<s>
Attached	B-Protocol
Resource	I-Protocol
Computer	I-Protocol
NETwork	I-Protocol
(	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
or	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
a	O
communications	O
protocol	O
for	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networks	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
was	O
the	O
first	O
widely	O
available	O
networking	B-Architecture
system	O
for	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
;	O
it	O
became	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
for	O
office	O
automation	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
later	O
applied	O
to	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
where	O
certain	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
protocol	O
are	O
especially	O
useful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
was	O
developed	O
by	O
principal	O
development	O
engineer	O
John	O
Murphy	O
at	O
Datapoint	O
Corporation	O
in	O
1976	O
under	O
Victor	O
Poor	O
,	O
and	O
announced	O
in	O
1977	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
to	O
connect	O
groups	O
of	O
their	O
Datapoint	B-Device
2200	I-Device
terminals	O
to	O
talk	O
to	O
a	O
shared	O
8	O
"	O
floppy	O
disk	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
loosely	O
coupled	O
LAN-based	O
clustering	O
system	O
,	O
making	O
no	O
assumptions	O
about	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
computers	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
connected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
contemporary	O
larger	O
and	O
more	O
expensive	O
computer	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
DECnet	B-Protocol
or	O
SNA	B-Architecture
,	O
where	O
a	O
homogeneous	O
group	O
of	O
similar	O
or	O
proprietary	O
computers	O
were	O
connected	O
as	O
a	O
cluster	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
token-passing	B-Protocol
bus	B-General_Concept
protocol	O
of	O
that	O
I/O	O
device-sharing	O
network	O
was	O
subsequently	O
applied	O
to	O
allowing	O
processing	O
nodes	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
for	O
file-serving	O
and	O
computing	O
scalability	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
application	O
could	O
be	O
developed	O
in	O
DATABUS	O
,	O
Datapoint	O
's	O
proprietary	O
COBOL-like	O
language	O
and	O
deployed	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
computer	O
with	O
dumb	O
terminals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
users	O
outgrew	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
computer	O
,	O
additional	O
'	O
compute	O
 '	O
resource	O
computers	O
could	O
be	O
attached	O
via	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
,	O
running	O
the	O
same	O
applications	O
and	O
accessing	O
the	O
same	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
incremental	O
approach	O
broke	O
new	O
ground	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
1970s	O
(	O
before	O
the	O
first	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
was	O
announced	O
in	O
1981	O
)	O
over	O
ten	O
thousand	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
LAN	B-General_Concept
installations	O
were	O
in	O
commercial	O
use	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
and	O
Datapoint	O
had	O
become	O
a	O
Fortune	O
500	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
microcomputers	B-Architecture
took	O
over	O
the	O
industry	O
,	O
well-proven	O
and	O
reliable	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
was	O
also	O
offered	O
as	O
an	O
inexpensive	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
for	O
these	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
remained	O
proprietary	O
until	O
the	O
early-to-mid	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
move	O
to	O
non-proprietary	O
,	O
open	O
systems	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
dominance	O
of	O
International	O
Business	O
Machines	O
(	O
IBM	O
)	O
and	O
its	O
Systems	B-Architecture
Network	I-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
SNA	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
responded	O
by	O
proposing	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
Ethernet	O
but	O
kept	O
such	O
tight	O
control	O
over	O
standardization	O
that	O
competitors	O
were	O
wary	O
of	O
using	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
was	O
less	O
expensive	O
than	O
either	O
,	O
more	O
reliable	O
,	O
more	O
flexible	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
it	O
had	O
a	O
market	O
share	O
about	O
equal	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tandy/Radio	O
Shack	O
offered	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
as	O
an	O
application	O
and	O
file	O
sharing	O
medium	O
for	O
their	O
TRS-80	B-Device
Model	I-Device
II	I-Device
,	O
Model	O
12	O
,	O
Model	O
16	O
,	O
Tandy	O
6000	O
,	O
Tandy	B-Device
2000	I-Device
,	O
Tandy	O
1000	O
and	O
Tandy	O
1200	O
computer	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
also	O
hooks	O
in	O
the	O
Model	B-Device
4P	I-Device
's	O
ROM	O
to	O
boot	O
from	O
an	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Ethernet	O
moved	O
from	O
co-axial	O
cable	O
to	O
twisted	B-Protocol
pair	I-Protocol
and	O
an	O
"	O
interconnected	O
stars	O
"	O
cabling	O
topology	O
based	O
on	O
active	B-Protocol
hubs	I-Protocol
,	O
it	O
became	O
much	O
more	O
attractive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Easier	O
cabling	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
greater	O
raw	O
speed	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
,	O
as	O
compared	O
with	O
for	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
)	O
helped	O
to	O
increase	O
Ethernet	O
demand	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
more	O
companies	O
entered	O
the	O
market	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
started	O
to	O
falland	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
(	O
and	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
)	O
volumes	O
tapered	O
off	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
greater	O
bandwidth	O
needs	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
challenge	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
called	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
Plus	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Datapoint	O
,	O
and	O
introduced	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCnet	B-Protocol
Plus	O
ran	O
at	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
backward	O
compatible	O
with	O
original	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
time	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
Plus	O
products	O
were	O
ready	O
for	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
had	O
captured	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
market	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
was	O
little	O
incentive	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
move	O
back	O
to	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
very	O
few	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
Plus	O
products	O
were	O
ever	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
was	O
eventually	O
standardized	O
as	O
ANSI	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
878.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
appears	O
this	O
was	O
when	O
the	O
name	O
changed	O
from	O
ARCnet	B-Protocol
to	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
is	O
now	O
rarely	O
used	O
for	O
new	O
general	O
networks	O
,	O
the	O
diminishing	O
installed	O
base	O
still	O
requires	O
support	O
-	O
and	O
it	O
retains	O
a	O
niche	O
in	O
industrial	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Original	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
used	O
RG-62/U	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
of	O
impedance	O
and	O
either	O
passive	O
or	O
active	B-Protocol
hubs	I-Protocol
in	O
a	O
star-wired	O
bus	B-General_Concept
topology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
its	O
greatest	O
popularity	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
a	O
significant	O
advantage	O
of	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
over	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
star-wired	O
bus	B-General_Concept
was	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
build	O
and	O
expand	O
(	O
and	O
was	O
more	O
readily	O
maintainable	O
)	O
than	O
the	O
clumsy	O
linear	O
bus	B-General_Concept
Ethernet	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
interconnected	O
stars	O
"	O
cabling	O
topology	O
made	O
it	O
easy	O
to	O
add	O
and	O
remove	O
nodes	O
without	O
taking	O
down	O
the	O
whole	O
network	O
,	O
and	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
diagnose	O
and	O
isolate	O
failures	O
within	O
a	O
complex	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
significant	O
advantage	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
had	O
over	O
Ethernet	O
was	O
cable	O
distance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
coax	O
cable	O
runs	O
could	O
extend	O
between	O
active	B-Protocol
hubs	I-Protocol
or	O
between	O
an	O
active	B-Protocol
hub	I-Protocol
and	O
an	O
end	O
node	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
RG-58	O
(	O
50Ω	O
)	O
'	O
thin	O
 '	O
Ethernet	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
was	O
limited	O
to	O
a	O
maximum	O
run	O
of	O
from	O
end	O
to	O
end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
had	O
the	O
disadvantage	O
of	O
requiring	O
either	O
an	O
active	O
or	O
passive	O
hub	B-Protocol
between	O
nodes	O
if	O
there	O
were	O
more	O
than	O
two	O
nodes	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
while	O
thin	O
Ethernet	O
allowed	O
nodes	O
to	O
be	O
spaced	O
anywhere	O
along	O
the	O
linear	O
coax	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
passive	O
hubs	B-Protocol
were	O
very	O
inexpensive	O
,	O
being	O
composed	O
of	O
a	O
simple	O
,	O
small	O
,	O
unpowered	O
box	O
with	O
four	O
ports	O
,	O
wired	O
together	O
with	O
nothing	O
more	O
than	O
four	O
discrete	O
resistors	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
disadvantage	O
was	O
not	O
significant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
disadvantage	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
an	O
advantage	O
,	O
often	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
a	O
4	O
port	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
passive	O
hub	B-Protocol
was	O
less	O
than	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
4	O
BNC	B-Protocol
Tee	I-Protocol
connectors	O
and	O
2	O
terminators	O
that	O
thin	O
Ethernet	O
requires	O
to	O
connect	O
4	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
unlike	O
BNC	B-Protocol
Tee	I-Protocol
connectors	O
that	O
could	O
sometimes	O
be	O
hard	O
to	O
obtain	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
days	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
an	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
passive	O
hub	B-Protocol
could	O
be	O
easily	O
manufactured	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
with	O
9	O
readily	O
available	O
parts	O
(	O
4	O
connectors	O
,	O
4	O
resistors	O
and	O
a	O
box	O
to	O
put	O
them	O
in	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passive	O
hubs	B-Protocol
limited	O
the	O
distance	O
between	O
a	O
node	O
and	O
an	O
active	B-Protocol
hub	I-Protocol
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
passive	O
hub	B-Protocol
could	O
not	O
be	O
connected	O
directly	O
to	O
another	O
passive	O
hub	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unused	O
ports	O
on	O
both	O
types	O
of	O
hubs	B-Protocol
had	O
to	O
be	O
terminated	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
connector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
special	O
connector	O
,	O
called	O
a	O
terminator	O
,	O
is	O
nothing	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
BNC	B-Protocol
connector	I-Protocol
with	O
a	O
93	O
ohm	O
resistor	O
in	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
reduce	O
costs	O
,	O
while	O
still	O
allowing	O
coverage	O
over	O
a	O
wide	O
area	O
,	O
a	O
common	O
practice	O
was	O
to	O
use	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
interconnected	O
active	B-Protocol
hubs	I-Protocol
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
provided	O
coverage	O
for	O
nodes	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cable	O
was	O
run	O
from	O
each	O
port	O
of	O
the	O
active	B-Protocol
hubs	I-Protocol
to	O
a	O
different	O
location	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
passive	O
hub	B-Protocol
would	O
then	O
be	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
cable	O
,	O
and	O
cables	O
would	O
be	O
run	O
locally	O
from	O
the	O
passive	O
hub	B-Protocol
,	O
allowing	O
connection	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
three	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
way	O
,	O
a	O
single	O
8-port	O
active	B-Protocol
hub	I-Protocol
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
connect	O
24	O
networked	O
devices	O
over	O
an	O
area	O
not	O
exceeding	O
in	O
diameter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
allowed	O
only	O
255	O
nodes	O
per	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Node	O
IDs	O
for	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
workstations	O
were	O
typically	O
set	O
by	O
DIP	O
switches	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
interface	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
mediate	B-Protocol
access	I-Protocol
to	I-Protocol
the	I-Protocol
bus	I-Protocol
,	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
,	O
like	O
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
,	O
uses	O
a	O
token	B-Protocol
passing	I-Protocol
scheme	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
carrier	O
sense	O
multiple	O
access	O
approach	O
of	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
peers	O
are	O
inactive	O
,	O
a	O
single	O
"	O
token	O
"	O
message	O
is	O
passed	O
around	O
the	O
network	O
from	O
machine	O
to	O
machine	O
,	O
and	O
no	O
peer	O
is	O
allowed	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
bus	B-General_Concept
unless	O
it	O
has	O
the	O
token	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
is	O
implemented	O
as	O
a	O
distributed	O
star	O
,	O
the	O
token	O
cannot	O
be	O
passed	O
machine	O
to	O
machine	O
around	O
a	O
ring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historically	O
,	O
each	O
approach	O
had	O
its	O
advantages	O
:	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
added	O
a	O
small	O
delay	O
on	O
an	O
inactive	O
network	O
as	O
a	O
sending	O
station	O
waited	O
to	O
receive	O
the	O
token	O
,	O
but	O
Ethernet	O
's	O
performance	O
degraded	O
drastically	O
if	O
too	O
many	O
peers	O
attempted	O
to	O
broadcast	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
time	O
required	O
for	O
the	O
slower	O
processors	O
of	O
the	O
day	O
to	O
process	O
and	O
recover	O
from	O
collisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
had	O
slightly	O
lower	O
best-case	O
performance	O
(	O
viewed	O
by	O
a	O
single	O
stream	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
much	O
more	O
predictable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCNET	B-Protocol
also	O
has	O
the	O
advantage	O
that	O
it	O
achieved	O
its	O
best	O
aggregate	O
performance	O
under	O
the	O
highest	O
loading	O
,	O
approaching	O
asymptotically	O
its	O
maximum	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
would	O
keep	O
on	O
going	O
at	O
normal	O
(	O
or	O
even	O
better	O
)	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
could	O
at	O
one	O
time	O
outperform	O
a	O
Ethernet	O
in	O
a	O
busy	O
office	O
on	O
slow	O
processors	O
,	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
ultimately	O
gave	O
way	O
to	O
Ethernet	O
as	O
improved	O
processor	O
speeds	O
reduced	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
collisions	O
on	O
overall	O
throughput	O
,	O
and	O
Ethernet	O
costs	O
dropped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
was	O
much	O
cheaper	O
than	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
in	O
particular	O
for	O
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
1985	O
SMC	O
sold	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
cards	O
for	O
around	O
whilst	O
an	O
Ungermann-Bass	O
Ethernet	O
card	O
plus	O
transceiver	O
could	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
significant	O
difference	O
is	O
that	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
provides	O
the	O
sender	O
with	O
a	O
concrete	O
acknowledgment	O
(	O
or	O
not	O
)	O
of	O
successful	O
delivery	O
at	O
the	O
receiving	O
end	O
before	O
the	O
token	O
passes	O
on	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
node	O
,	O
permitting	O
much	O
faster	O
fault	O
recovery	O
within	O
the	O
higher	O
level	O
protocols	O
(	O
rather	O
than	O
having	O
to	O
wait	O
for	O
a	O
timeout	O
on	O
the	O
expected	O
replies	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARCnet	B-Protocol
also	O
does	O
n't	O
waste	O
network	O
time	O
transmitting	O
to	O
a	O
node	O
not	O
ready	O
to	O
receive	O
the	O
message	O
,	O
since	O
an	O
initial	O
inquiry	O
(	O
done	O
at	O
hardware	O
level	O
)	O
establishes	O
that	O
the	O
recipient	O
is	O
able	O
and	O
ready	O
to	O
receive	O
the	O
larger	O
message	O
before	O
it	O
is	O
sent	O
across	O
the	O
bus	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
further	O
advantage	O
that	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
enjoyed	O
over	O
collision-based	O
Ethernet	O
is	O
that	O
it	O
guarantees	O
equitable	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
bus	B-General_Concept
by	O
everyone	O
on	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
made	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
an	O
ideal	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
which	O
explains	O
its	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
and	O
process	O
control	O
markets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Token	B-Device
Ring	I-Device
has	O
similar	O
qualities	O
,	O
but	O
is	O
much	O
more	O
expensive	O
to	O
implement	O
than	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spite	O
of	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
's	O
deterministic	O
operation	O
and	O
historic	O
suitability	O
for	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
environments	O
such	O
as	O
process	O
control	O
,	O
the	O
general	O
availability	O
of	O
switched	B-Protocol
gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
and	O
Quality	O
of	O
service	O
capabilities	O
in	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
switches	I-Protocol
has	O
all	O
but	O
eliminated	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
first	O
the	O
system	O
was	O
deployed	O
using	O
RG-62/U	O
coaxial	O
cable	O
(	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframe	I-Device
environments	O
to	O
connect	O
3270	B-Operating_System
terminals	I-Operating_System
and	O
controllers	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
later	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
twisted	B-Protocol
pair	I-Protocol
and	O
fibre	B-Architecture
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
's	O
lower	O
speeds	O
(	O
)	O
,	O
Cat-3	B-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
is	O
good	O
enough	O
to	O
run	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
twisted-pair	O
products	O
supported	O
cable	O
runs	O
over	O
on	O
standard	O
Cat-3	B-Protocol
cable	I-Protocol
,	O
far	O
beyond	O
anything	O
Ethernet	O
could	O
do	O
on	O
any	O
kind	O
of	O
copper	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
Thomas-Conrad	O
Corporation	O
developed	O
a	O
topology	O
called	O
TCNS	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
protocol	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
supported	O
RG-62	O
,	O
twisted-pair	O
,	O
and	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TCNS	O
enjoyed	O
some	O
success	O
until	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
lower-cost	O
Ethernet	O
put	O
an	O
end	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
deployment	O
of	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
as	O
a	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
simple	O
,	O
robust	O
nature	O
,	O
ARCNET	B-Protocol
controllers	O
are	O
still	O
sold	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
industrial	O
,	O
embedded	O
,	O
and	O
automotive	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
