<s>
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
refers	O
to	O
a	O
horizontal	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
of	O
approximately	O
4,000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
and	O
digital	O
cinematography	O
commonly	O
use	O
several	O
different	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolutions	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
television	O
and	O
consumer	O
media	O
,	O
38402160	O
(	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
)	O
is	O
the	O
dominant	O
4K	B-Device
standard	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
movie	O
projection	O
industry	O
uses	O
40962160	O
(	O
DCI	O
4K	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
4K	B-Device
television	O
market	O
share	O
increased	O
as	O
prices	O
fell	O
dramatically	O
during	O
2014	O
and	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
is	O
generic	O
and	O
refers	O
to	O
any	O
resolution	O
with	O
a	O
horizontal	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
of	O
approximately	O
4,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
different	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolutions	I-Architecture
have	O
been	O
standardized	O
by	O
various	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
and	O
"	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
"	O
are	O
used	O
more	O
widely	O
in	O
marketing	O
than	O
"	O
2160p	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
typically	O
referring	O
to	O
motion	O
pictures	O
,	O
some	O
digital	B-Device
camera	I-Device
vendors	O
have	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
photo	O
"	O
for	O
still	O
photographs	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
appear	O
like	O
an	O
especially	O
high	O
resolution	O
even	O
though	O
3840×2160	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
equal	O
approximately	O
8.3	O
megapixels	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
especially	O
high	O
for	O
still	O
photographs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
specification	O
establishes	O
standardized	O
2K	B-General_Concept
and	O
4K	B-Device
container	O
formats	O
for	O
digital	O
cinema	O
production	O
,	O
with	O
resolutions	O
of	O
and	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
content	O
inside	O
follows	O
the	O
SMPTE	O
428-1	O
standard	O
,	O
which	O
establishes	O
the	O
following	O
resolutions	O
for	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
distribution	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
2K	B-General_Concept
distributions	O
can	O
have	O
a	O
frame	O
rate	O
of	O
either	O
24	O
or	O
48FPS	O
,	O
while	O
4K	B-Device
distributions	O
must	O
have	O
a	O
frame	O
rate	O
of	O
24FPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
articles	O
claim	O
that	O
the	O
terms	O
"	O
2K	B-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
were	O
coined	O
by	O
DCI	O
and	O
refer	O
exclusively	O
to	O
the	O
2K	B-General_Concept
and	O
4K	B-Device
formats	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
DCI	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
usage	O
of	O
these	O
terms	O
in	O
the	O
cinema	O
industry	O
predates	O
the	O
publication	O
of	O
the	O
DCI	O
standard	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
generally	O
understood	O
as	O
casual	O
terms	O
for	O
any	O
resolution	O
approximately	O
2000	O
or	O
4000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
width	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
names	O
for	O
specific	O
resolutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
Society	O
of	O
Motion	O
Picture	O
and	O
Television	O
Engineers	O
published	O
SMPTE	O
ST	O
2036-1	O
,	O
which	O
defines	O
parameters	O
for	O
two	O
UHDTV	B-Device
systems	O
called	O
UHDTV1	O
and	O
UHDTV2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UHDTV1	O
systems	O
are	O
permitted	O
to	O
use	O
BT.709	B-Device
color	O
primaries	O
up	O
to	O
60Hz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
,	O
Radiocommunication	O
Sector	O
published	O
Recommendation	O
ITU-R	O
BT.2020	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Ultra	B-Device
High	I-Device
Definition	I-Device
Television	I-Device
(	O
UHDTV	B-Device
)	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
UHDTV	B-Device
standard	O
does	O
not	O
define	O
any	O
official	O
names	O
for	O
the	O
formats	O
it	O
defines	O
,	O
ITU	O
typically	O
uses	O
the	O
terms	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
,	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
"	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
4K	B-Architecture
UHDTV	I-Architecture
"	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
in	O
public	O
announcements	O
and	O
press	O
releases	O
(	O
"	O
8K	B-Architecture
"	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Association	O
(	O
CEA	O
)	O
announced	O
their	O
definition	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
Ultra	B-Device
High-Definition	I-Device
(	O
or	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
)	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
marketing	O
consumer	O
display	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CEA	O
defines	O
an	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
product	O
as	O
a	O
TV	O
,	O
monitor	O
,	O
or	O
projector	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
characteristics	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CEA	O
definition	O
does	O
allow	O
manufacturers	O
to	O
use	O
other	O
terms	O
—	O
such	O
as	O
4K	B-Device
—	O
alongside	O
the	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
logo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
resolution	O
in	O
CEA	O
's	O
definition	O
is	O
only	O
a	O
minimum	O
requirement	O
,	O
displays	O
with	O
higher	O
resolutions	O
such	O
as	O
or	O
also	O
qualify	O
as	O
"	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
"	O
displays	O
,	O
provided	O
they	O
meet	O
the	O
other	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolutions	I-Architecture
,	O
like	O
,	O
are	O
often	O
casually	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
2160p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
name	O
follows	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
naming	O
convention	O
used	O
by	O
HDTV	B-Device
and	O
SDTV	B-Device
formats	O
,	O
which	O
refer	O
to	O
a	O
format	O
by	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
pixels/lines	O
along	O
the	O
vertical	O
axis	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
1080p	O
"	O
for	O
progressive	B-Device
scan	I-Device
,	O
or	O
"	O
480i	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
480-line	O
interlaced	O
SDTV	B-Device
formats	O
)	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
horizontal	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
count	O
( ≈4000	O
or	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
for	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
2160p	O
"	O
could	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
any	O
format	O
with	O
a	O
height	O
of	O
2160	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
reference	O
to	O
the	O
4K	B-Architecture
UHDTV	I-Architecture
resolution	O
of	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
association	O
with	O
the	O
well-known	O
720p	O
and	O
1080p	O
HDTV	B-Device
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
is	O
both	O
a	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
and	O
a	O
2160p	O
resolution	O
,	O
these	O
terms	O
cannot	O
always	O
be	O
used	O
interchangeably	O
since	O
not	O
all	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolutions	I-Architecture
are	O
2160	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
tall	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
all	O
2160p	O
resolutions	O
are	O
≈4000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
wide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
companies	O
have	O
begun	O
using	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
to	O
describe	O
devices	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
a	O
2160p	O
resolution	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
close	O
to	O
4000	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
wide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
many	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
dash	O
cams	O
only	O
support	O
a	O
resolution	O
of	O
(	O
43	O
)	O
;	O
although	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
2160p	O
resolution	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
Samsung	O
released	O
a	O
(	O
6427	O
)	O
TV	O
,	O
but	O
marketed	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
"	O
TV	O
despite	O
its	O
5K-class	B-Device
resolution	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
media	O
and	O
internet	O
users	O
later	O
called	O
this	O
"	O
RGBW	O
"	O
TVs	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
white	O
sub	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
M+	O
technology	O
was	O
employed	O
on	O
4K	B-Device
TV	I-Device
sets	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
controversy	O
after	O
tests	O
showed	O
that	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
white	O
sub	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
replacing	O
the	O
traditional	O
RGB	O
structure	O
would	O
reduce	O
the	O
resolution	O
by	O
around	O
25%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
tests	O
done	O
by	O
Intertek	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
technical	O
aspects	O
of	O
LG	O
M+	O
TVs	O
were	O
analyzed	O
and	O
they	O
concluded	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
addressable	O
resolution	O
display	O
is	O
2,880	O
X	O
2,160	O
for	O
each	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
blue	O
"	O
,	O
in	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
the	O
LG	O
TVs	O
were	O
technically	O
2.8K	O
as	O
it	O
became	O
known	O
in	O
the	O
controversy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
LG	O
Display	O
has	O
developed	O
this	O
technology	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
notebook	O
display	O
,	O
outdoor	O
and	O
smartphones	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
popular	O
in	O
the	O
TV	O
market	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
supposed	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
marketed	O
resolution	O
but	O
still	O
being	O
incapable	O
of	O
achieving	O
true	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
resolution	O
as	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
CTA	O
as	O
3840x2160	O
active	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
with	O
8-bit	O
per	O
color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
negatively	O
impacts	O
the	O
rendering	O
of	O
text	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
a	O
bit	O
fuzzier	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
especially	O
noticeable	O
when	O
a	O
TV	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
PC	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Sony	O
and	O
SID	O
,	O
the	O
standard	O
defines	O
a	O
CinemaWide	O
4K	B-Device
product	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
characteristics	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Capable	O
of	O
upscaling	O
non-4K	O
content	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	B-Device
Xperia	I-Device
smartphones	O
are	O
the	O
most	O
widely	O
known	O
products	O
that	O
equipped	O
with	O
CinemaWide	O
4K	B-Architecture
display	I-Architecture
,	O
such	O
as	O
Xperia	B-Application
1	I-Application
,	O
Xperia	B-Application
1	I-Application
II	I-Application
and	O
Xperia	B-Application
1	I-Application
III	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
sharing	O
website	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
television	O
industry	O
have	O
adopted	O
38402160	O
as	O
their	O
4K	B-Device
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
4K	B-Device
content	O
from	O
major	O
broadcasters	O
remained	O
limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
11	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Bulb	O
TV	O
created	O
by	O
Canadian	O
serial	O
entrepreneur	O
Evan	O
Kosiner	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
broadcaster	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
linear	O
channel	O
and	O
VOD	B-Application
content	O
to	O
cable	O
and	O
satellite	O
companies	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
4K	B-Device
content	O
is	O
becoming	O
more	O
widely	O
available	O
online	O
including	O
on	O
Apple	O
TV	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
Netflix	O
,	O
Hulu	O
,	O
and	O
Amazon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2013	O
,	O
some	O
UHDTV	B-Device
models	O
were	O
available	O
to	O
general	O
consumers	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
US$600	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
26	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
Advanced	B-Device
Television	I-Device
Systems	I-Device
Committee	I-Device
announced	O
new	O
proposals	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
called	O
ATSC	B-Device
3.0	I-Device
which	O
would	O
implement	O
UHD	B-Device
broadcasts	O
at	O
resolutions	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
or	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
would	O
also	O
include	O
framerates	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
120Hz	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
,	O
wide	O
color	O
gamut	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Digital	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Broadcasting	I-Application
Project	I-Application
released	O
a	O
new	O
set	O
of	O
standards	O
intended	O
to	O
guide	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
high	O
resolution	O
content	O
in	O
broadcast	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dubbed	O
DVB-UHDTV	O
,	O
it	O
establishes	O
two	O
standards	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
UHD-1	O
(	O
for	O
4K	B-Device
content	O
)	O
and	O
UHD-2	O
(	O
for	O
8K	B-Architecture
content	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
standards	O
use	O
resolutions	O
of	O
38402160	O
and	O
76804320	O
respectively	O
,	O
with	O
framerates	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
60Hz	O
,	O
color	O
depth	O
up	O
to	O
10bpc	O
(	O
30bit/px	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
for	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
is	O
currently	O
focusing	O
on	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
UHD-1	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
finalized	O
UHD-1	O
Phase	O
2	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
service	O
by	O
broadcasters	O
expected	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UHD-1	O
Phase	O
2	O
adds	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
(	O
using	O
HLG	O
and	O
PQ	B-Algorithm
at	O
10	O
or	O
12	O
bits	O
)	O
,	O
wide	O
color	O
gamut	O
(	O
BT	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2020/2100	O
colorimetry	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
high	O
frame	O
rate	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
120Hz	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
since	O
2010	O
,	O
and	O
Vimeo	O
allow	O
a	O
maximum	O
upload	O
resolution	O
of	O
4096	O
×	O
3072	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
12.6	O
megapixels	O
,	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
4:3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vimeo	O
's	O
4K	B-Device
content	O
is	O
currently	O
limited	O
to	O
mostly	O
nature	O
documentaries	O
and	O
tech	O
coverage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
or	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
)	O
should	O
allow	O
streaming	O
4K	B-Device
content	O
with	O
a	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
20	O
to	O
30	O
Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2014	O
,	O
Naughty	O
America	O
launched	O
the	O
first	O
adult	O
video	O
service	O
streaming	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
mobile	O
phones	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
record	O
at	O
2160p	O
(	O
)	O
were	O
released	O
in	O
late	O
2013	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Note	I-Application
3	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
record	O
2160p	O
at	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
year	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
OnePlus	B-Application
One	I-Application
was	O
released	O
with	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
record	O
DCI	O
4K	B-Device
(	O
)	O
at	O
24	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
LG	B-Application
G3	I-Application
and	O
Samsung	B-Operating_System
Galaxy	I-Operating_System
Note	I-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
with	O
optical	O
image	O
stabilization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
year	O
2015	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
6s	I-Operating_System
was	O
released	O
with	O
the	O
12megapixel	O
camera	O
that	O
has	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
record	O
4K	B-Device
at	O
25	O
or	O
30	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Hitachi	O
released	O
the	O
CMOS	B-Device
graphics	B-Architecture
processor	I-Architecture
ARTC	O
HD63484	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
displaying	O
up	O
to	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
when	O
in	O
monochrome	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resolution	O
was	O
targeted	O
at	O
the	O
bit-mapped	B-Algorithm
desktop	O
publishing	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
4K	B-Architecture
camera	I-Architecture
for	O
cinematographic	O
purposes	O
was	O
the	O
Dalsa	B-Algorithm
Origin	I-Algorithm
,	O
released	O
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4K	B-Device
technology	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
several	O
research	O
groups	O
in	O
universities	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
San	O
Diego	O
,	O
CALIT2	O
,	O
Keio	O
University	O
,	O
Naval	O
Postgraduate	O
School	O
and	O
others	O
that	O
realized	O
several	O
demonstrations	O
in	O
venues	O
such	O
as	O
IGrid	O
in	O
2004	O
and	O
CineGrid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
supporting	O
4K	B-Device
for	O
video	O
uploads	O
in	O
2010	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
leading	O
manufacturers	O
producing	O
4K	B-Architecture
cameras	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
could	O
view	O
4K	B-Architecture
video	I-Architecture
by	O
selecting	O
"	O
Original	O
"	O
from	O
the	O
quality	O
settings	O
until	O
December	O
2013	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
2160p	O
option	O
appeared	O
in	O
the	O
quality	O
menu	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2013	O
,	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
began	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
video	O
compression	O
standard	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
more	O
suitable	O
for	O
4K	B-Device
than	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
,	O
which	O
owns	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
,	O
developed	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Theaters	O
began	O
projecting	O
movies	O
at	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
was	O
offering	O
4K	B-Device
projectors	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
4K	B-Device
home	O
theater	O
projector	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
Sony	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
this	O
,	O
there	O
's	O
not	O
many	O
finished	O
films	O
with	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
as	O
of	O
2023	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
for	O
movies	O
and	O
TV	O
shows	O
shot	O
using	O
6K	O
or	O
8K	B-Architecture
cameras	O
,	O
almost	O
all	O
finished	O
films	O
are	O
edited	O
in	O
HD	O
resolution	O
and	O
enlarged	O
to	O
fit	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
leading	O
studios	O
promoting	O
UHDTV	B-Device
content	O
,	O
offering	O
a	O
little	O
over	O
70	O
movie	O
and	O
television	O
titles	O
via	O
digital	O
download	O
to	O
a	O
specialized	O
player	O
that	O
stores	O
and	O
decodes	O
the	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
Netflix	O
began	O
streaming	O
House	O
of	O
Cards	O
,	O
Breaking	O
Bad	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
some	O
nature	O
documentaries	O
"	O
at	O
4K	B-Device
to	O
compatible	O
televisions	O
with	O
an	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
4K	B-Device
televisions	O
sold	O
in	O
2013	O
did	O
not	O
natively	O
support	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
most	O
major	O
manufacturers	O
announcing	O
support	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amazon	O
Studios	O
began	O
shooting	O
their	O
full-length	O
original	O
series	O
and	O
new	O
pilots	O
with	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
now	O
currently	O
available	O
though	O
Amazon	B-Application
Video	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2016	O
the	O
first	O
players	O
and	O
discs	O
for	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
—	O
a	O
physical	O
optical	O
disc	O
format	O
supporting	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
and	O
high-dynamic-range	B-Application
video	I-Application
(	O
HDR	O
)	O
at	O
60	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
—	O
were	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
2	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
the	O
Xbox	O
One	O
S	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
4K	B-Device
streaming	O
and	O
has	O
an	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
Blu-ray	I-Device
disc	O
drive	O
,	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
4K	B-Device
gaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
10	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Sony	O
released	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
4	I-Device
Pro	I-Device
,	O
which	O
supports	O
4K	B-Device
streaming	O
and	O
gaming	O
,	O
though	O
many	O
games	O
use	O
checkerboard	O
rendering	O
or	O
are	O
upscaled	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
7	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
the	O
Xbox	O
One	O
X	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
of	O
4K	B-Device
streaming	O
and	O
gaming	O
,	O
though	O
not	O
all	O
games	O
are	O
rendered	O
at	O
native	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
experiencing	O
rapid	O
price	O
drops	O
beginning	O
in	O
2013	O
for	O
viewing	O
devices	O
,	O
the	O
home	O
cinema	O
digital	B-Device
video	I-Device
projector	I-Device
market	O
saw	O
little	O
expansion	O
,	O
with	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
manufacturers	O
(	O
only	O
Sony	O
)	O
offering	O
limited	O
4K-capable	B-Architecture
lineups	O
,	O
with	O
native	O
4K	B-Device
projectors	O
commanding	O
five-figure	O
price	O
tags	O
well	O
into	O
2015	O
before	O
finally	O
breaking	O
the	O
US$	O
10,000	O
barrier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critics	O
state	O
that	O
at	O
normal	O
direct-view	O
panel	O
size	O
and	O
viewing	O
distances	O
,	O
the	O
extra	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
of	O
4K	B-Device
are	O
redundant	O
at	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
normal	O
human	O
vision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JVC	O
has	O
used	O
a	O
technique	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
e-shift	O
"	O
to	O
extrapolate	O
extra	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
from	O
1080p	O
sources	O
to	O
display	O
4K	B-Device
on	O
screens	O
through	O
upscaling	O
or	O
from	O
native	O
4K	B-Device
sources	O
at	O
a	O
much	O
lower	O
price	O
than	O
native	O
4K	B-Device
projectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
of	O
non-native	O
4K	B-Device
entered	O
its	O
fourth	O
generation	O
for	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JVC	O
used	O
this	O
same	O
technology	O
to	O
provide	O
8K	B-Architecture
flight	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
for	O
Boeing	O
that	O
met	O
the	O
limits	O
of	O
20/25	O
visual	O
acuity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pixel	B-Algorithm
shifting	O
,	O
as	O
described	O
here	O
,	O
was	O
pioneered	O
in	O
the	O
consumer	O
space	O
by	O
JVC	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
in	O
the	O
commercial	O
space	O
by	O
Epson	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
said	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
same	O
thing	O
as	O
"	O
true	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
,	O
some	O
DLP	O
projectors	O
claim	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
(	O
which	O
the	O
JVCs	O
and	O
Epsons	O
do	O
not	O
claim	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
noted	O
above	O
,	O
DCI	O
4K	B-Device
is	O
40962160	O
,	O
while	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
is	O
38402160	O
,	O
producing	O
a	O
slight	O
difference	O
in	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
rather	O
than	O
a	O
significant	O
difference	O
in	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
displays	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
LCD	O
or	O
OLED	O
,	O
are	O
3840	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
across	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
with	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
being	O
1/3840th	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
width	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
diameter	O
of	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
is	O
basically	O
1/3840th	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
width	O
or	O
1/2160th	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
height	O
-	O
either	O
gives	O
the	O
same	O
size	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
38402160	O
works	O
out	O
to	O
8.3	O
megapixels	O
,	O
the	O
official	O
resolution	O
of	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
(	O
and	O
therefore	O
Blu-ray	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
discs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
standard	O
does	O
not	O
specify	O
how	O
large	O
the	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
are	O
,	O
so	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
projector	O
(	O
Optoma	O
,	O
BenQ	O
,	O
Dell	O
,	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
counts	O
because	O
these	O
projectors	O
have	O
a	O
2718	O
×	O
1528	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
projectors	O
process	O
the	O
true	O
4K	B-Device
of	O
data	O
and	O
project	O
it	O
with	O
overlapping	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
is	O
what	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
shifting	O
is	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
those	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
is	O
far	O
larger	O
:	O
each	O
one	O
has	O
50%	O
more	O
area	O
than	O
true	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pixel	B-Algorithm
shifting	O
projectors	O
project	O
a	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
,	O
shift	O
it	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
right	O
,	O
by	O
a	O
half	O
diameter	O
,	O
and	O
project	O
it	O
again	O
,	O
with	O
modified	O
data	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
second	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
overlaps	O
the	O
first	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
shifting	O
cannot	O
produce	O
adjacent	O
vertical	O
lines	O
of	O
RGBRGB	O
or	O
other	O
colors	O
where	O
each	O
line	O
is	O
one	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
(	O
1/3840th	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
)	O
wide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adjacent	O
red	O
and	O
green	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
would	O
end	O
up	O
looking	O
like	O
yellow	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
fringe	O
on	O
one	O
side	O
of	O
red	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
of	O
green	O
-	O
except	O
that	O
the	O
next	O
line	O
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
overlaps	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
changing	O
the	O
color	O
of	O
that	O
fringe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
or	O
1080p	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
shifting	O
cannot	O
reveal	O
the	O
fine	O
detail	O
of	O
a	O
true	O
4K	B-Device
projector	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
Sony	O
ships	O
(	O
business	O
,	O
education	O
and	O
home	O
markets	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
JVC	O
has	O
one	O
true	O
4K	B-Device
projector	O
priced	O
at	O
$	O
35,000	O
(	O
as	O
of	O
mid-2017	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
while	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
appears	O
like	O
it	O
has	O
a	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
structures	O
with	O
1/4	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
1080p	O
,	O
that	O
does	O
not	O
happen	O
with	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
shifting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
a	O
true	O
4K	B-Device
projector	O
offers	O
that	O
level	O
of	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
why	O
"	O
true	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
projectors	O
cost	O
so	O
much	O
more	O
than	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
projectors	O
with	O
otherwise	O
similar	O
feature	O
sets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
produce	O
smaller	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
finer	O
resolution	O
,	O
no	O
compromising	O
of	O
detail	O
or	O
color	O
from	O
overlapping	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
comparison	O
,	O
the	O
slight	O
difference	O
in	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
between	O
DCI	O
and	O
3840	O
×	O
2160	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
displays	O
without	O
overlap	O
is	O
insignificant	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
companies	O
like	O
Kaleidescape	O
offer	O
media	O
servers	O
that	O
allow	O
for	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
Blu-ray	O
movies	O
with	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
in	O
a	O
home	O
theater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2014	O
,	O
United	O
States	O
satellite	O
provider	O
DirecTV	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
pay	O
TV	O
provider	O
to	O
offer	O
access	O
to	O
4K	B-Device
content	O
,	O
although	O
limited	O
to	O
selected	O
video-on-demand	B-Application
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2015	O
,	O
British	O
sports	O
network	O
BT	O
Sport	O
launched	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
feed	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
first	O
broadcast	O
being	O
the	O
2015	O
FA	O
Community	O
Shield	O
football	O
match	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
production	O
units	O
were	O
used	O
,	O
producing	O
the	O
traditional	O
broadcast	O
in	O
high-definition	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
separate	O
4K	B-Device
broadcast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
network	O
did	O
not	O
want	O
to	O
mix	O
4K	B-Device
footage	O
with	O
upconverted	O
HD	O
footage	O
,	O
this	O
telecast	O
did	O
not	O
feature	O
traditional	O
studio	O
segments	O
at	O
pre-game	O
or	O
half-time	O
,	O
but	O
those	O
hosted	O
from	O
the	O
stadium	O
by	O
the	O
match	O
commentators	O
using	O
a	O
4K	B-Architecture
camera	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Footage	O
was	O
compressed	O
using	O
H.264	B-Application
encoders	O
and	O
transmitted	O
to	O
BT	O
Tower	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
then	O
transmitted	O
back	O
to	O
BT	O
Sport	O
studios	O
and	O
decompressed	O
for	O
distribution	O
,	O
via	O
4K-compatible	O
BT	O
TV	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
on	O
an	O
eligible	O
BT	O
Infinity	O
internet	O
plan	O
with	O
at	O
least	O
a	O
25Mbit/s	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2015	O
and	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
three	O
Canadian	O
television	O
providers	O
including	O
Quebec-based	O
Vidéotron	O
,	O
Ontario-based	O
Rogers	O
Cable	O
,	O
and	O
Bell	O
Fibe	O
TV	O
,	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
begin	O
to	O
offer	O
4K	B-Device
compatible	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
that	O
can	O
stream	O
4K	B-Device
content	O
to	O
subscribers	O
over	O
gigabit	O
internet	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
5	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
alongside	O
the	O
announcement	O
of	O
its	O
4K	B-Device
set-top	O
box	O
and	O
gigabit	O
internet	O
,	O
Canadian	O
media	O
conglomerate	O
Rogers	O
Communications	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
planned	O
to	O
produce	O
101	O
sports	O
telecasts	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
in	O
2016	O
via	O
its	O
Sportsnet	O
division	O
,	O
including	O
all	O
Toronto	O
Blue	O
Jays	O
home	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
marquee	O
"	O
National	O
Hockey	O
League	O
games	O
beginning	O
in	O
January	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bell	O
Media	O
announced	O
via	O
its	O
TSN	O
division	O
a	O
slate	O
of	O
4K	B-Device
telecasts	O
to	O
begin	O
on	O
January	O
20	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
including	O
selected	O
Toronto	O
Raptors	O
games	O
and	O
regional	O
NHL	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
14	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
in	O
cooperation	O
with	O
BT	O
Sport	O
,	O
Sportsnet	O
broadcast	O
the	O
first	O
ever	O
NBA	B-Application
game	O
produced	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
a	O
Toronto	O
Raptors/Orlando	O
Magic	O
game	O
at	O
O2	O
Arena	O
in	O
London	O
,	O
England	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
20	O
,	O
also	O
during	O
a	O
Raptors	O
game	O
,	O
TSN	O
presented	O
the	O
first	O
live	O
4K	B-Device
telecast	O
produced	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
days	O
later	O
,	O
Sportsnet	O
presented	O
the	O
first	O
NHL	O
game	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dome	O
Productions	O
,	O
a	O
joint	O
venture	O
of	O
Bell	O
Media	O
and	O
Rogers	O
Media	O
(	O
the	O
respective	O
owners	O
of	O
TSN	O
and	O
Sportsnet	O
)	O
,	O
constructed	O
a	O
"	O
side-by-side	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
mobile	O
production	O
unit	O
shared	O
by	O
Sportsnet	O
and	O
TSN	O
's	O
first	O
4K	B-Device
telecasts	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
operate	O
alongside	O
a	O
separate	O
HD	O
truck	O
and	O
utilize	O
cameras	O
capable	O
of	O
output	O
in	O
both	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
opening	O
game	O
of	O
the	O
2016	O
Toronto	O
Blue	O
Jays	O
season	O
,	O
Dome	O
constructed	O
"	O
Trillium	O
"	O
a	O
production	O
truck	O
integrating	O
both	O
4K	B-Device
and	O
1080i	O
high-definition	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bell	O
Media	O
's	O
CTV	O
also	O
broadcast	O
the	O
2016	O
Juno	O
Awards	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
as	O
the	O
first	O
awards	O
show	O
presented	O
in	O
the	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2016	O
,	O
Univision	O
trialed	O
4K	B-Device
by	O
producing	O
a	O
closed	O
circuit	O
telecast	O
of	O
a	O
football	O
friendly	O
between	O
the	O
national	O
teams	O
of	O
Mexico	O
and	O
Senegal	O
from	O
Miami	O
in	O
the	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Univision	O
aimed	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
streaming	O
app	O
to	O
publicly	O
televise	O
the	O
final	O
of	O
Copa	O
América	O
Centenario	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2016	O
,	O
DirecTV	O
and	O
CBS	O
Sports	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
produce	O
the	O
"	O
Amen	O
Corner	O
"	O
supplemental	O
coverage	O
from	O
the	O
Masters	O
golf	B-Application
tournament	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2016	O
,	O
Telus	O
TV	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
begin	O
to	O
offer	O
4K	B-Device
compatible	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
having	O
trialed	O
the	O
technology	O
in	O
limited	O
matches	O
at	O
the	O
2013	O
FIFA	O
Confederations	O
Cup	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
2014	B-Application
FIFA	I-Application
World	I-Application
Cup	I-Application
(	O
via	O
private	O
tests	O
and	O
public	O
viewings	O
in	O
the	O
host	O
city	O
of	O
Rio	O
de	O
Janeiro	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
2018	O
FIFA	O
World	O
Cup	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
FIFA	O
World	O
Cup	O
in	O
which	O
all	O
matches	O
were	O
produced	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Host	O
Broadcasting	O
Services	O
stated	O
that	O
at	O
least	O
75%	O
of	O
the	O
broadcast	O
cut	O
on	O
each	O
match	O
would	O
come	O
from	O
4K	B-Architecture
cameras	I-Architecture
(	O
covering	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
main	O
angles	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
instant	O
replays	O
and	O
some	O
camera	O
angles	O
being	O
upconverted	O
from	O
1080p	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resolution	O
of	O
is	O
the	O
dominant	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
in	O
the	O
consumer	O
media	O
and	O
display	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
UHDTV1	O
format	O
defined	O
in	O
SMPTE	O
ST	O
2036	O
–	O
1	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
4K	B-Architecture
UHDTV	I-Architecture
format	O
defined	O
by	O
ITU-R	O
in	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2020	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
minimum	O
resolution	O
for	O
CEA	O
's	O
definition	O
of	O
Ultra	B-Device
HD	I-Device
displays	O
and	O
projectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resolution	O
of	O
was	O
also	O
chosen	O
by	O
the	O
DVB	B-Application
project	I-Application
for	O
their	O
4K	B-Device
broadcasting	O
standard	O
,	O
UHD-1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resolution	O
has	O
an	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
of	O
169	O
,	O
with	O
8,294,400	O
total	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
exactly	O
double	O
the	O
horizontal	O
and	O
vertical	O
resolution	O
of	O
1080p	O
(	O
)	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
4	O
times	O
as	O
many	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
triple	O
the	O
horizontal	O
and	O
vertical	O
resolution	O
of	O
720p	O
(	O
)	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
9	O
times	O
as	O
many	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
2160p	O
"	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
naming	O
patterns	O
established	O
by	O
the	O
previous	O
720p	O
and	O
1080p	O
HDTV	B-Device
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
televisions	O
capable	O
of	O
displaying	O
UHD	B-Device
resolutions	O
were	O
seen	O
by	O
consumer	O
electronics	O
companies	O
as	O
the	O
next	O
trigger	O
for	O
an	O
upgrade	O
cycle	O
after	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
consumer	O
interest	O
in	O
3D	B-Algorithm
television	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resolution	O
is	O
used	O
mainly	O
in	O
digital	O
cinema	O
production	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
8,847,360	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
with	O
an	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
of	O
256135	O
( ≈1910	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
standardized	O
as	O
the	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
4K	B-Device
container	O
format	O
defined	O
by	O
Digital	O
Cinema	O
Initiatives	O
in	O
the	O
Digital	O
Cinema	O
System	O
specification	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
native	B-General_Concept
resolution	I-General_Concept
of	O
all	O
DCI-compliant	O
4K	B-Device
digital	B-Device
projectors	I-Device
and	O
monitors	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DCI	O
specification	O
allows	O
several	O
different	O
resolutions	O
for	O
the	O
content	O
inside	O
the	O
container	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
desired	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DCI	O
4K	B-Device
standard	O
has	O
twice	O
the	O
horizontal	O
and	O
vertical	O
resolution	O
of	O
DCI	O
2K	B-General_Concept
(	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
four	O
times	O
as	O
many	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
overall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
movies	O
made	O
in	O
4K	B-Device
may	O
be	O
produced	O
,	O
scanned	O
,	O
or	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
other	O
resolutions	O
depending	O
on	O
what	O
storage	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
other	O
non-standardized	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolutions	I-Architecture
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
displays	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
40962560	O
(	O
1.60:1	O
or	O
16:10	O
)	O
;	O
this	O
resolution	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Canon	O
DP-V3010	O
,	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
reference	O
monitor	O
designed	O
for	O
reviewing	O
cinema	O
footage	O
in	O
post-production	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
40962304	O
(	O
1.:1	O
or	O
16:9	O
)	O
;	O
this	O
resolution	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
LG	O
UltraFine	O
22MD4KA	O
4K	B-Architecture
monitor	I-Architecture
,	O
jointly	O
announced	O
by	O
LG	O
and	O
Apple	O
in	O
2016	O
and	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
21.5	O
"	O
4K	B-Device
Retina	B-Operating_System
iMac	B-Device
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
38402400	O
(	O
1.60:1	O
or	O
16:10	O
)	O
;	O
this	O
resolution	O
was	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
IBM	O
T220	O
and	O
T221	O
monitors	B-Device
,	O
released	O
in	O
2001	O
and	O
2002	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
recently	O
,	O
this	O
resolution	O
has	O
returned	O
in	O
the	O
Dell	O
XPS	O
Laptop	O
series	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
UHD+	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
38401920	O
(	O
2:1	O
or	O
16:8	O
)	O
;	O
this	O
resolution	O
is	O
largely	O
used	O
by	O
360	O
videos	O
as	O
they	O
largely	O
use	O
a	O
2:1	O
aspect	B-General_Concept
ratio	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
38401600	O
(	O
2.40:1	O
or	O
12:5	O
)	O
;	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
with	O
this	O
resolution	O
have	O
been	O
produced	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
being	O
the	O
LG	O
38UC99-W	O
released	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LG	O
refers	O
to	O
this	O
resolution	O
as	O
"	O
WQHD+	O
"	O
(	O
Wide	O
Quad	O
HD+	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
Acer	O
uses	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
UW-QHD	O
+	O
"	O
(	O
Ultra-wide	O
Quad	O
HD+	O
)	O
and	O
some	O
media	O
outlets	O
have	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
UW4K	O
"	O
(	O
Ultra-wide	O
4K	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
exactly	O
one	O
half	O
of	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
(	O
38402160	O
)	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
advantage	O
of	O
recording	O
video	O
at	O
the	O
4K	B-Device
standard	O
is	O
that	O
fine	O
spatial	O
detail	O
is	O
resolved	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
still	O
frames	O
extracted	O
from	O
3840×	O
2160-pixel	O
video	O
footage	O
can	O
act	O
as	O
8.3	O
megapixel	O
still	O
photographs	O
,	O
while	O
only	O
2.1	O
megapixels	O
at	O
1080p	O
and	O
0.9	O
megapixels	O
at	O
720p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
final	O
video	O
quality	O
is	O
reduced	O
to	O
2K	B-General_Concept
from	O
a	O
4K	B-Device
recording	O
,	O
more	O
detail	O
is	O
apparent	O
than	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
achieved	O
from	O
a	O
native	O
2K	B-General_Concept
recording	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cinematographers	O
record	O
at	O
4K	B-Device
with	O
the	O
Super	O
35	O
film	O
format	O
to	O
offset	O
any	O
resolution	O
loss	O
that	O
may	O
occur	O
during	O
video	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
higher	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduces	O
the	O
visibility	O
of	O
compression	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
,	O
even	O
if	O
viewed	O
on	O
monitors	B-Device
with	O
a	O
lower	O
resolution	O
than	O
2160p	O
.	O
</s>
