<s>
The	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
was	O
an	O
influential	O
early	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
terminal	I-General_Concept
,	O
introduced	O
in	O
1976	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
quickly	O
became	O
commercially	O
successful	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
rapid	O
increase	O
of	O
computer	O
communications	O
speeds	O
,	O
and	O
because	O
of	O
new	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
systems	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
which	O
required	O
inexpensive	O
operator	O
consoles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lear	O
Siegler	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
LSI	O
)	O
manufactured	O
its	O
first	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
terminal	I-General_Concept
in	O
1972	O
–	O
the	O
7700A	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initials	O
"	O
ADM	O
"	O
were	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
meaning	O
"	O
American	B-Device
Dream	I-Device
Machine	I-Device
"	O
in	O
some	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ADM-3	B-Device
followed	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
manufactured	O
units	O
were	O
introduced	O
at	O
1975	O
National	O
Computer	O
Conference	O
in	O
Anaheim	O
,	O
Calif.	O
,	O
May	O
19	O
–	O
22	O
,	O
1975	O
,	O
in	O
booth	O
2348	O
at	O
a	O
price	O
of	O
$995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
weeks	O
of	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
ADM-3	B-Device
,	O
Cagan	O
started	O
to	O
book	O
very	O
large	O
orders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
communications	O
speeds	O
were	O
rapidly	O
increasing	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
wave	O
of	O
general	O
purpose	O
and	O
dedicated	O
single	O
application	O
minicomputer	B-Architecture
systems	O
were	O
hitting	O
the	O
market	O
from	O
dozens	O
of	O
manufacturers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
no	O
fast	O
low	O
cost	O
printers	O
available	O
,	O
the	O
ADM-3	B-Device
(	O
painted	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
custom	O
colors	O
for	O
the	O
OEMs	O
)	O
became	O
the	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
December	O
20	O
,	O
1976	O
,	O
the	O
widely	O
used	O
Teletype	B-Application
Model	I-Application
33	I-Application
KSR	I-Application
electromechanical	O
printing	O
terminal	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
only	O
print	O
ten	O
characters	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
sold	O
for	O
$895	O
or	O
$	O
32/month	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
ADM-3	B-Device
,	O
which	O
could	O
display	O
up	O
to	O
1,920	O
characters	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
went	O
for	O
$995	O
or	O
$	O
36/month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
ADM-3	B-Device
terminal	O
displayed	O
only	O
capital	O
letters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
optional	O
add-ons	O
included	O
a	O
graphics	B-Device
card	I-Device
enabling	O
it	O
to	O
emulate	O
a	O
Tektronix	B-General_Concept
4010	I-General_Concept
and	O
an	O
extension	O
port	O
which	O
would	O
allow	O
daisy	O
chaining	O
several	O
ADM-3As	B-Device
on	O
a	O
single	O
RS-232	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1976	O
,	O
the	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
was	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
added	O
support	O
for	O
control	O
codes	O
to	O
move	O
the	O
cursor	O
around	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
and	O
directly	O
position	O
the	O
cursor	O
at	O
any	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
did	O
not	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
support	O
“	O
clear	O
to	O
end	O
of	O
line	O
”	O
or	O
“	O
clear	O
to	O
end	O
of	O
screen	O
”	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
more	O
advanced	O
codes	O
that	O
appeared	O
in	O
later	O
terminals	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
VT52	B-Application
and	O
VT100	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
'	O
s	O
overall	O
setup	O
was	O
controlled	O
by	O
20	O
DIP	O
switches	O
under	O
the	O
nameplate	O
at	O
the	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
machine	O
,	O
beside	O
the	O
keyboard	O
,	O
including	O
setting	O
speed	O
from	O
75	O
to	O
19,200	O
baud	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
12-inch	O
monochrome	B-Device
CRT	I-Device
was	O
mounted	O
in	O
the	O
top	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
case	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
hinged	O
in	O
the	O
back	O
and	O
opened	O
like	O
a	O
clamshell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CRT	B-Device
was	O
typically	O
made	O
by	O
Ball	O
Brothers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
later	O
terminals	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
VT100	B-Device
,	O
the	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
did	O
not	O
use	O
a	O
microprocessor	O
in	O
its	O
implementation	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
used	O
TTL	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
did	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
use	O
RAM	O
chips	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
Circulating	O
Memory	O
used	O
by	O
earlier	O
terminals	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Datapoint	B-Device
3300	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
HJKL	O
keys	O
for	O
moving	O
the	O
cursor	O
in	O
the	O
vi	B-Application
editor	I-Application
and	O
its	O
descendants	O
originated	O
from	O
the	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
,	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
's	O
Teletype	B-Application
Model	I-Application
33	I-Application
replacement	O
,	O
just	O
prior	O
to	O
the	O
vi	B-Application
editor	I-Application
's	O
creation	O
;	O
the	O
cursor-movement	O
arrows	O
were	O
printed	O
on	O
those	O
four	O
keys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Home	B-Device
key	I-Device
and	O
tilde	O
label	O
printed	O
on	O
the	O
key	O
may	O
have	O
additionally	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
establishment	O
of	O
the	O
tilde	O
character	O
("~"	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
home	O
directory	O
in	O
many	O
Unix	O
shells	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
caret	O
character	O
is	O
also	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
line	O
or	O
"	O
home	O
"	O
position	O
in	O
regular	B-Language
expression	I-Language
dialects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
and	O
functions	O
were	O
the	O
standard	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
backspace	B-Device
and	O
line	O
feed	O
respectively	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
interpretations	O
of	O
,	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
new	O
to	O
the	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
the	O
Control	B-Device
key	I-Device
was	O
located	O
above	O
,	O
not	O
below	O
,	O
the	O
Shift	B-Device
key	I-Device
—	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
place	O
where	O
most	O
modern	O
PC	B-Device
keyboards	I-Device
put	O
the	O
Caps	B-Device
Lock	I-Device
key	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
standard	O
Unix	O
key	O
combinations	O
were	O
designed	O
with	O
the	O
QWERTY	O
layout	O
and	O
the	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
'	O
s	O
original	O
Ctrl	B-Device
key	I-Device
placement	O
in	O
mind	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seasoned	O
computer	O
users	O
familiar	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
layout	O
often	O
claim	O
that	O
the	O
different	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
Ctrl	B-Device
key	I-Device
on	O
modern	O
PC	O
keyboard	O
layouts	O
makes	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Ctrl	B-Device
key	I-Device
combinations	O
more	O
cumbersome	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solutions	O
exist	O
for	O
many	O
operating	O
systems	O
to	O
switch	O
around	O
the	O
Caps	B-Device
Lock	I-Device
and	O
Ctrl	B-Device
keys	I-Device
in	O
software	O
,	O
thus	O
making	O
the	O
PC	O
keyboard	O
layout	O
more	O
closely	O
resemble	O
the	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
'	O
s	O
keyboard	O
layout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
legacy	O
of	O
the	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
'	O
s	O
keyboard	O
also	O
lives	O
on	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
local	O
layout	O
follows	O
it	O
almost	O
exactly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Local	O
Mac	O
keyboard	O
layouts	O
even	O
retain	O
the	O
ADM-3A	B-Device
'	O
s	O
position	O
of	O
the	O
Control	B-Device
key	I-Device
,	O
transposing	O
it	O
with	O
the	O
Caps	B-Device
Lock	I-Device
key	I-Device
.	O
</s>
