<s>
A++	B-Language
stands	O
for	O
abstraction	O
plus	O
reference	O
plus	O
synthesis	O
which	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
minimalistic	O
programming	O
language	O
that	O
is	O
built	O
on	O
ARS-based	B-Application
programming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARS-based	B-Application
programming	I-Application
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
name	O
for	O
programming	O
which	O
consists	O
mainly	O
of	O
applying	O
patterns	O
derived	O
from	O
ARS	O
to	O
programming	O
in	O
any	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARS	O
is	O
an	O
abstraction	O
from	O
the	O
Lambda	B-Language
Calculus	I-Language
,	O
taking	O
its	O
three	O
basic	O
operations	O
,	O
and	O
giving	O
them	O
a	O
more	O
general	O
meaning	O
,	O
thus	O
providing	O
a	O
foundation	O
for	O
the	O
three	O
major	O
programming	O
paradigms	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
and	O
imperative	B-Application
programming	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technical	O
texts	O
in	O
this	O
article	O
are	O
taken	O
from	O
the	O
online	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
1st	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
A++	B-Language
-book	O
published	O
in	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2nd	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
book	O
A++	B-Language
The	O
Smallest	O
Programming	O
Language	O
in	O
the	O
World	O
(	O
292	O
pages	O
)	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A++	B-Language
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Georg	O
P	O
.	O
Loczewski	O
and	O
Britain	O
Hamm	O
in	O
the	O
years	O
from	O
1996	O
-	O
2002	O
working	O
as	O
a	O
software	O
developer	O
for	O
Bull	O
's	O
Software-Haus	O
in	O
Langen	O
,	O
Germany	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
freelance	O
programmer	O
with	O
the	O
purpose	O
to	O
serve	O
as	O
a	O
learning	O
instrument	O
rather	O
than	O
as	O
a	O
programming	O
language	O
used	O
to	O
solve	O
practical	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
A++	B-Language
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
'	O
Lambda	B-Language
Calculus	I-Language
 '	O
by	O
Alonzo	O
Church	O
and	O
is	O
influenced	O
by	O
Guy	O
L	O
.	O
Steele	O
's	O
Programming	O
Language	O
Scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A++	B-Language
is	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
effective	O
tool	O
to	O
become	O
familiar	O
with	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
programming	O
and	O
with	O
programming	O
patterns	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
in	O
other	O
languages	O
needed	O
to	O
face	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
