<s>
In	O
computing	O
,	O
AAP	B-General_Concept
DTD	I-General_Concept
(	O
variously	O
known	O
as	O
AAP	O
Electronic	O
Manuscript	O
Standard	O
,	O
AAP	O
standard	O
,	O
AAP/EPSIG	O
standard	O
,	O
and	O
ANSI/NISO	O
Z39.59	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
three	O
SGML	B-Language
Document	B-Language
Type	I-Language
Definitions	I-Language
(	O
book	O
,	O
journal	O
,	O
and	O
article	O
)	O
for	O
scientific	O
documents	O
,	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
Association	O
of	O
American	O
Publishers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
ratified	O
as	O
a	O
U.S.	O
standard	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
ANSI/NISO	O
Z39.59	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
and	O
evolved	O
into	O
the	O
international	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
12083	I-General_Concept
standard	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
1983	O
to	O
1987	O
,	O
the	O
Association	O
of	O
American	O
Publishers	O
(	O
AAP	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
coalition	O
of	O
book	O
and	O
journal	O
publishers	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
sponsored	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Manuscript	O
Project	O
,	O
the	O
earliest	O
effort	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
commercial	O
SGML	B-Language
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
sought	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
SGML	B-Language
standard	O
for	O
book	O
,	O
journal	O
,	O
and	O
article	O
creation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
preliminary	O
works	O
with	O
restricted	O
distribution	O
were	O
produced	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
the	O
draft	O
AAP	B-General_Concept
DTD	I-General_Concept
and	O
author	O
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
AAP	O
and	O
the	O
Graphic	O
Communications	O
Association	O
,	O
the	O
AAP	B-General_Concept
DTDs	I-General_Concept
were	O
ratified	O
in	O
1988	O
as	O
the	O
American	O
National	O
Standards	O
Institute	O
's	O
Electronic	O
Manuscript	O
Preparation	O
and	O
Markup	O
(	O
ANSI/NISO	O
Z39.59	O
)	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
standard	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
character	I-Protocol
encoding	I-Protocol
,	O
it	O
includes	O
a	O
large	O
set	O
of	O
entity	O
definitions	O
for	O
special	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
this	O
work	O
,	O
Eric	O
van	O
Herwijnen	O
,	O
then	O
head	O
of	O
the	O
text	O
processing	O
section	O
at	O
CERN	O
,	O
edited	O
the	O
specification	O
for	O
adoption	O
by	O
the	O
International	O
Organization	O
for	O
Standardization	O
as	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
12083	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
was	O
first	O
published	O
in	O
1993	O
,	O
revised	O
in	O
1994	O
and	O
last	O
reconfirmed	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISO	B-General_Concept
12083	I-General_Concept
specifies	O
four	O
DTDs	O
:	O
Article	O
,	O
Book	O
,	O
Serial	O
,	O
and	O
Math	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1995	O
ANSI/NISO	O
Z39.59:1988	O
was	O
superseded	O
by	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
12083	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
was	O
adopted	O
as	O
U.S.	O
standard	O
ANSI/NISO/ISO	O
12083-1995	O
(	O
R2009	O
)	O
Electronic	O
Manuscript	O
Preparation	O
and	O
Markup	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AAP	B-General_Concept
DTDs	I-General_Concept
counted	O
the	O
academic	O
publishing	O
house	O
Elsevier	O
among	O
their	O
earliest	O
users	O
and	O
found	O
significant	O
acceptance	O
in	O
the	O
emerging	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
publishing	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AAP	B-General_Concept
DTD	I-General_Concept
also	O
informed	O
other	O
SGML	B-Language
applications	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
CERN	O
's	O
SGMLguid	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
Elsevier	O
Science	O
Article	O
DTD	O
,	O
and	O
EWS	O
MAJOUR	O
,	O
a	O
DTD	O
developed	O
between	O
1989	O
and	O
1991	O
in	O
an	O
effort	O
led	O
by	O
the	O
publishing	O
houses	O
Elsevier	O
,	O
Wolters	O
Kluwer	O
,	O
and	O
Springer	O
.	O
</s>
