<s>
Per	O
the	O
International	O
Technology	O
Roadmap	O
for	O
Semiconductors	O
,	O
the	O
45	B-Algorithm
nm	I-Algorithm
process	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
MOSFET	B-Architecture
technology	O
node	O
referring	O
to	O
the	O
average	O
half-pitch	O
of	O
a	O
memory	O
cell	O
manufactured	O
at	O
around	O
the	O
2007	O
–	O
2008	O
time	O
frame	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matsushita	O
and	O
Intel	O
started	O
mass-producing	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
chips	O
in	O
late	O
2007	O
,	O
and	O
AMD	O
started	O
production	O
of	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
chips	O
in	O
late	O
2008	O
,	O
while	O
IBM	O
,	O
Infineon	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Chartered	O
Semiconductor	O
have	O
already	O
completed	O
a	O
common	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
process	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2008	O
,	O
SMIC	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
China-based	O
semiconductor	O
company	O
to	O
move	O
to	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
,	O
having	O
licensed	O
the	O
bulk	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
process	O
from	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
critical	O
feature	O
sizes	O
are	O
smaller	O
than	O
the	O
wavelength	O
of	O
light	O
used	O
for	O
lithography	B-Algorithm
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
193nm	O
and	O
248nm	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Double	B-Algorithm
patterning	I-Algorithm
has	O
also	O
been	O
introduced	O
to	O
assist	O
in	O
shrinking	O
distances	O
between	O
features	O
,	O
especially	O
if	O
dry	O
lithography	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
expected	O
that	O
more	O
layers	O
will	O
be	O
patterned	O
with	O
193nm	O
wavelength	O
at	O
the	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chipmakers	O
have	O
initially	O
voiced	O
concerns	O
about	O
introducing	O
new	O
high-κ	B-Algorithm
materials	O
into	O
the	O
gate	O
stack	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
reducing	O
leakage	O
current	O
density	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2007	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
both	O
IBM	O
and	O
Intel	O
have	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
high-κ	B-Algorithm
dielectric	I-Algorithm
and	O
metal	O
gate	O
solutions	O
,	O
which	O
Intel	O
considers	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
fundamental	O
change	O
in	O
transistor	B-Application
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEC	O
has	O
also	O
put	O
high-κ	B-Algorithm
materials	O
into	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
TSMC	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
0.296-square-micrometre	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
SRAM	B-Architecture
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2006	O
,	O
Intel	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
0.346-square-micrometre	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
node	O
SRAM	B-Architecture
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2006	O
,	O
AMD	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
0.370-square-micrometre	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
SRAM	B-Architecture
cell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2006	O
,	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
debuted	O
a	O
0.24-square-micrometre	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
SRAM	B-Architecture
cell	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
immersion	B-Algorithm
lithography	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2006	O
,	O
UMC	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
developed	O
a	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
SRAM	B-Architecture
chip	O
with	O
a	O
cell	O
size	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
0.25-square-micrometre	O
using	O
immersion	B-Algorithm
lithography	I-Algorithm
and	O
low-κ	B-Algorithm
dielectrics	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
developed	O
a	O
40nm	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
successors	O
to	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
technology	O
are	O
32	O
nm	O
,	O
22	O
nm	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
14	O
nm	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matsushita	O
Electric	O
Industrial	O
Co	O
.	O
started	O
mass	O
production	O
of	O
system-on-a-chip	B-Architecture
(	O
SoC	O
)	O
ICs	O
for	O
digital	O
consumer	O
equipment	O
based	O
on	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
process	O
technology	O
in	O
June	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intel	O
shipped	O
its	O
first	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
processor	O
,	O
the	O
Xeon	B-Device
5400	O
series	O
,	O
in	O
November	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
details	O
about	O
Penryn	B-Device
appeared	O
at	O
the	O
April	O
2007	O
Intel	O
Developer	O
Forum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
successor	O
is	O
called	O
Nehalem	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Important	O
advances	O
include	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
new	O
instructions	O
(	O
including	O
SSE4	B-General_Concept
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Penryn	B-Device
New	O
Instructions	O
)	O
and	O
new	O
fabrication	O
materials	O
(	O
most	O
significantly	O
a	O
hafnium-based	O
dielectric	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
released	O
its	O
Sempron	O
II	O
,	O
Athlon	O
II	O
,	O
Turion	O
II	O
and	O
Phenom	O
II	O
(	O
in	O
generally	O
increasing	O
order	O
of	O
performance	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Shanghai	O
Opteron	O
processors	O
using	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
process	O
technology	O
in	O
late	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xbox	O
360	O
S	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
Xenon	B-Device
processor	I-Device
fabricated	O
in	O
a	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PlayStation	O
3	O
Slim	O
model	O
introduced	O
the	O
Cell	O
Broadband	O
Engine	O
in	O
a	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
IEDM	O
2007	O
,	O
more	O
technical	O
details	O
of	O
Intel	O
's	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
process	O
were	O
revealed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
immersion	B-Algorithm
lithography	I-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
used	O
here	O
,	O
the	O
lithographic	O
patterning	O
is	O
more	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
,	O
a	O
line-cutting	O
double	B-Algorithm
patterning	I-Algorithm
method	O
is	O
used	O
explicitly	O
for	O
this	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
high-κ	B-Algorithm
dielectric	I-Algorithm
dielectrics	O
is	O
introduced	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
to	O
address	O
gate	O
leakage	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
32	O
nm	O
node	O
,	O
immersion	B-Algorithm
lithography	I-Algorithm
will	O
begin	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
Intel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
recently	O
revealed	O
that	O
both	O
the	O
Nehalem	B-Device
and	O
Atom	B-Device
microprocessors	O
used	O
SRAM	B-Architecture
cells	O
containing	O
eight	O
transistors	B-Application
instead	O
of	O
the	O
conventional	O
six	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
better	O
accommodate	O
voltage	O
scaling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matsushita	O
released	O
the	O
45nm	B-Algorithm
Uniphier	B-Application
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wolfdale	B-Device
,	O
Wolfdale-3M	O
,	O
Yorkfield	B-Device
,	O
Yorkfield	B-Device
XE	O
and	O
Penryn	B-Device
Intel	O
processors	O
sold	O
under	O
the	O
Core	B-Device
2	I-Device
brand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
generation	O
Intel	B-Device
Core	I-Device
i3	I-Device
,	I-Device
i5	I-Device
and	I-Device
i7	I-Device
series	O
processors	O
such	O
as	O
Clarksfield	B-Device
,	O
Bloomfield	B-Device
and	O
Lynnfield	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Diamondville	O
,	O
Pineview	O
are	O
Intel	B-Device
cores	I-Device
with	O
Hyper-Threading	B-Operating_System
sold	O
under	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
Atom	I-Device
brand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xenon	B-Device
processor	I-Device
in	O
the	O
Xbox	O
360	O
S	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
S5PC110	O
,	O
as	O
known	O
as	O
Hummingbird	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Texas	B-Device
Instruments	I-Device
OMAP	I-Device
3	O
and	O
4	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wii	B-Device
U	I-Device
"	O
Espresso	B-Device
"	O
IBM	O
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
