<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
difficult	O
problems	O
are	O
informally	O
known	O
as	O
AI-complete	B-General_Concept
or	O
AI-hard	B-General_Concept
,	O
implying	O
that	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
these	O
computational	O
problems	O
,	O
assuming	O
intelligence	O
is	O
computational	O
,	O
is	O
equivalent	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
solving	O
the	O
central	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
problem	O
—	O
making	O
computers	O
as	O
intelligent	O
as	O
people	O
,	O
or	O
strong	O
AI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
call	O
a	O
problem	O
AI-complete	B-General_Concept
reflects	O
an	O
attitude	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
solved	O
by	O
a	O
simple	O
specific	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI-complete	B-General_Concept
problems	O
are	O
hypothesised	O
to	O
include	O
computer	B-Application
vision	I-Application
,	O
natural	B-General_Concept
language	I-General_Concept
understanding	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
dealing	O
with	O
unexpected	O
circumstances	O
while	O
solving	O
any	O
real-world	O
problem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
AI-complete	B-General_Concept
problems	O
cannot	O
be	O
solved	O
with	O
modern	O
computer	O
technology	O
alone	O
,	O
but	O
would	O
also	O
require	O
human	O
computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI-complete	B-General_Concept
problems	O
are	O
hypothesized	O
to	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dealing	O
with	O
unexpected	O
circumstances	O
while	O
solving	O
any	O
real	O
world	O
problem	O
,	O
whether	O
it	O
's	O
navigation	O
or	O
planning	B-Application
or	O
even	O
the	O
kind	O
of	O
reasoning	O
done	O
by	O
expert	B-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
must	O
have	O
extensive	O
world	B-General_Concept
knowledge	I-General_Concept
so	O
that	O
it	O
knows	O
what	O
is	O
being	O
discussed	O
—	O
it	O
must	O
at	O
least	O
be	O
familiar	O
with	O
all	O
the	O
same	O
commonsense	O
facts	O
that	O
the	O
average	O
human	O
translator	O
knows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
short	O
,	O
the	O
machine	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
have	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
human	O
intellectual	O
skills	O
,	O
including	O
reason	O
,	O
commonsense	B-General_Concept
knowledge	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
intuitions	O
that	O
underlie	O
motion	O
and	O
manipulation	O
,	O
perception	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
social	O
intelligence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
is	O
believed	O
to	O
be	O
AI-complete	B-General_Concept
:	O
it	O
may	O
require	O
strong	O
AI	O
to	O
be	O
done	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
humans	O
can	O
do	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
AI	O
systems	O
can	O
solve	O
very	O
simple	O
and/or	O
restricted	O
versions	O
of	O
AI-complete	B-General_Concept
problems	O
,	O
but	O
never	O
in	O
their	O
full	O
generality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
AI	O
researchers	O
attempt	O
to	O
"	O
scale	O
up	O
"	O
their	O
systems	O
to	O
handle	O
more	O
complicated	O
,	O
real-world	O
situations	O
,	O
the	O
programs	O
tend	O
to	O
become	O
excessively	O
brittle	O
without	O
commonsense	B-General_Concept
knowledge	I-General_Concept
or	O
a	O
rudimentary	O
understanding	O
of	O
the	O
situation	O
:	O
they	O
fail	O
as	O
unexpected	O
circumstances	O
outside	O
of	O
its	O
original	O
problem	O
context	O
begin	O
to	O
appear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DeepMind	B-Application
published	O
a	O
work	O
in	O
May	O
2022	O
in	O
which	O
they	O
trained	O
a	O
single	O
model	O
to	O
do	O
several	O
things	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
many	O
AI	O
problems	O
have	O
no	O
formalisation	O
yet	O
,	O
conventional	O
complexity	O
theory	O
does	O
not	O
allow	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
AI-completeness	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
formalised	O
by	O
a	O
human-assisted	O
Turing	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complexity	O
of	O
executing	O
an	O
algorithm	O
with	O
a	O
human-assisted	O
Turing	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
is	O
given	O
by	O
a	O
pair	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
first	O
element	O
represents	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
's	O
part	O
and	O
the	O
second	O
element	O
is	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
's	O
part	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complexity	O
of	O
solving	O
the	O
following	O
problems	O
with	O
a	O
human-assisted	O
Turing	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
is	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
for	O
printed	O
text	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Image	B-General_Concept
classification	I-General_Concept
:	O
human	O
only	O
:	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
less	O
reliance	O
on	O
the	O
human	O
:	O
.	O
</s>
