<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
:	O
Avionics	B-Architecture
Digital	I-Architecture
Video	I-Architecture
Bus	I-Architecture
(	O
ADVB	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
video	O
interface	O
and	O
protocol	O
standard	O
developed	O
for	O
high	O
bandwidth	O
,	O
low-latency	O
,	O
uncompressed	O
digital	O
video	O
transmission	O
in	O
avionics	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specification	O
was	O
updated	O
and	O
ARINC	O
818-2	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
2013	O
,	O
adding	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
link	O
rates	O
up	O
to	O
32X	O
fibre	B-Architecture
channel	I-Architecture
rates	O
,	O
channel-bonding	O
,	O
switching	O
,	O
field	O
sequential	O
color	O
,	O
bi-directional	O
control	O
and	O
data-only	O
links	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
revision	O
clarified	O
the	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
rates	O
versus	O
the	O
64b/66b	O
encoding	O
rates	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
clarifying	O
several	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
simplified	O
,	O
ADVB	O
retains	O
attributes	O
of	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
that	O
are	O
beneficial	O
for	O
mission-critical	O
applications	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Benefits	O
of	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
ADVB	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
systems	O
include	O
:	O
infrared	O
and	O
other	O
wavelength	O
sensors	O
,	O
optical	O
cameras	O
,	O
radar	B-Application
,	O
flight	B-Device
recorders	I-Device
,	O
map/chart	O
systems	O
,	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
,	O
image	B-General_Concept
fusion	I-General_Concept
systems	O
,	O
heads-up	B-Application
displays	I-Application
(	O
HUD	B-Application
)	O
and	O
heads-down	O
primary	O
flight	O
and	O
multifunction	B-Device
displays	I-Device
,	O
video	O
concentrators	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
subsystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
ADVB	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
(	O
FC	O
)	O
protocol	O
that	O
builds	O
on	O
FC-AV	O
(	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
Audio	O
Video	O
,	O
defined	O
in	O
ANSI	O
INCITS	O
356-2002	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
used	O
extensively	O
on	O
video	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
F-18	O
and	O
the	O
C-130AMP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
provides	O
an	O
opportunity	O
to	O
standardize	O
high-speed	O
video	O
systems	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
high-profile	O
commercial	O
and	O
military	O
aerospace	O
programs	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
A400M	O
,	O
A350XWB	O
,	O
B787	O
,	O
KC-46A	O
,	O
C-130	O
,	O
KF-X	O
,	O
Comac	O
C919	O
,	O
and	O
numerous	O
other	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
is	O
also	O
common	O
in	O
avionics	O
suites	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Proline	O
Fusion	O
by	O
Rockwell	O
Collins	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
TopDeck	O
by	O
Thales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
Avionics	B-Architecture
Digital	I-Architecture
Video	I-Architecture
Bus	I-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
point-to-point	O
,	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
-encoded	I-Protocol
(	O
or	O
64B/66B	O
for	O
higher	O
speeds	O
)	O
serial	O
protocol	O
for	O
transmission	O
of	O
video	O
,	O
audio	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
ADVB	O
)	O
is	O
unidirectional	O
,	O
and	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
handshaking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
ADVB	O
)	O
has	O
15	O
defined	O
speeds	O
—	O
from	O
1Gbit/s	O
to	O
28Gbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
ADVB	O
)	O
frame	O
is	O
the	O
basic	O
transport	O
mechanism	O
for	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
ADVB	O
frame	O
has	O
a	O
standard	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
header	O
composed	O
of	O
six	O
32-bit	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CRC	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
32-bit	O
polynomial	O
calculation	O
defined	O
for	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
ADVB	O
)	O
specification	O
defines	O
a	O
“	O
container	O
”	O
as	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
ADVB	O
frames	O
used	O
to	O
transport	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
container	O
,	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
defines	O
objects	O
that	O
contain	O
certain	O
types	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
how	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
transmits	O
color	O
XGA	B-Device
provides	O
a	O
good	O
overview	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XGA	B-Device
RGB	O
requires	O
~	O
141M	O
bytes/s	O
of	O
data	O
transfer	O
(	O
1024	O
pixels	O
x	O
3	O
bytes	O
per	O
pixel	O
x	O
768	O
lines	O
x	O
60Hz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
“	O
packetizes	O
”	O
video	O
images	O
into	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
XGA	B-Device
video	O
line	O
requires	O
3072	O
bytes	O
,	O
which	O
exceeds	O
the	O
maximum	O
FC	O
payload	O
length	O
,	O
so	O
each	O
line	O
is	O
divided	O
into	O
two	O
ADVB	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transporting	O
an	O
XGA	B-Device
image	O
requires	O
a	O
“	O
payload	O
”	O
of	O
1536	O
FC	O
frames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
was	O
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
avionics	O
applications	O
,	O
the	O
protocol	O
is	O
already	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
sensor	O
fusion	O
applications	O
where	O
multiple	O
sensor	O
outputs	O
are	O
multiplexed	O
onto	O
a	O
single	O
high-speed	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Features	O
added	O
in	O
ARINC	O
818-2	O
facilitate	O
using	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
as	O
a	O
sensor	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
specification	O
does	O
not	O
mandate	O
which	O
physical	O
layer	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
and	O
implementations	O
are	O
done	O
using	O
both	O
copper	O
and	O
fiber	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
implementation	O
use	O
fiber	O
,	O
low-speed	O
implementations	O
of	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
1.0625Gbp	O
to	O
6.375Gbit/s	O
)	O
sometimes	O
use	O
copper	O
(	O
twinax	O
or	O
TSP	O
or	O
coax	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
lends	O
itself	O
to	O
applications	O
that	O
require	O
few	O
conductors	O
(	O
slip	O
rings	O
,	O
turrets	O
)	O
,	O
low	O
weight	O
(	O
aerospace	O
)	O
,	O
EMI	O
resistance	O
,	O
or	O
long-distance	O
transmission	O
(	O
aerospace	O
,	O
ships	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
is	O
flexible	O
and	O
can	O
accommodate	O
many	O
types	O
of	O
video	O
and	O
data	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
uses	O
a	O
FC	O
physical	O
layer	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
constructed	O
from	O
any	O
FC	O
compatible	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
SerDes	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
common	O
in	O
large	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
transmitters	O
must	O
assemble	O
valid	O
FC	O
frames	O
,	O
including	O
starting	O
and	O
ending	O
ordered	O
sets	O
,	O
headers	O
,	O
and	O
CRC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
easily	O
be	O
done	O
with	O
VHDL	B-Language
state	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
many	O
PLD	O
SerDes	O
include	O
built	O
in	O
CRC	O
calculations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
flexibility	O
of	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
allows	O
for	O
receiver	O
implementations	O
using	O
either	O
full	O
image	O
buffers	O
or	O
just	O
display-line	O
buffers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Line	O
buffer	O
or	O
FIFO-based	O
receivers	O
will	O
require	O
that	O
the	O
transmitter	O
adhere	O
to	O
strict	O
line	O
timing	O
requirements	O
of	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
display	O
horizontal	B-General_Concept
scanning	I-General_Concept
must	O
be	O
precise	O
,	O
the	O
arrival	O
time	O
of	O
lines	O
will	O
also	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
precise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
intends	O
that	O
timing	O
parameters	O
such	O
as	O
these	O
be	O
captured	O
in	O
an	O
ICD	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
video	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
of	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
built	O
upon	O
many	O
years	O
of	O
combined	O
experience	O
of	O
using	O
FC	O
to	O
transport	O
different	O
video	O
formats	O
,	O
and	O
key	O
implementation	O
details	O
are	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
specification	O
,	O
including	O
examples	O
of	O
common	O
analog	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Link	O
rates	O
:	O
At	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
original	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
specification	O
was	O
ratified	O
,	O
the	O
fiber-channel	O
protocol	O
supported	O
link	O
rates	O
up	O
to	O
8.5	O
gigabits	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
Gb/s	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compression	O
and	O
Encryption	O
:	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
was	O
originally	O
envisioned	O
as	O
carrying	O
only	O
uncompressed	O
video	O
and	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
protocol	O
does	O
not	O
provide	O
a	O
means	O
for	O
compression	O
and	O
encryption	O
,	O
it	O
simply	O
provides	O
flags	O
to	O
indicate	O
that	O
payload	O
is	O
compressed	O
or	O
encrypted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Switching	O
:	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
was	O
designed	O
as	O
a	O
point-to-point	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
newer	O
implementations	O
of	O
the	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
have	O
multiple	O
displays	O
and	O
or	O
many	O
channels	O
of	O
ARINC	B-Architecture
818	I-Architecture
(	O
10	O
or	O
more	O
)	O
,	O
switching	O
has	O
become	O
more	O
important	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Channel	O
Bonding	O
:	O
To	O
overcome	O
link	O
bandwidth	O
limitations	O
of	O
FPGAs	B-Architecture
,	O
ARINC	O
818-2	O
supports	O
multiple	O
links	O
in	O
parallel	O
.	O
</s>
