	O
head	O
of	O
strategy	O
and	O
partnerships	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Chrome	B-Operating_System
Media	O
team	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
mission	O
of	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
remains	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
WebM	O
project.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
concern	O
has	O
been	O
raised	O
regarding	O
AV1	B-Application
,	O
and	O
previously	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
,	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
Theora	B-Algorithm
and	O
IVC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Alliance	O
members	O
Apple	O
,	O
Cisco	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
are	O
also	O
licensors	O
in	O
MPEG-LA	O
'	O
s	O
patent	O
pool	O
for	O
H.264	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
additional	O
protection	O
for	O
the	O
royalty-free	O
status	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Alliance	O
has	O
a	O
legal	O
defense	O
fund	O
to	O
aid	O
smaller	O
Alliance	O
members	O
or	O
AV1	B-Application
licensees	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
they	O
are	O
sued	O
for	O
alleged	O
patent	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
patent	O
rules	O
adopted	O
from	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Consortium	O
(	O
W3C	O
)	O
,	O
technology	O
contributors	O
license	O
their	O
AV1-connected	O
patents	O
to	O
anyone	O
,	O
anywhere	O
,	O
anytime	O
based	O
on	O
reciprocity	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
treatment	O
of	O
intellectual	O
property	O
rights	O
(	O
IPR	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
absolute	O
priority	O
during	O
development	O
,	O
is	O
contrary	O
to	O
extant	O
MPEG	O
formats	O
like	O
AVC	B-Application
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
MPEG	O
's	O
chairman	O
has	O
argued	O
this	O
practice	O
has	O
to	O
change	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
is	O
:	O
EVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
set	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
royalty-free	O
subset	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
have	O
switchable	O
features	O
in	O
its	O
bitstream	O
to	O
defend	O
against	O
future	O
IPR	O
threats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
proposal	O
for	O
HTML5	O
video	O
specified	O
Theora	B-Algorithm
as	O
mandatory	O
to	O
implement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
is	O
a	O
continuation	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
efforts	O
with	O
the	O
WebM	B-Application
project	I-Application
,	O
which	O
renewed	O
the	O
royalty-free	O
competition	O
after	O
Theora	B-Algorithm
had	O
been	O
surpassed	O
by	O
AVC	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
that	O
distribute	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
AVC	B-Application
can	O
be	O
difficult	O
to	O
support	O
as	O
a	O
per-copy	O
royalty	O
is	O
unsustainable	O
given	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
revenue	O
stream	O
to	O
support	O
these	O
payments	O
in	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
see	O
FRAND	O
§	O
Excluding	O
costless	O
distribution	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
has	O
not	O
successfully	O
convinced	O
all	O
licensors	O
to	O
allow	O
an	O
exception	O
for	O
freely	O
distributed	O
software	O
(	O
see	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
§	O
Provision	O
for	O
costless	O
software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
performance	O
goals	O
include	O
"	O
a	O
step	O
up	O
from	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
"	O
in	O
efficiency	O
for	O
a	O
low	O
increase	O
in	O
complexity	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
NETVC	B-Algorithm
's	O
efficiency	O
goal	O
is	O
25%	O
improvement	O
over	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
complexity	B-General_Concept
concern	O
is	O
for	O
software	O
decoding	O
,	O
since	O
hardware	O
support	O
will	O
take	O
time	O
to	O
reach	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
for	O
WebRTC	B-Protocol
,	O
live	O
encoding	O
performance	O
is	O
also	O
relevant	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
Cisco	O
's	O
agenda	O
:	O
Cisco	O
is	O
a	O
manufacturer	O
of	O
videoconferencing	B-Application
equipment	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
Thor	B-Algorithm
contributions	O
aim	O
at	O
"	O
reasonable	O
compression	O
at	O
only	O
moderate	O
complexity	B-General_Concept
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Feature-wise	O
,	O
AV1	B-Application
is	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
applications	I-General_Concept
(	O
especially	O
WebRTC	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
higher	O
resolutions	O
(	O
wider	O
color	O
gamuts	O
,	O
higher	O
frame	O
rates	O
,	O
UHD	B-Device
)	O
than	O
typical	O
usage	O
scenarios	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
generation	O
(	O
H.264	B-Application
)	O
of	O
video	O
formats	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
achieve	O
its	O
biggest	O
efficiency	O
gains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
is	O
primarily	O
intended	O
for	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
encoding	I-Algorithm
,	O
although	O
lossless	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
is	O
supported	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
is	O
a	O
traditional	O
block-based	O
frequency	B-Algorithm
transform	I-Algorithm
format	O
featuring	O
new	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
VP9	B-Algorithm
,	O
AV1	B-Application
incorporates	O
additional	O
techniques	O
that	O
mainly	O
give	O
encoders	O
more	O
coding	B-General_Concept
options	O
to	O
enable	O
better	O
adaptation	O
to	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Alliance	O
published	O
a	O
reference	O
implementation	O
written	O
in	O
C	B-Language
and	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
aomenc	O
,	O
aomdec	O
)	O
as	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
2-Clause	O
License	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
process	O
was	O
such	O
that	O
coding	B-General_Concept
tools	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
reference	O
code	O
base	O
as	O
experiments	O
,	O
controlled	O
by	O
flags	O
that	O
enable	O
or	O
disable	O
them	O
at	O
build	O
time	O
,	O
for	O
review	O
by	O
other	O
group	O
members	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
specialized	O
teams	O
that	O
helped	O
with	O
and	O
ensured	O
hardware	O
friendliness	O
and	O
compliance	O
with	O
intellectual	O
property	O
rights	O
(	O
TAPAS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experiment	O
names	O
were	O
lowercased	O
in	O
the	O
configure	O
script	O
and	O
uppercased	O
in	O
conditional	B-Application
compilation	I-Application
flags	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
macroblock	B-General_Concept
,	O
superblocks	O
are	O
square-shaped	O
and	O
can	O
either	O
be	O
of	O
size	O
128×128	O
or	O
64×64	O
pixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
performs	O
internal	O
processing	O
in	O
higher	O
precision	O
(	O
10	O
or	O
12	O
bits	O
per	O
sample	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
leads	O
to	O
quality	O
improvement	O
by	O
reducing	O
rounding	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
either	O
two	O
inter	O
predictions	O
or	O
an	O
inter	O
and	O
an	O
intra	B-General_Concept
prediction	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
block	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Warped	O
Motion	O
(	O
warped_motion	O
)	O
and	O
Global	O
Motion	O
(	O
global_motion	O
)	O
tools	O
in	O
AV1	B-Application
aim	O
to	O
reduce	O
redundant	O
information	O
in	O
motion	O
vectors	O
by	O
recognizing	O
patterns	O
arising	O
from	O
camera	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG-4	B-Application
ASP	I-Application
,	O
albeit	O
with	O
a	O
novel	O
approach	O
that	O
works	O
in	O
three	O
dimensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intra	B-General_Concept
prediction	I-General_Concept
consists	O
of	O
predicting	O
the	O
pixels	O
of	O
given	O
blocks	O
only	O
using	O
information	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
current	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
often	O
,	O
intra	B-General_Concept
predictions	I-General_Concept
are	O
built	O
from	O
the	O
neighboring	O
pixels	O
above	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
left	O
of	O
the	O
predicted	O
block	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
AV1	B-Application
,	O
8	O
main	O
directional	O
modes	O
can	O
be	O
chosen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
transform	O
the	O
error	O
remaining	O
after	O
prediction	O
to	O
the	O
frequency	O
domain	O
,	O
AV1	B-Application
encoders	O
can	O
use	O
square	O
,	O
2:1/1:2	O
,	O
and	O
4:1/1:4	O
rectangular	O
DCTs	B-General_Concept
(	O
rect_tx	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
an	O
asymmetric	O
DST	O
for	O
blocks	O
where	O
the	O
top	O
and/or	O
left	O
edge	O
is	O
expected	O
to	O
have	O
lower	O
error	O
thanks	O
to	O
prediction	O
from	O
nearby	O
pixels	O
,	O
or	O
choose	O
to	O
do	O
no	O
transform	O
(	O
identity	O
transform	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
has	O
new	O
optimized	O
quantization	O
matrices	O
(	O
aom_qm	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In-loop	O
filtering	O
combines	O
Thor	B-Algorithm
's	O
constrained	O
low-pass	O
filter	O
and	O
Daala	B-Application
's	O
directional	O
deringing	O
filter	O
into	O
the	O
Constrained	O
Directional	O
Enhancement	O
Filter	O
,	O
cdef	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
an	O
edge-directed	O
conditional	O
replacement	O
filter	O
that	O
smooths	O
blocks	O
roughly	O
along	O
the	O
direction	O
of	O
the	O
dominant	O
edge	O
to	O
eliminate	O
ringing	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Film	O
grain	O
synthesis	O
(	O
film_grain	O
)	O
improves	O
coding	B-General_Concept
of	O
noisy	O
signals	O
using	O
a	O
parametric	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
approach	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
randomness	O
inherent	O
to	O
film	O
grain	O
noise	O
,	O
this	O
signal	O
component	O
is	O
traditionally	O
either	O
very	O
expensive	O
to	O
code	O
or	O
prone	O
to	O
get	O
damaged	O
or	O
lost	O
,	O
possibly	O
leaving	O
serious	O
coding	B-General_Concept
artifacts	O
as	O
residue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
visual	O
equivalent	O
of	O
the	O
Perceptual	O
Noise	O
Substitution	O
technique	O
used	O
in	O
AC3	O
,	O
AAC	O
,	O
Vorbis	O
,	O
and	O
Opus	B-Algorithm
audio	O
codecs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daala	B-Application
's	O
entropy	B-Algorithm
coder	I-Algorithm
(	O
daala_ec	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
non-binary	O
arithmetic	B-Algorithm
coder	I-Algorithm
,	O
was	O
selected	O
for	O
replacing	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
's	O
binary	O
entropy	B-Algorithm
coder	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
non-binary	O
arithmetic	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
helps	O
evade	O
patents	O
but	O
also	O
adds	O
bit-level	O
parallelism	O
to	O
an	O
otherwise	O
serial	O
process	O
,	O
reducing	O
clock	O
rate	O
demands	O
on	O
hardware	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
to	O
say	O
that	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
modern	O
binary	O
arithmetic	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
like	O
CABAC	B-Algorithm
is	O
being	O
approached	O
using	O
a	O
greater	O
alphabet	O
than	O
binary	O
,	O
hence	O
greater	O
speed	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
Huffman	B-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
(	O
but	O
not	O
as	O
simple	O
and	O
fast	O
as	O
Huffman	B-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
also	O
gained	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
adapt	O
the	O
symbol	O
probabilities	O
in	O
the	O
arithmetic	B-Algorithm
coder	I-Algorithm
per	O
coded	O
symbol	O
instead	O
of	O
per	O
frame	O
(	O
ec_adapt	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
main	O
importance	O
to	O
video	B-Application
conferencing	I-Application
,	O
scalable	B-Application
video	I-Application
coding	I-Application
is	O
a	O
general	O
technique	O
,	O
not	O
unique	O
to	O
AV1	B-Application
,	O
of	O
restricting	O
and	O
structuring	O
video	O
frame	O
dependencies	O
so	O
that	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
lower	O
bitrate	O
video	B-Application
streams	I-Application
are	O
extractable	O
from	O
a	O
higher	O
bitrate	O
stream	O
with	O
better	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
has	O
provisions	O
for	O
temporal	O
and	O
spatial	O
scalability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
first	O
comparison	O
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
June	O
2016	O
found	O
AV1	B-Application
roughly	O
on	O
par	O
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
did	O
one	O
using	O
code	O
from	O
late	O
January	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
8	O
enabled	O
experimental	O
features	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
(	O
of	O
77	O
total	O
)	O
,	O
Bitmovin	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
favorable	O
objective	B-Device
metrics	I-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
visual	O
results	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
on	O
the	O
Sintel	O
and	O
Tears	O
of	O
Steel	O
short	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
follow-up	O
comparison	O
by	O
Jan	O
Ozer	O
of	O
Streaming	O
Media	O
Magazine	O
confirmed	O
this	O
,	O
and	O
concluded	O
that	O
"	O
AV1	B-Application
is	O
at	O
least	O
as	O
good	O
as	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
now	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ozer	O
noted	O
that	O
his	O
and	O
Bitmovin	O
's	O
results	O
contradicted	O
a	O
comparison	O
by	O
Fraunhofer	O
Institute	O
for	O
Telecommunications	O
from	O
late	O
2016	O
that	O
had	O
found	O
AV1	B-Application
65.7	O
%	O
less	O
efficient	O
than	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
underperforming	O
even	O
H.264/AVC	B-Application
which	O
they	O
concluded	O
as	O
being	O
10.5	O
%	O
more	O
efficient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ozer	O
justified	O
this	O
discrepancy	O
by	O
having	O
used	O
encoding	O
parameters	O
endorsed	O
by	O
each	O
encoder	O
vendor	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
having	O
more	O
features	O
in	O
the	O
newer	O
AV1	B-Application
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Decoding	O
performance	O
was	O
at	O
about	O
half	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
according	O
to	O
internal	O
measurements	O
from	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tests	O
from	O
Netflix	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
measurements	O
with	O
PSNR	O
and	O
VMAF	B-Algorithm
at	O
720p	O
,	O
showed	O
that	O
AV1	B-Application
was	O
about	O
25%	O
more	O
efficient	O
than	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
(	O
libvpx	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tests	O
from	O
Facebook	B-Application
conducted	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
PSNR	O
,	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
reference	O
encoder	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
achieve	O
34%	O
,	O
46.2	O
%	O
and	O
50.3	O
%	O
higher	O
data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
than	O
libvpx-vp9	O
,	O
x264	B-Language
High	O
profile	O
,	O
and	O
x264	B-Language
Main	O
profile	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tests	O
from	O
Moscow	O
State	O
University	O
in	O
2017	O
found	O
that	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
required	O
31%	O
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
22%	O
more	O
bitrate	O
than	O
AV1	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
achieve	O
similar	O
levels	O
of	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AV1	B-Application
encoder	O
was	O
operating	O
at	O
speed	O
"	O
2500	O
–	O
3500	O
times	O
lower	O
than	O
competitors	O
"	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
optimization	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
not	O
available	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tests	O
from	O
University	O
of	O
Waterloo	O
in	O
2020	O
found	O
that	O
when	O
using	O
a	O
mean	O
opinion	O
score	O
(	O
MOS	O
)	O
for	O
2160p	O
(	O
4K	B-Device
)	O
video	O
AV1	B-Application
had	O
bitrate	O
saving	O
of	O
9.5	O
%	O
compared	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
and	O
16.4	O
%	O
compared	O
to	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
concluded	O
that	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
study	O
at	O
2160p	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
video	O
encodes	O
on	O
average	O
took	O
590×	O
longer	O
compared	O
to	O
encoding	O
with	O
AVC	B-Application
;	O
while	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
took	O
on	O
average	O
4.2	O
×	O
longer	O
and	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
took	O
on	O
average	O
5.2	O
×	O
longer	O
than	O
AVC	B-Application
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
took	O
about	O
twice	O
as	O
long	O
time	O
to	O
encode	O
as	O
x265	O
in	O
its	O
"	O
veryslow	O
"	O
preset	O
while	O
using	O
15-20	O
%	O
less	O
bitrate	O
,	O
or	O
about	O
45%	O
less	O
bitrate	O
than	O
x264	B-Language
veryslow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
best-in-test	O
AV1	B-Application
encoder	O
,	O
Visionular	O
's	O
Aurora1	O
,	O
in	O
its	O
"	O
slower	O
"	O
preset	O
,	O
was	O
as	O
fast	O
as	O
x265	O
veryslow	O
while	O
saving	O
50%	O
bitrate	O
over	O
x264	B-Language
veryslow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CapFrameX	O
tested	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
GPUs	O
with	O
AV1	B-Application
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
defines	O
three	O
profiles	O
for	O
decoders	O
which	O
are	O
Main	O
,	O
High	O
,	O
and	O
Professional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
defines	O
levels	O
for	O
decoders	O
with	O
maximum	O
variables	O
for	O
levels	O
ranging	O
from	O
2.0	O
to	O
6.3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
format	O
used	O
by	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
.	I-General_Concept
</s>
<s>
Real-time	B-Protocol
Transport	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
:	O
a	O
preliminary	O
RTP	B-Protocol
packetization	O
spec	O
by	O
AOMedia	O
defines	O
the	O
transmission	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
OBUs	O
(	O
Open	O
Bitstream	O
Units	O
)	O
directly	O
as	O
the	O
RTP	B-Protocol
payload	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
defines	O
an	O
RTP	B-Protocol
header	O
extension	O
that	O
carries	O
information	O
about	O
video	O
frames	O
and	O
their	O
dependencies	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
of	O
general	O
usefulness	O
to	O
§	O
scalable	B-Application
video	I-Application
coding	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
carriage	O
of	O
raw	O
video	O
data	O
also	O
differs	O
from	O
for	O
example	O
MPEG	O
TS	O
over	O
RTP	B-Protocol
in	O
that	O
other	O
streams	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
audio	O
,	O
must	O
be	O
carried	O
externally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WebM	B-Application
:	O
as	O
a	O
matter	O
of	O
formality	O
,	O
AV1	B-Application
has	O
not	O
been	O
sanctioned	O
into	O
the	O
subset	O
of	O
Matroska	O
known	O
as	O
WebM	B-Application
as	O
of	O
late	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On2	O
IVF	O
:	O
this	O
format	O
was	O
inherited	O
from	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
release	O
of	O
VP8	B-Algorithm
,	O
where	O
it	O
served	O
as	O
a	O
simple	O
development	O
container	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pre-standard	O
WebM	B-Application
:	O
Libaom	O
featured	O
early	O
support	O
for	O
WebM	B-Application
before	O
Matroska	O
containerization	O
was	O
specified	O
;	O
this	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
changed	O
to	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Matroska	O
spec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2016	O
,	O
Netflix	O
stated	O
they	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
early	O
adopter	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
5	O
February	O
2020	O
,	O
Netflix	O
began	O
using	O
AV1	B-Application
to	O
stream	O
select	O
titles	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
providing	O
20%	O
improved	O
compression	O
efficiency	O
over	O
their	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
streams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
9	O
November	O
2021	O
,	O
Netflix	O
announced	O
it	O
had	O
begun	O
streaming	O
AV1	B-Application
content	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
TVs	O
with	O
AV1	B-Application
decoders	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
PlayStation	O
4	O
Pro	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
rolling	O
out	O
AV1	B-Application
,	O
starting	O
with	O
its	O
AV1	B-Application
Beta	O
Launch	O
Playlist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
description	O
,	O
the	O
videos	O
are	O
(	O
to	O
begin	O
with	O
)	O
encoded	O
at	O
high	O
bitrate	O
to	O
test	O
decoding	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
has	O
"	O
ambitious	O
goals	O
"	O
for	O
rolling	O
out	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
for	O
Android	B-Application
TV	I-Application
supports	O
playback	O
of	O
videos	O
encoded	O
in	O
AV1	B-Application
on	O
capable	O
platforms	O
as	O
of	O
version	O
2.10.13	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
early	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
started	O
serving	O
videos	O
at	O
8K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
in	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1	O
to	O
27	O
August	O
in	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
paused	O
new	O
AV01	B-Application
video	O
roll-out	O
globally	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
next	O
day	O
it	O
resumed	O
the	O
pipeline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2019	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
following	O
their	O
own	O
positive	O
test	O
results	O
,	O
said	O
they	O
would	O
gradually	O
roll	O
out	O
AV1	B-Application
as	O
soon	O
as	O
browser	O
support	O
emerges	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
their	O
most	O
popular	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
Meta	O
(	O
Facebook	B-Application
's	O
parent	O
company	O
)	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
interested	O
in	O
the	O
SVT-AV1	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
engineer	O
Matt	O
Frost	O
said	O
in	O
an	O
Intel	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
video	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
MSVP	O
(	O
Meta	O
Scalable	B-General_Concept
Video	O
Processor	O
)	O
was	O
announced	O
and	O
an	O
article	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
a	O
popular	O
scientific	O
research	O
website	O
on	O
15	O
October	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
4	O
November	O
2022	O
AV1	B-Application
was	O
announced	O
with	O
an	O
article	O
on	O
the	O
technology	O
blog	O
and	O
with	O
a	O
video	O
on	O
Meta	O
socials	O
Mark	O
Zuckerberg	O
on	O
Instagram	O
Reels	O
was	O
posted	O
which	O
shows	O
AV1	B-Application
codec	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Citing	O
"	O
Our	O
Instagram	O
engineering	O
team	O
developed	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
dramatically	O
improve	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
even	O
though	O
Android	B-Application
does	O
support	O
AV1	B-Application
playback	O
natively	O
,	O
you	O
'll	O
have	O
to	O
implement	O
some	O
type	O
of	O
testing	O
protocol	O
—	O
like	O
Meta	O
—	O
to	O
ensure	O
smooth	O
playback	O
until	O
AV1	B-Application
hardware	O
support	O
becomes	O
pervasive	O
,	O
which	O
probably	O
wo	O
n't	O
be	O
until	O
2024	O
or	O
beyond	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
Vimeo	O
's	O
videos	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
Staff	O
picks	O
"	O
channel	O
were	O
available	O
in	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vimeo	O
is	O
using	O
and	O
contributing	O
to	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
's	O
Rav1e	O
encoder	O
and	O
expects	O
,	O
with	O
further	O
encoder	O
improvements	O
,	O
to	O
eventually	O
provide	O
AV1	B-Application
support	O
for	O
all	O
videos	O
uploaded	O
to	O
Vimeo	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
"	O
Live	O
"	O
offering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
30	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
iQIYI	B-Application
announced	O
support	O
for	O
AV1	B-Application
for	O
users	O
on	O
PC	O
web	O
browsers	O
and	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
announcement	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
Chinese	O
video	B-Application
streaming	I-Application
site	O
to	O
adopt	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitch	O
plans	O
to	O
roll	O
out	O
AV1	B-Application
for	O
its	O
most	O
popular	O
content	O
in	O
2022	O
or	O
2023	O
,	O
with	O
universal	O
support	O
projected	O
to	O
arrive	O
in	O
2024	O
or	O
2025	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2021	O
,	O
Roku	O
removed	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
TV	O
app	O
from	O
the	O
Roku	O
streaming	O
platform	O
after	O
a	O
contract	O
expired	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
later	O
reported	O
that	O
Roku	O
streaming	O
devices	O
do	O
not	O
use	O
processors	O
that	O
support	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
codec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2021	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
Roku	O
agreed	O
to	O
a	O
multiyear	O
deal	O
to	O
keep	O
both	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
TV	O
app	O
and	O
the	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
app	I-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
Roku	O
streaming	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Roku	O
had	O
argued	O
that	O
using	O
processors	O
in	O
their	O
streaming	O
devices	O
that	O
support	O
the	O
royalty-free	O
AV1	B-Application
codec	O
would	O
increase	O
costs	O
to	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SVT-AV1	O
includes	O
an	O
open-source	O
encoder	O
and	O
decoder	O
developed	O
primarily	O
by	O
Intel	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
Netflix	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
focus	O
on	O
threading	B-Operating_System
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
Software	O
Implementation	O
Working	O
Group	O
adopted	O
SVT-AV1	O
as	O
their	O
production	O
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SVT-AV1	O
1.0.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
22	O
April	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SVT-AV1	O
1.4.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
30	O
November	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
rav1e	O
is	O
an	O
encoder	O
written	O
in	O
Rust	B-Application
and	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
dav1d	O
is	O
a	O
decoder	O
written	O
in	O
C99	B-Language
and	O
assembly	B-Language
focused	O
on	O
speed	O
and	O
portability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Application
67	O
switched	O
from	O
Libaom	O
to	O
dav1d	O
as	O
a	O
default	O
decoder	O
in	O
May	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
AV1	B-Application
is	O
a	O
proprietary	O
live	O
encoder	O
that	O
Cisco	O
developed	O
for	O
its	O
Webex	O
teleconference	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
encoder	O
is	O
optimized	O
for	O
latency	O
and	O
the	O
constraint	O
of	O
having	O
a	O
"	O
usable	O
CPU	B-Device
footprint	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
commodity	O
laptop	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
stressed	O
that	O
at	O
their	O
operating	O
point	O
–	O
high	O
speed	O
,	O
low	O
latency	O
–	O
the	O
large	O
toolset	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
does	O
not	O
preclude	O
a	O
low	O
encoding	O
complexity	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
,	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
tools	O
for	O
screen	O
content	O
and	O
scalability	O
in	O
all	O
profiles	O
enabled	O
them	O
to	O
find	O
good	O
compression-to-speed	O
tradeoffs	O
,	O
better	O
even	O
than	O
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
their	O
previously	O
deployed	O
H.264	B-Application
encoder	O
,	O
a	O
particular	O
area	O
of	O
improvement	O
was	O
in	O
high	O
resolution	O
screen	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
libgav1	O
is	O
a	O
decoder	O
written	O
in	O
C++11	B-Language
released	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Several	O
other	O
parties	O
have	O
announced	O
to	O
be	O
working	O
on	O
encoders	O
,	O
including	O
EVE	O
for	O
AV1	B-Application
(	O
in	O
beta	O
testing	O
)	O
,	O
NGCodec	O
,	O
Socionext	O
,	O
Aurora	O
and	O
MilliCast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firefox	B-Application
(	O
software	O
decoder	O
since	O
version	O
67.0	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
May	O
2019	O
:	O
enabled	O
by	O
default	O
on	O
all	O
desktop	O
platforms	O
-	O
Windows	O
,	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
for	O
both	O
32-bit	O
and	O
64-bit	O
systems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
:	O
decoder	O
since	O
version	O
70	O
,	O
October	O
2018	O
-	O
encoder	O
since	O
90	O
,	O
14	O
April	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
StaxRip	O
(	O
Avisynth	B-Application
and	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fastflix	O
(	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
there	O
are	O
other	O
several	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
and/or	O
Avisynth	B-Application
GUI	O
frontends	O
such	O
as	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
Batch	O
AV	O
converter	O
,	O
the	O
GUI	O
for	O
av1an	O
Nmkoder	O
that	O
it	O
also	O
have	O
an	O
only	O
FFmpeg	B-Library
mode	O
and	O
Shutter	O
Encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hybrid	O
,	O
has	O
advanced	O
options	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
GUI	O
for	O
executing	O
Avisynth	B-Application
scripts	O
,	O
not	O
available	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
and	O
its	O
installer	O
weights	O
more	O
than	O
1	O
GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OBS	B-Language
Studio	I-Language
(	O
libaom	O
and	O
SVT-AV1	O
support	O
since	O
27.2	O
Beta	O
1	O
)	O
and	O
since	O
OBS	B-Language
Studio	I-Language
29.1	O
Beta	O
1	O
encoding	O
with	O
GPUs	O
that	O
support	O
it	O
(	O
QSV	O
,	O
NVENC	O
,	O
VCN	O
4.0	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
AV1	B-Application
streaming	O
transmission	O
on	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
also	O
other	O
platforms	O
via	O
RTMP	O
(	O
Real	O
Time	O
Messaging	O
Protocol	O
)	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
joins	O
SRT	O
Alliance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
Alliance	O
members	O
demonstrated	O
AV1	B-Application
enabled	O
products	O
at	O
IBC	O
2018	O
,	O
including	O
Socionext	O
's	O
hardware	O
accelerated	O
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Socionext	O
,	O
the	O
encoding	O
accelerator	O
is	O
FPGA	B-Architecture
based	O
and	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
an	O
Amazon	B-Application
EC2	O
F1	O
cloud	O
instance	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
runs	O
10	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
existing	O
software	O
encoders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Mukund	O
Srinivasan	O
,	O
chief	O
business	O
officer	O
of	O
AOM	O
member	O
Ittiam	O
,	O
early	O
hardware	O
support	O
will	O
be	O
dominated	O
by	O
software	O
running	O
on	O
non-CPU	O
hardware	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
GPGPU	B-Architecture
,	O
DSP	B-Architecture
or	O
shader	O
programs	O
,	O
as	O
is	O
the	O
case	O
with	O
some	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
hardware	O
implementations	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
will	O
take	O
12	O
–	O
18	O
months	O
after	O
bitstream	O
freeze	O
until	O
chips	O
are	O
available	O
,	O
plus	O
6	O
months	O
for	O
products	O
based	O
on	O
those	O
chips	O
to	O
hit	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
7	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
NGCodec	O
announced	O
AV1	B-Application
support	O
for	O
NGCodec	O
accelerated	O
with	O
Xilinx	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
18	O
April	O
2019	O
,	O
Allegro	O
DVT	O
announced	O
its	O
AL-E210	O
multi-format	O
video	O
encoder	O
hardware	O
IP	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
publicly	O
announced	O
hardware	O
AV1	B-Application
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
23	O
April	O
2019	O
,	O
Rockchip	B-Architecture
announced	O
their	O
RK3588	O
SoC	O
which	O
features	O
AV1	B-Application
hardware	O
decoding	O
up	O
to	O
4K	B-Device
60fps	O
at	O
10-bit	O
color	O
depth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
9	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
Amphion	O
announced	O
a	O
video	O
decoder	O
with	O
AV1	B-Application
support	O
up	O
to	O
4K	B-Device
60fps	O
On	O
28	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
Realtek	O
announced	O
the	O
RTD2893	O
,	O
its	O
first	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
with	O
AV1	B-Application
decoding	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
8K	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
17	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
Realtek	O
announced	O
the	O
RTD1311	O
SoC	O
for	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
with	O
an	O
integrated	O
AV1	B-Application
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
20	O
October	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
roadmap	O
from	O
Amlogic	B-Architecture
shown	O
3	O
set-top	O
box	O
SoCs	O
that	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
decode	O
AV1	B-Application
content	O
,	O
the	O
S805X2	O
,	O
S905X4	O
and	O
S908X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
21	O
October	O
2019	O
,	O
Chips&Media	O
announced	O
the	O
WAVE510A	O
VPU	O
supporting	O
decoding	O
AV1	B-Application
at	O
up	O
to	O
4Kp120	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
26	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
MediaTek	B-Architecture
announced	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
smartphone	O
SoC	O
with	O
an	O
integrated	O
AV1	B-Application
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dimensity	O
1000	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
decode	O
AV1	B-Application
content	O
up	O
to	O
4K	B-Device
60fps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
3	O
January	O
2020	O
,	O
LG	O
Electronics	O
announced	O
that	O
its	O
2020	O
8K	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
,	O
which	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
α9	O
Gen	O
3	O
processor	O
,	O
support	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
CES	O
2020	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
its	O
2020	O
8K	B-Architecture
QLED	O
TVs	O
,	O
featuring	O
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
"	O
Quantum	O
Processor	O
8K	B-Architecture
SoC	O
,	O
"	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
13	O
August	O
2020	O
,	O
Intel	O
announced	O
that	O
their	O
Intel	O
Xe-LP	O
GPU	O
in	O
Tiger	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
will	O
be	O
their	O
first	O
product	O
to	O
include	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
1	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
announced	O
that	O
their	O
Nvidia	O
GeForce	O
RTX	O
30	O
Series	O
GPUs	O
will	O
support	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
2	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
Intel	O
officially	O
launched	O
Tiger	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
11th	O
Gen	O
CPUs	B-Device
with	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
15	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
AMD	O
merged	O
patches	O
into	O
the	O
amdgpu	O
drivers	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
which	O
adds	O
support	O
for	O
AV1	B-Application
decoding	O
support	O
on	O
RDNA2	O
GPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
28	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
Roku	O
refreshed	O
the	O
Roku	O
Ultra	O
including	O
AV1	B-Application
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
30	O
September	O
2020	O
,	O
Intel	O
released	O
version	O
20.3.0	O
for	O
the	O
Intel	O
Media	O
Driver	O
which	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
AV1	B-Application
decoding	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
10	O
October	O
2020	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
confirmed	O
support	O
for	O
AV1	B-Application
hardware	O
decoding	O
on	O
Xe-LP(Gen12 )	O
,	O
Ampere	O
and	O
RDNA2	O
with	O
a	O
blog	O
post	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
11	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
Intel	O
announes	O
new	O
Pentium	O
and	O
Celeron	O
models	O
with	O
11th	O
Gen	O
UHD	B-Device
iGPU	O
with	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
support	O
AV1	B-Application
decode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
12	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
Exynos	O
2100	O
with	O
claimed	O
AV1	B-Application
decode	O
support	O
,	O
however	O
Samsung	B-Application
has	O
not	O
implemented	O
AV1	B-Application
support	O
yet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
16	O
March	O
2021	O
,	O
Intel	O
officially	O
launched	O
Rocket	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
11th	O
Gen	O
CPUs	B-Device
with	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
19	O
October	O
2021	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
officially	O
launched	O
the	O
Tensor	B-Device
featuring	O
BigOcean	O
supporting	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
27	O
October	O
2021	O
,	O
Intel	O
officially	O
launched	O
Alder	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
12th	O
Gen	O
CPUs	B-Device
with	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
4	O
January	O
2022	O
,	O
Intel	O
officially	O
launched	O
Alder	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
12th	O
Gen	O
mobile	O
CPUs	B-Device
and	O
non-K	O
series	O
desktop	O
CPUs	B-Device
with	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
17	O
February	O
2022	O
,	O
Intel	O
officially	O
announced	O
that	O
Arctic	O
Sound-M	O
has	O
the	O
industry	O
's	O
first	O
hardware-based	O
AV1	B-Application
encoder	O
inside	O
a	O
GPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
30	O
March	O
2022	O
,	O
Intel	O
officially	O
announced	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
Arc	I-Device
Alchemist	O
family	O
with	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
and	O
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
20	O
September	O
2022	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
officially	O
announced	O
the	O
Nvidia	O
GeForce	O
RTX	O
40	O
series	O
with	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
and	O
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
22	O
September	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
released	O
the	O
Chromecast	B-Device
with	O
Google	B-Application
TV	O
(	O
HD	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
Chromecast	B-Device
device	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
AV1	B-Application
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
26	O
September	O
2022	O
,	O
AMD	O
released	O
Ryzen	O
7000	O
series	O
CPUs	B-Device
with	O
an	O
embedded	O
GPU	O
capable	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
27	O
September	O
2022	O
,	O
Intel	O
officially	O
launched	O
Raptor	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
13th	O
Gen	O
CPUs	B-Device
with	O
AV1	B-Application
fixed-function	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sisvel	O
,	O
a	O
Luxembourg-based	O
company	O
,	O
has	O
formed	O
a	O
patent	O
pool	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
selling	O
a	O
patent	O
license	O
for	O
AV1	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
statement	O
after	O
Sisvel	O
's	O
initial	O
announcement	O
reiterated	O
the	O
commitment	O
to	O
their	O
royalty-free	O
patent	O
license	O
and	O
made	O
mention	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
AOMedia	O
patent	O
defense	O
program	O
to	O
help	O
protect	O
AV1	B-Application
ecosystem	O
participants	O
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
patent	O
claims	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
mention	O
the	O
Sisvel	O
claim	O
by	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
The	O
WebM	B-Application
Project	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
does	O
not	O
plan	O
to	O
alter	O
their	O
current	O
or	O
upcoming	O
usage	O
plans	O
of	O
AV1	B-Application
even	O
though	O
they	O
are	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
patent	O
pool	O
,	O
and	O
third	O
parties	O
cannot	O
be	O
stopped	O
from	O
demanding	O
licensing	O
fees	O
from	O
any	O
technology	O
that	O
is	O
open-source	O
,	O
royalty-free	O
,	O
and/or	O
free-of-charge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
said	O
this	O
action	O
may	O
be	O
restricting	O
the	O
innovators	O
 '	O
ability	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
AV1	B-Application
technical	O
specification	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
eliminate	O
incentives	O
for	O
them	O
to	O
innovate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AV1	B-Application
Image	O
File	O
Format	O
(	O
AVIF	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
image	O
file	O
format	O
specification	O
for	O
storing	O
still	O
images	O
or	O
image	O
sequences	O
compressed	O
with	O
AV1	B-Application
in	O
the	O
HEIF	O
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
competes	O
with	O
HEIC	O
which	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
container	O
format	O
,	O
built	O
upon	O
ISOBMFF	O
,	O
but	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
for	O
compression	O
.	O
</s>
