<s>
ABAP	B-Language
(	O
Advanced	O
Business	O
Application	O
Programming	O
,	O
originally	O
Allgemeiner	O
Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor	O
,	O
German	O
for	O
"	O
general	O
report	O
preparation	O
processor	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
high-level	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
created	O
by	O
the	O
German	O
software	O
company	O
SAP	B-Application
SE	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
currently	O
positioned	O
,	O
alongside	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
as	O
the	O
language	O
for	O
programming	O
the	O
SAP	B-Language
NetWeaver	I-Language
Application	I-Language
Server	I-Language
,	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
SAP	B-Application
NetWeaver	I-Application
platform	O
for	O
building	O
business	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
many	O
application-specific	O
fourth-generation	B-Language
languages	I-Language
(	O
4GLs	B-Language
)	O
first	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
originally	O
the	O
report	O
language	O
for	O
SAP	B-Application
R/2	I-Application
,	O
a	O
platform	O
that	O
enabled	O
large	O
corporations	O
to	O
build	O
mainframe	O
business	O
applications	O
for	O
materials	O
management	O
and	O
financial	O
and	O
management	O
accounting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
used	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
abbreviation	O
of	O
Allgemeiner	O
Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor	O
,	O
German	O
for	O
"	O
generic	O
report	O
preparation	O
processor	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
later	O
renamed	O
to	O
the	O
English	O
Advanced	O
Business	O
Application	O
Programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
languages	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
Logical	O
Databases	O
(	O
LDBs	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
abstraction	O
from	O
the	O
basic	O
database	O
level(s )	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
every	O
platform	O
,	O
language	O
and	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ABAP	B-Language
language	O
was	O
originally	O
used	O
by	O
developers	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
SAP	B-Application
R/3	I-Application
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
SAP	B-Application
customers	O
to	O
enhance	O
SAP	B-Application
applications	O
–	O
customers	O
can	O
develop	O
custom	O
reports	O
and	O
interfaces	O
with	O
ABAP	B-Language
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
remains	O
as	O
the	O
language	O
for	O
creating	O
programs	O
for	O
the	O
client	O
–	O
server	O
R/3	B-Application
system	O
,	O
which	O
SAP	B-Application
first	O
released	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
computer	O
hardware	O
evolved	O
through	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
of	O
SAP	B-Application
's	O
applications	O
and	O
systems	O
were	O
written	O
in	O
ABAP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2001	O
,	O
all	O
but	O
the	O
most	O
basic	O
functions	O
were	O
written	O
in	O
ABAP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
SAP	B-Application
released	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
extension	O
to	O
ABAP	B-Language
called	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
R/3	B-Application
release	O
4.6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP	B-Application
's	O
current	O
development	O
platform	O
NetWeaver	B-Application
supports	O
both	O
ABAP	B-Language
and	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
has	O
an	O
abstraction	O
between	O
the	O
business	O
applications	O
,	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
and	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP	B-Application
Netweaver	I-Application
currently	O
runs	O
on	O
UNIX	B-Application
(	O
AIX	B-Application
,	O
HP-UX	B-Application
,	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
Linux	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
i5/OS	B-Application
on	O
IBM	B-Application
System	I-Application
i	I-Application
(	O
formerly	O
iSeries	O
,	O
AS/400	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
z/OS	B-Application
on	O
IBM	B-Device
System	I-Device
z	I-Device
(	O
formerly	O
zSeries	O
,	O
S/390	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supported	O
databases	O
are	O
HANA	B-Application
,	O
SAP	B-Application
ASE	O
(	O
formerly	O
Sybase	O
)	O
,	O
IBM	B-Application
Db2	I-Application
,	O
Informix	B-Application
,	O
MaxDB	B-Application
,	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
support	O
for	O
Informix	B-Application
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
SAP	B-Application
Basis	O
release	O
7.00	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
ABAP	B-Language
programs	O
reside	O
inside	O
the	O
SAP	B-Application
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
not	O
stored	O
in	O
separate	O
external	O
files	O
like	O
Java	B-Language
or	O
C++	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
database	O
all	O
ABAP	B-Language
code	O
exists	O
in	O
two	O
forms	O
:	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
and	O
edited	O
with	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
Workbench	O
tools	O
;	O
and	O
generated	O
code	O
,	O
a	O
binary	O
representation	O
somewhat	O
comparable	O
with	O
Java	B-Language
bytecode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
programs	O
execute	O
under	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
runtime	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
SAP	B-Application
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
runtime	O
system	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
processing	O
ABAP	B-Language
statements	O
,	O
controlling	O
the	O
flow	O
logic	O
of	O
screens	O
and	O
responding	O
to	O
events	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
user	O
clicking	O
on	O
a	O
screen	O
button	O
)	O
;	O
in	O
this	O
respect	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
Virtual	B-Architecture
Machine	I-Architecture
comparable	O
with	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
VM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
key	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
runtime	O
system	O
is	O
the	O
Database	O
Interface	O
,	O
which	O
turns	O
database-independent	O
ABAP	B-Language
statements	O
(	O
"	O
Open	O
SQL	B-Language
"	O
)	O
into	O
statements	O
understood	O
by	O
the	O
underlying	O
DBMS	O
(	O
"	O
Native	O
SQL	B-Language
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
database	O
interface	O
handles	O
all	O
the	O
communication	O
with	O
the	O
relational	O
database	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
ABAP	B-Language
programs	O
;	O
It	O
also	O
contains	O
extra	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
buffering	O
of	O
tables	O
and	O
frequently	O
accessed	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
local	O
memory	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
SAP	B-Application
data	O
exists	O
and	O
all	O
SAP	B-Application
software	O
runs	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
a	O
SAP	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
SAP	B-Application
system	O
contains	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
instance	O
but	O
may	O
contain	O
more	O
,	O
mostly	O
for	O
reasons	O
of	O
sizing	O
and	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installations	O
of	O
the	O
Web	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Server	I-Language
(	O
landscapes	O
)	O
typically	O
consist	O
of	O
three	O
systems	O
:	O
one	O
for	O
development	O
;	O
one	O
for	O
testing	O
and	O
quality	O
assurance	O
;	O
and	O
one	O
for	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
programs	O
are	O
created	O
and	O
undergo	O
first	O
testing	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Web	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Server	I-Language
consists	O
of	O
three	O
layers	O
:	O
the	O
database	O
layer	O
;	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
;	O
and	O
the	O
presentation	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
application	O
processes	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
business	O
transactions	O
and	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
development	O
,	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
application	O
layer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
access	O
to	O
ABAP	B-Language
application	O
servers	O
can	O
go	O
via	O
a	O
proprietary	O
graphical	O
interface	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
called	O
"	O
SAP	B-Application
GUI	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
via	O
a	O
Web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
software	O
is	O
deployed	O
in	O
software	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP_BASIS	O
is	O
the	O
technical	O
base	O
layer	O
which	O
is	O
required	O
in	O
every	O
ABAP	B-Language
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP_UI	O
provides	O
the	O
functionality	O
to	O
create	O
SAP	B-Application
UI5	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP	B-Language
ABAP	I-Language
is	O
an	O
ERP	O
programming	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
in	O
SAP	B-Application
terminology	O
is	O
the	O
execution	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
normal	O
way	O
of	O
executing	O
ABAP	B-Language
code	O
in	O
the	O
SAP	B-Application
system	O
is	O
by	O
entering	O
a	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
code	O
(	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
VA01	O
is	O
the	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
code	O
for	O
"	O
Create	O
Sales	O
Order	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
started	O
by	O
entering	O
the	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
code	O
directly	O
into	O
a	O
command	O
field	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
present	O
in	O
every	O
SAP	B-Application
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transactions	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
invoked	O
programmatically	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
statements	O
CALL	O
TRANSACTION	B-General_Concept
and	O
LEAVE	O
TO	O
TRANSACTION	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
general	O
notion	O
of	O
a	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
is	O
called	O
a	O
Logical	O
Unit	O
of	O
Work	O
(	O
LUW	O
)	O
in	O
SAP	B-Application
terminology	O
;	O
the	O
short	O
form	O
of	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
code	O
is	O
T-code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
other	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
an	O
ABAP	B-Language
program	O
is	O
either	O
an	O
executable	O
unit	O
or	O
a	O
library	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
reusable	O
code	O
to	O
other	O
programs	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
independently	O
executable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
distinguishes	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
executable	O
programs	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
screen	O
also	O
has	O
a	O
"	O
flow	O
logic	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
code	O
implicitly	O
invoked	O
by	O
the	O
screens	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
divided	O
into	O
a	O
"	O
PBO	O
"	O
(	O
Process	O
Before	O
Output	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
PAI	O
"	O
(	O
Process	O
After	O
Input	O
)	O
section	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
SAP	B-Application
documentation	O
the	O
term	O
“	O
dynpro	O
”	O
(	O
dynamic	O
program	O
)	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
its	O
flow	O
logic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subroutine	O
pools	O
-	O
These	O
contain	O
ABAP	B-Language
subroutines	O
(	O
blocks	O
of	O
code	O
enclosed	O
by	O
FORM/ENDFORM	O
statements	O
and	O
invoked	O
with	O
PERFORM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	O
classes	O
-	O
These	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
classes	O
and	O
interfaces	O
;	O
the	O
first	O
define	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
methods	O
and	O
attributes	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
contain	O
"	O
empty	O
"	O
method	O
definitions	O
,	O
for	O
which	O
any	O
class	O
implementing	O
the	O
interface	O
must	O
provide	O
explicit	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
programs	O
are	O
composed	O
of	O
individual	O
sentences	O
(	O
statements	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
word	O
in	O
a	O
statement	O
is	O
called	O
an	O
ABAP	B-Language
keyword	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
keywords	O
,	O
additions	O
and	O
operands	O
,	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
runtime	O
system	O
does	O
not	O
differentiate	O
between	O
upper	O
and	O
lowercase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lines	O
that	O
begin	O
with	O
asterisk	B-Language
*	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
column	O
are	O
recognized	O
as	O
comment	O
lines	O
by	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
runtime	O
system	O
and	O
are	O
ignored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
possible	O
ways	O
to	O
develop	O
in	O
ABAP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
availability	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ABAP	B-Language
Workbench	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
system	O
and	O
is	O
accessed	O
via	O
SAP	B-Application
GUI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
important	O
of	O
these	O
are	O
(	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
codes	O
are	O
shown	O
in	O
parentheses	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Object	O
Navigator	O
(	O
transaction	B-General_Concept
SE80	O
)	O
provides	O
a	O
single	O
integrated	O
interface	O
into	O
these	O
various	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ABAP	B-Language
Development	O
Tools	O
(	O
ADT	O
)	O
,	O
formally	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
ABAP	B-Language
in	O
Eclipse	B-Application
"	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
plugins	O
for	O
the	O
Eclipse	B-Application
platform	I-Application
to	O
develop	O
ABAP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
scenario	O
,	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
developer	O
installs	O
the	O
required	O
tools	O
on	O
his	O
computer	O
and	O
works	O
locally	O
,	O
whereas	O
a	O
continuous	O
synchronization	O
with	O
the	O
backend	O
is	O
performed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ABAP	B-Language
Dictionary	O
contains	O
all	O
metadata	O
about	O
the	O
data	O
in	O
the	O
SAP	B-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
closely	O
linked	O
with	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
Workbench	O
in	O
that	O
any	O
reference	O
to	O
data	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
a	O
table	O
,	O
a	O
view	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
data	O
type	O
)	O
will	O
be	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	O
dictionary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
use	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
Dictionary	O
transactions	O
(	O
directly	O
or	O
through	O
the	O
SE80	O
Object	O
Navigator	O
inside	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
Workbench	O
)	O
to	O
display	O
and	O
maintain	O
this	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
ABAP	B-Language
is	O
interpreted	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
necessary	O
to	O
recompile	O
programs	O
that	O
reference	O
changed	O
dictionary	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
cases	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
1-to-1	O
relationship	O
between	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
a	O
table	O
in	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
Dictionary	O
and	O
the	O
definition	O
of	O
that	O
same	O
table	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
(	O
same	O
name	O
,	O
same	O
columns	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
non-transparent	O
tables	O
:	O
"	O
pooled	O
"	O
tables	O
exist	O
as	O
independent	O
entities	O
in	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
Dictionary	O
but	O
they	O
are	O
grouped	O
together	O
in	O
large	O
physical	O
tables	O
(	O
"	O
pools	O
"	O
)	O
at	O
the	O
database	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
SAP	B-Application
table	O
has	O
a	O
"	O
primary	O
index	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
created	O
implicitly	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
table	O
and	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
enforce	O
primary	O
key	O
uniqueness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ABAP	B-Language
runtime	O
provides	O
implicit	O
assistance	O
(	O
by	O
listing	O
all	O
values	O
for	O
the	O
field	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
brief	O
description	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
syntax	O
begins	O
with	O
the	O
ubiquitous	O
"	O
Hello	O
world	O
"	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
has	O
2	O
ways	O
of	O
defining	O
text	O
as	O
a	O
comment	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
in	O
ABAP	B-Language
is	O
whitespace-sensitive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
with	O
languages	O
like	O
C/C	O
++	O
or	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
which	O
define	O
a	O
limited	O
set	O
of	O
language-specific	O
statements	O
and	O
provide	O
most	O
functionality	O
via	O
libraries	O
,	O
ABAP	B-Language
contains	O
an	O
extensive	O
amount	O
of	O
built-in	O
statements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
statements	O
traditionally	O
used	O
sentence-like	O
structures	O
and	O
avoided	O
symbols	O
,	O
making	O
ABAP	B-Language
programs	O
relatively	O
verbose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
more	O
recent	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
language	O
,	O
a	O
terser	O
style	O
is	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
statement	O
based	O
syntax	O
(	O
whose	O
syntax	O
originates	O
in	O
COBOL	B-Application
)	O
versus	O
expression-based	O
syntax	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
C/Java	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
provides	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
built-in	O
data	O
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
every	O
structure	O
,	O
table	O
,	O
view	O
or	O
data	O
element	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
Dictionary	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
type	O
a	O
variable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
ABAP	B-Language
variables	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
explicitly	O
declared	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
be	O
declared	O
either	O
with	O
individual	O
statements	O
and	O
explicit	O
typing	O
or	O
,	O
since	O
ABAP	B-Language
7.40	O
,	O
inline	O
with	O
inferred	O
typing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
ABAP	B-Language
7.40	O
,	O
variables	O
can	O
be	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
syntax	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ABAP	B-Language
language	O
supports	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
through	O
a	O
feature	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
is	O
fully	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
existing	O
language	O
,	O
so	O
one	O
can	O
use	O
existing	O
statements	O
and	O
modularization	O
units	O
in	O
programs	O
that	O
use	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
use	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
in	O
existing	O
ABAP	B-Language
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Syntax	O
checking	O
is	O
stronger	O
in	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
programs	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
syntactical	O
forms	O
(	O
usually	O
older	O
ones	O
)	O
of	O
certain	O
statements	O
are	O
not	O
permitted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
Release	O
3.1	O
onwards	O
,	O
the	O
Business	O
Object	O
Repository	O
(	O
BOR	O
)	O
of	O
SAP	B-Language
Web	I-Language
Application	I-Language
Server	I-Language
ABAP	B-Language
has	O
contained	O
examples	O
of	O
such	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BOR	O
object	O
model	O
will	O
be	O
integrated	O
into	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
in	O
the	O
next	O
Release	O
by	O
migrating	O
the	O
BOR	O
object	O
types	O
to	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
class	O
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
comprehensive	O
introduction	O
to	O
object	O
orientation	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
would	O
go	O
far	O
beyond	O
the	O
limits	O
of	O
this	O
introduction	O
to	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
documentation	O
introduces	O
a	O
selection	O
of	O
terms	O
that	O
are	O
used	O
universally	O
in	O
object	O
orientation	O
and	O
also	O
occur	O
in	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
subsequent	O
sections	O
,	O
it	O
goes	O
on	O
to	O
discuss	O
in	O
more	O
detail	O
how	O
these	O
terms	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
objects	O
usually	O
have	O
the	O
following	O
properties	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
ABAP	B-Language
Objects	O
,	O
polymorphism	O
is	O
implemented	O
by	O
redefining	O
methods	O
during	O
inheritance	O
and	O
by	O
using	O
constructs	O
called	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ABAP	B-Language
Core	O
Data	O
Services	O
(	O
ABAP	B-Language
CDS	O
)	O
are	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
general	O
CDS	O
concept	O
for	O
AS	O
ABAP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
ABAP	B-Language
CDS	O
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
define	O
semantic	O
data	O
models	O
on	O
the	O
central	O
database	O
of	O
the	O
application	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
AS	O
ABAP	B-Language
,	O
these	O
models	O
can	O
be	O
defined	O
independently	O
of	O
the	O
database	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
entities	O
of	O
these	O
models	O
provide	O
enhanced	O
access	O
functions	O
when	O
compared	O
with	O
existing	O
database	O
tables	O
and	O
views	O
defined	O
in	O
ABAP	B-Language
Dictionary	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
optimize	O
Open	O
SQL-based	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
particularly	O
clear	O
when	O
an	O
AS	O
ABAP	B-Language
uses	O
a	O
SAP	B-Application
HANA	I-Application
database	O
,	O
since	O
its	O
in-memory	O
characteristics	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
in	O
an	O
optimum	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
models	O
are	O
defined	O
using	O
the	O
data	O
definition	O
language	O
(	O
DDL	O
)	O
and	O
data	O
control	O
language	O
(	O
DCL	O
)	O
provided	O
in	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
CDS	O
in	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
CDS	O
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
objects	O
defined	O
using	O
these	O
languages	O
are	O
integrated	O
into	O
ABAP	B-Language
Dictionary	O
and	O
managed	O
here	O
too	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CDS	O
source	O
code	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
programmed	O
in	O
the	O
Eclipse-based	O
ABAP	B-Language
Development	O
Tools	O
(	O
ADT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP	B-Application
NW	O
ABAP	B-Language
Literals	O
Arithmetic	O
Operators	O
Conditional	O
Expressions	O
7.40	O
SP05	O
In	O
SELECT	O
list	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Internal	O
tables	O
are	O
an	O
important	O
feature	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
internal	O
table	O
is	O
defined	O
similarly	O
to	O
a	O
vector	O
of	O
structs	O
in	O
C++	O
or	O
a	O
vector	O
of	O
objects	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
difference	O
with	O
these	O
languages	O
is	O
that	O
ABAP	B-Language
provides	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
statements	O
to	O
easily	O
access	O
and	O
manipulate	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
internal	O
tables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
ABAP	B-Language
does	O
not	O
support	O
arrays	O
;	O
the	O
only	O
way	O
to	O
define	O
a	O
multi-element	O
data	O
object	O
is	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
internal	O
table	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internal	O
tables	O
are	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
store	O
variable	O
data	O
sets	O
of	O
a	O
fixed	O
structure	O
in	O
the	O
working	O
memory	O
of	O
ABAP	B-Language
,	O
and	O
provides	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
dynamic	O
arrays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
internal	O
tables	O
in	O
connection	O
with	O
structures	O
are	O
an	O
important	O
means	O
of	O
defining	O
complex	O
data	O
structures	O
in	O
an	O
ABAP	B-Language
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
list	O
only	O
gives	O
a	O
rough	O
overview	O
about	O
some	O
important	O
milestones	O
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
ABAP	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCL	O
Restrictions	O
for	O
Transactional	O
Projection	O
View	O
Entities	O
7.55	O
September	O
2020	O
The	O
internal	O
ABAP	B-Language
statement	O
EXPORT	O
NAMETAB	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
any	O
more	O
and	O
leads	O
to	O
a	O
runtime	O
error	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
internal	O
ABAP	B-Language
statement	O
IMPORT	O
NAMETAB	O
is	O
still	O
partly	O
supported	O
for	O
reasons	O
of	O
downward	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
default	O
value	O
of	O
profile	O
parameter	O
rdisp/max_alt_modes	O
,	O
that	O
determines	O
the	O
possible	O
number	O
of	O
ABAP	B-Language
sessions	O
per	O
user	O
session	O
,	O
was	O
enhanced	O
from	O
6	O
to	O
16	O
and	O
is	O
now	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
maximum	O
number	O
of	O
ABAP	B-Language
sessions	O
per	O
user	O
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Declaration	O
of	O
CX_NO_CHECK	O
exceptions	O
7.56	O
October	O
2021	O
In	O
ABAP	B-Language
Dictionary	O
,	O
the	O
load	O
unit	O
has	O
been	O
extended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
documented	O
ABAP	B-Language
program	O
is	O
now	O
available	O
for	O
evaluating	O
whether	O
a	O
migration	O
from	O
a	O
CDS	O
DDIC-based	O
view	O
(	O
obsolete	O
)	O
to	O
a	O
CDS	O
view	O
entity	O
is	O
possible	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
documented	O
ABAP	B-Language
program	O
is	O
now	O
available	O
for	O
migrating	O
CDS	O
DDIC-based	O
views	O
to	O
CDS	O
view	O
entities	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
the	O
existing	O
support	O
of	O
PCRE	O
regular	O
expressions	O
and	O
POSIX	O
regular	O
expressions	O
(	O
obsolete	O
)	O
ABAP	B-Language
supports	O
now	O
also	O
XPath	O
regular	O
expressions	O
and	O
XSD	O
regular	O
expressions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
release	O
7.56	O
on	O
,	O
important	O
settings	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
Keyword	O
Documentation	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
explicitly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP	B-Application
HANA	I-Application
XSA	O
replaces	O
SAP	B-Application
HANA	I-Application
XSC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
ABAP	B-Language
program	O
lists	O
all	O
repository	O
objects	O
that	O
use	O
CDS-managed	O
DDIC	O
views	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
typically	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
the	O
ABAP	B-Language
RESTful	O
Application	O
Programming	O
Model	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
a	O
RAP	O
BO	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP	B-Application
HANA	I-Application
XSA	O
replaces	O
SAP	B-Application
HANA	I-Application
XSC	O
.	O
</s>
