<s>
The	O
AN/FSQ	B-Architecture
-32	I-Architecture
SAGE	O
Solid	O
State	O
Computer	O
(	O
AN/FSQ	O
-7A	O
before	O
December	O
1958	O
,	O
colloq	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Q-32	O
"	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
planned	O
military	B-Device
computer	I-Device
central	O
for	O
deployment	O
to	O
Super	O
Combat	O
Centers	O
in	O
nuclear	O
bunkers	O
and	O
to	O
some	O
above-ground	O
military	O
installations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1956	O
,	O
ARDC	O
sponsored	O
"	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
transistorized	O
,	O
or	O
solid-state	O
,	O
computer	O
"	O
by	O
IBM	O
and	O
when	O
announced	O
in	O
June	O
1958	O
,	O
the	O
planned	O
"	O
SAGE	O
Solid	O
State	O
Computer	O
...	O
was	O
estimated	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
computing	O
capability	O
of	O
seven	O
times	O
"	O
the	O
AN/FSQ	B-Device
-7	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
17	O
November	O
1958	O
,	O
CINCNORAD	O
"	O
decided	O
to	O
request	O
the	O
solid	O
state	O
computer	O
and	O
hardened	O
facilities	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
remaining	O
vacuum-tube	O
AN/FSQ	O
-8	O
centrals	O
for	O
combat	O
centers	O
were	O
cancelled	O
(	O
one	O
was	O
retrofitted	O
to	O
function	O
as	O
an	O
AN/FSQ	B-Device
-7	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
AN/FSQ	B-Architecture
-32	I-Architecture
computer	O
would	O
be	O
"	O
*	O
used	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
21	O
,	O
1959	O
,	O
the	O
Office	O
of	O
Defense	O
Research	O
and	O
Engineering	O
informed	O
NORAD	O
a	O
stop	O
order	O
had	O
been	O
placed	O
on	O
AN/FSQ	B-Architecture
-32	I-Architecture
production	O
and	O
in	O
January	O
1960	O
,	O
the	O
Office	O
of	O
the	O
Secretary	O
of	O
Defense	O
recommended	O
the	O
SCC	O
program	O
be	O
cancelled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AN/FSQ	B-Architecture
-32	I-Architecture
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
SCC	O
Program	O
,	O
was	O
cancelled	O
by	O
March	O
18	O
,	O
1960	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
SAGE	O
Air	O
Traffic	O
Integration	O
(	O
SATIN	O
)	O
was	O
similarly	O
cancelled	O
by	O
the	O
DoD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Back-Up	O
Interceptor	O
Control	O
eventually	O
with	O
smaller	B-Device
solid-state	I-Device
computers	I-Device
at	O
above-ground	O
SAGE	O
radar	O
stations	O
was	O
instead	O
implemented	O
for	O
survivability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prototype	O
of	O
the	O
AN/FSQ	B-Architecture
-32	I-Architecture
was	O
the	O
largest	O
transistor	B-Application
(	O
solid	O
state	O
)	O
computer	O
ever	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Q-32	O
prototype	O
was	O
installed	O
at	O
System	O
Development	O
Corporation	O
(	O
SDC	O
)	O
headquarters	O
in	O
Santa	O
Monica	O
,	O
California	O
,	O
and	O
SDC	O
developed	O
the	O
prototype	O
software	O
using	O
JOVIAL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prototype	O
used	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
military	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1960s	O
,	O
the	O
AN/FSQ	B-Architecture
-32	I-Architecture
prototype	O
was	O
taken	O
over	O
by	O
the	O
Advanced	O
Research	O
Projects	O
Agency	O
and	O
remained	O
in	O
Santa	O
Monica	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SDC	O
's	O
research	O
included	O
ways	O
to	O
permit	O
the	O
prototype	O
to	O
handle	O
multiple	O
batch	O
tasks	O
simultaneously	O
(	O
"	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
"	O
)	O
and	O
to	O
simultaneously	O
process	O
data	O
multiple	O
geographically-separated	O
computer	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
23	O
,	O
1963	O
,	O
Dr.	O
J	O
.	O
C	O
.	O
R	O
.	O
Licklider	O
,	O
ARPA	O
Director	O
of	O
Behavioral	O
Sciences	O
Command	O
&	O
Control	O
Research	O
,	O
identified	O
early	O
challenges	O
in	O
establishing	O
a	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
network	O
of	O
computers	O
with	O
the	O
software	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
June	O
1963	O
the	O
Time-Sharing	B-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
(	O
TSS	O
)	O
Model	O
Zero	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
after	O
magnetic	O
drums	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
influenced	O
by	O
early	O
experiments	O
at	O
Bolt	O
,	O
Beranek	O
,	O
and	O
Newman	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
CTSS	B-Operating_System
project	O
at	O
MIT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Terminals	O
included	O
several	O
Teletype	B-Application
Model	I-Application
33	I-Application
ASRs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prototype	O
was	O
an	O
IBM	O
4020	O
Military	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
that	O
included	O
a	O
Central	B-General_Concept
Processing	I-General_Concept
Unit	I-General_Concept
,	O
memory	O
,	O
High-Speed	O
Input/Output	O
,	O
Low-Speed	O
Input/Output	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
both	O
computer	O
operations	O
and	O
maintenance	O
,	O
an	O
Operations	O
Console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AN/FSQ	B-Architecture
-32	I-Architecture
central	O
would	O
have	O
included	O
additional	O
equipment	O
such	O
as	O
display	O
and	O
console	O
equipment	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
Air	O
Defense	O
Command	O
,	O
Army	O
Air	O
Defense	O
Command	O
,	O
Federal	O
Aviation	O
Administration	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
personnel	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
at	O
SCC/DCs	O
,	O
weapons	O
direction	O
consoles	O
for	O
dispatching/guiding	O
manned	O
interceptors	O
,	O
launching/guiding	O
CIM-10	O
Bomarcs	O
,	O
and	O
launching	O
Nike	O
surface-to-air	O
missiles	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
used	O
a	O
fixed	O
length	O
of	O
one	O
word	O
providing	O
24	O
bits	O
for	O
the	O
operation	O
and	O
24	O
bits	O
for	O
the	O
address	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
address	O
consisted	O
of	O
18	O
bits	O
(	O
3	O
bytes	B-Application
)	O
for	O
the	O
memory	O
address	O
,	O
with	O
other	O
bits	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
specification	O
of	O
index	O
registers	O
and	O
indirect	O
addressing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
modifiers	O
allowed	O
instructions	O
to	O
operate	O
only	O
on	O
specific	O
bytes	B-Application
of	O
a	O
word	O
or	O
on	O
specific	O
bits	O
of	O
a	O
byte	B-Application
without	O
separate	O
masking	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
modifiers	O
allowed	O
the	O
single	O
48-bit	O
ALU	B-General_Concept
to	O
operate	O
on	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
24-bit	O
operands	O
to	O
facilitate	O
vector	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
word	O
was	O
divided	O
into	O
eight	O
6-bit	O
bytes	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
6-bit	O
byte	B-Application
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
8-bit	O
byte	B-Application
in	O
common	O
use	O
today	O
,	O
was	O
common	O
in	O
IBM	O
and	O
other	O
scientific	O
computers	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prototype	O
was	O
equipped	O
with	O
128k	O
words	O
(	O
48	O
bits	O
plus	O
two	O
parity	B-Error_Name
bits	I-Error_Name
)	O
of	O
memory	O
that	O
was	O
oil	O
and	O
water	O
cooled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
considered	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
memory	O
subsystem	O
in	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
addressed	O
via	O
fixed	O
reserved	O
memory	O
addresses	O
,	O
were	O
4	O
48	O
position	O
switch	O
banks	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
short	O
program	O
could	O
be	O
inserted	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
plug	O
panel	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
one	O
used	O
in	O
IBM	O
Unit-Record	O
equipment	O
,	O
that	O
had	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
32	O
words	O
,	O
so	O
longer	O
bootstrap	O
or	O
diagnostic	O
programs	O
could	O
be	O
installed	O
in	O
plug	O
panels	O
which	O
could	O
then	O
be	O
inserted	O
into	O
the	O
receptacle	O
and	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
primitive	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
memory	O
had	O
a	O
cycle	O
time	O
of	O
2.5	O
microseconds	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
limitation	O
in	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
