<s>
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
are	O
motion	O
pictures	O
made	O
to	O
give	O
an	O
illusion	O
of	O
three-dimensional	O
solidity	O
,	O
usually	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
special	O
glasses	O
worn	O
by	O
viewers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
have	O
existed	O
in	O
some	O
form	O
since	O
1915	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
been	O
largely	O
relegated	O
to	O
a	O
niche	O
in	O
the	O
motion	O
picture	O
industry	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
costly	O
hardware	O
and	O
processes	O
required	O
to	O
produce	O
and	O
display	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
standardized	O
format	O
for	O
all	O
segments	O
of	O
the	O
entertainment	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
were	O
prominently	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
1950s	O
in	O
American	O
cinema	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
experienced	O
a	O
worldwide	O
resurgence	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
driven	O
by	O
IMAX	O
high-end	O
theaters	O
and	O
Disney-themed	O
venues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
became	O
increasingly	O
successful	O
throughout	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
peaking	O
with	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
3D	O
presentations	O
of	O
Avatar	O
in	O
December	O
2009	O
,	O
after	O
which	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
again	O
decreased	O
in	O
popularity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
components	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
were	O
introduced	O
separately	O
between	O
1833	O
and	O
1839	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
very	O
same	O
time	O
(	O
1832/1833	O
)	O
,	O
Charles	O
Wheatstone	O
developed	O
the	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
he	O
did	O
not	O
really	O
make	O
it	O
public	O
before	O
June	O
1838	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
combination	O
of	O
these	O
elements	O
into	O
animated	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
may	O
have	O
been	O
conceived	O
early	O
on	O
,	O
but	O
for	O
decades	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
become	O
possible	O
to	O
capture	O
motion	O
in	O
real-time	O
photographic	O
recordings	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
long	O
exposure	O
times	O
necessary	O
for	O
the	O
light-sensitive	O
emulsions	O
that	O
were	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Charles	O
Wheatstone	O
got	O
inventor	O
Henry	O
Fox	O
Talbot	O
to	O
produce	O
some	O
calotype	O
pairs	O
for	O
the	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
and	O
received	O
the	O
first	O
results	O
in	O
October	O
1840	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
a	O
few	O
more	O
experimental	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
photographs	I-Algorithm
were	O
made	O
before	O
David	O
Brewster	O
introduced	O
his	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
with	O
lenses	O
in	O
1849	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wheatstone	O
also	O
approached	O
Joseph	O
Plateau	O
with	O
the	O
suggestion	O
to	O
combine	O
the	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
with	O
the	O
fantascope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
idea	O
reached	O
Jules	O
Duboscq	O
,	O
an	O
instrument	O
maker	O
who	O
already	O
marketed	O
Plateau	O
's	O
Fantascope	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
stereoscopes	B-Algorithm
of	O
Wheatstone	O
and	O
Brewster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
1852	O
,	O
Duboscq	O
added	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
his	O
"	O
Stéréoscope-fantascope	O
,	O
ou	O
Bïoscope	O
"	O
to	O
his	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
patent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
early	O
attempts	O
to	O
create	O
motion	O
pictures	O
also	O
aimed	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
1851	O
,	O
Antoine	O
Claudet	O
claimed	O
to	O
have	O
created	O
a	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
that	O
showed	O
people	O
in	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
initially	O
only	O
showed	O
two	O
phases	O
,	O
but	O
during	O
the	O
next	O
two	O
years	O
,	O
Claudet	O
worked	O
on	O
a	O
camera	O
that	O
would	O
record	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
pairs	O
for	O
four	O
different	O
poses	O
(	O
patented	O
in	O
1853	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Claudet	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
effect	O
did	O
not	O
work	O
properly	O
in	O
this	O
device	O
,	O
but	O
believed	O
the	O
illusion	O
of	O
motion	O
was	O
successful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
designed	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
would	O
feed	O
the	O
image	O
pairs	O
from	O
two	O
stroboscopic	O
discs	O
into	O
one	O
lenticular	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
and	O
a	O
vertical	O
predecessor	O
of	O
the	O
zoetrope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
537	O
for	O
28	O
monocular	O
and	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
variations	O
of	O
cylindrical	O
stroboscopic	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
could	O
"	O
exhibit	O
drawings	O
,	O
models	O
,	O
single	O
or	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
photographs	I-Algorithm
,	O
so	O
as	O
to	O
animate	O
animal	O
movements	O
,	O
or	O
that	O
of	O
machinery	O
,	O
showing	O
various	O
other	O
illusions.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
35,317	O
for	O
the	O
kinematoscope	O
,	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
exhibited	O
"	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
pictures	I-Algorithm
as	O
to	O
make	O
them	O
represent	O
objects	O
in	O
motion	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
has	O
never	O
been	O
,	O
with	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
pictures	I-Algorithm
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
used	O
three	O
sets	O
of	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
photographs	I-Algorithm
in	O
a	O
sequence	O
with	O
some	O
duplicates	O
to	O
regulate	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
a	O
simple	O
repetitive	O
motion	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
described	O
a	O
system	O
for	O
very	O
large	O
series	O
of	O
pictures	O
of	O
complicated	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
11	O
,	O
1877	O
,	O
the	O
Daily	O
Alta	O
newspaper	O
announced	O
a	O
project	O
by	O
Eadward	O
Muybridge	O
and	O
Leland	O
Stanford	O
to	O
produce	O
sequences	O
of	O
photographs	O
of	O
a	O
running	O
horse	O
with	O
12	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Muybridge	O
had	O
much	O
experience	O
with	O
stereo	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
and	O
had	O
already	O
made	O
instantaneous	O
pictures	O
of	O
Stanford	O
's	O
horse	O
Occident	O
running	O
at	O
full	O
speed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
eventually	O
managed	O
to	O
shoot	O
the	O
proposed	O
sequences	O
of	O
running	O
horses	O
in	O
June	O
1878	O
,	O
with	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
published	O
result	O
and	O
animated	O
versions	O
for	O
his	O
zoopraxiscope	O
were	O
not	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
in	O
1898	O
Muybridge	O
claimed	O
that	O
he	O
had	O
(	O
privately	O
)	O
viewed	O
the	O
pictures	O
in	O
two	O
synchronized	O
zoetropes	O
with	O
Wheatstone	O
's	O
reflecting	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
"	O
a	O
very	O
satisfactory	O
reproduction	O
of	O
an	O
apparently	O
solid	O
miniature	O
horse	O
trotting	O
,	O
and	O
of	O
another	O
galloping	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
article	O
in	O
Scientific	O
American	O
concluded	O
:	O
"	O
It	O
is	O
already	O
possible	O
,	O
by	O
ingenious	O
optical	O
contrivances	O
,	O
to	O
throw	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
photographs	I-Algorithm
of	O
people	O
on	O
screens	O
in	O
full	O
view	O
of	O
an	O
audience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neither	O
Donisthorpe	O
's	O
or	O
Edison	O
's	O
later	O
moving	O
picture	O
results	O
were	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1890s	O
,	O
British	O
film	O
pioneer	O
William	O
Friese-Greene	O
filed	O
a	O
patent	O
for	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
viewer	O
looked	O
through	O
a	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
to	O
converge	O
the	O
two	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
red-green	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
audience	O
was	O
presented	O
three	O
reels	O
of	O
tests	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
rural	O
scenes	O
,	O
test	O
shots	O
of	O
Marie	O
Doro	O
,	O
a	O
segment	O
of	O
John	O
Mason	O
playing	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
passages	O
from	O
Jim	O
the	O
Penman	O
(	O
a	O
film	O
released	O
by	O
Famous	O
Players-Lasky	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
in	O
3D	O
)	O
,	O
Oriental	O
dancers	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
reel	O
of	O
footage	O
of	O
Niagara	O
Falls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
cinema	O
seemed	O
a	O
logical	O
step	O
to	O
lure	O
visitors	O
back	O
into	O
the	O
movie	O
theatres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alabastra	O
and	O
Kinoplastikon	O
were	O
often	O
advertised	O
as	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
and	O
screenless	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
in	O
reality	O
the	O
effect	O
was	O
heavily	O
dependent	O
on	O
glass	O
screen	O
projection	O
and	O
the	O
films	O
were	O
not	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
shows	O
seemed	O
truly	O
three-dimensional	O
as	O
the	O
figures	O
were	O
clearly	O
separate	O
from	O
the	O
background	O
and	O
virtually	O
appeared	O
inside	O
the	O
real	O
,	O
three-dimensional	O
stage	O
area	O
without	O
any	O
visible	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sound	O
film	O
,	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
and	O
other	O
novel	O
techniques	O
were	O
relatively	O
cumbersome	O
to	O
combine	O
with	O
multiple	O
reels	O
and	O
were	O
abandoned	O
for	O
a	O
while	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
confirmed	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
shown	O
to	O
an	O
out-of-house	O
audience	O
was	O
The	O
Power	O
of	O
Love	O
,	O
which	O
premiered	O
at	O
the	O
Ambassador	O
Hotel	O
Theater	O
in	O
Los	O
Angeles	O
on	O
September	O
27	O
,	O
1922	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
filmed	O
dual-strip	O
in	O
black	O
and	O
white	O
,	O
and	O
single	O
strip	O
color	O
anaglyphic	B-Algorithm
release	O
prints	O
were	O
produced	O
using	O
a	O
color	O
film	O
invented	O
and	O
patented	O
by	O
Harry	O
K	O
.	O
Fairall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
single	O
projector	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
display	O
the	O
movie	O
but	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
were	O
used	O
for	O
viewing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
in	O
December	O
1922	O
,	O
William	O
Van	O
Doren	O
Kelley	O
,	O
inventor	O
of	O
the	O
Prizma	O
color	O
system	O
,	O
cashed	O
in	O
on	O
the	O
growing	O
interest	O
in	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
started	O
by	O
Fairall	O
's	O
demonstration	O
and	O
shot	O
footage	O
with	O
a	O
camera	O
system	O
of	O
his	O
own	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
December	O
1922	O
,	O
Laurens	O
Hammond	O
(	O
later	O
inventor	O
of	O
the	O
Hammond	O
organ	O
)	O
premiered	O
his	O
Teleview	B-Algorithm
system	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
the	O
trade	O
and	O
press	O
in	O
October	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teleview	B-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
first	O
alternating-frame	O
3D	O
system	O
seen	O
by	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
left-eye	O
and	O
right-eye	O
prints	O
and	O
two	O
interlocked	O
projectors	B-Application
,	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
frames	O
were	O
alternately	O
projected	O
,	O
each	O
pair	O
being	O
shown	O
three	O
times	O
to	O
suppress	O
flicker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Viewing	O
devices	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
armrests	O
of	O
the	O
theater	O
seats	O
had	O
rotary	O
shutters	O
that	O
operated	O
synchronously	O
with	O
the	O
projector	O
shutters	O
,	O
producing	O
a	O
clean	O
and	O
clear	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
theater	O
known	O
to	O
have	O
installed	O
Teleview	B-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
Selwyn	O
Theater	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
one	O
show	O
was	O
ever	O
presented	O
with	O
it	O
:	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
short	O
films	O
,	O
an	O
exhibition	O
of	O
live	O
3D	O
shadows	O
,	O
and	O
M.A.R.S.	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
Teleview	B-Algorithm
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
itself	O
got	O
poor	O
reviews	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
Teleview	B-Algorithm
was	O
never	O
seen	O
again	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1922	O
,	O
Frederic	O
Eugene	O
Ives	O
and	O
Jacob	O
Leventhal	O
began	O
releasing	O
their	O
first	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
shorts	O
made	O
over	O
a	O
three-year	O
period	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
film	O
,	O
entitled	O
Plastigrams	O
,	O
was	O
distributed	O
nationally	O
by	O
Educational	O
Pictures	O
in	O
the	O
red-and-blue	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ives	O
and	O
Leventhal	O
then	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
following	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
shorts	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
Stereoscopiks	O
Series	O
"	O
released	O
by	O
Pathé	O
Films	O
in	O
1925	O
:	O
Zowie	O
(	O
April	O
10	O
)	O
,	O
Luna-cy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
late	O
1920s	O
to	O
early	O
1930s	O
saw	O
little	O
interest	O
in	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
pictures	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Paris	O
,	O
Louis	O
Lumiere	O
shot	O
footage	O
with	O
his	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
camera	O
in	O
September	O
1933	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
March	O
he	O
exhibited	O
a	O
remake	O
of	O
his	O
1895	O
short	O
film	O
L'Arrivée	O
du	O
Train	O
,	O
this	O
time	O
in	O
anaglyphic	B-Algorithm
3D	O
,	O
at	O
a	O
meeting	O
of	O
the	O
French	O
Academy	O
of	O
Science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prints	O
were	O
by	O
Technicolor	O
in	O
the	O
red-and-green	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
format	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
narrated	O
by	O
Pete	O
Smith	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
Audioscopiks	O
films	O
,	O
MGM	O
produced	O
one	O
more	O
short	O
in	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
another	O
Pete	O
Smith	O
Specialty	O
called	O
Third	O
Dimensional	O
Murder	O
(	O
1941	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prints	O
were	O
by	O
Technicolor	O
in	O
red-and-blue	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
short	O
is	O
notable	O
for	O
being	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
few	O
live-action	O
appearances	O
of	O
the	O
Frankenstein	O
Monster	O
as	O
conceived	O
by	O
Jack	O
Pierce	O
for	O
Universal	B-Application
Studios	I-Application
outside	O
of	O
their	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
of	O
these	O
films	O
were	O
printed	O
by	O
color	O
systems	O
,	O
none	O
of	O
them	O
was	O
actually	O
in	O
color	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
color	O
printing	O
was	O
only	O
to	O
achieve	O
an	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
his	O
original	O
intention	O
was	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
filter	O
for	O
reducing	O
glare	O
from	O
car	O
headlights	O
,	O
Land	O
did	O
not	O
underestimate	O
the	O
utility	O
of	O
his	O
newly	O
dubbed	O
Polaroid	O
filters	O
in	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
presentations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
1936	O
,	O
Land	O
gave	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
demonstration	O
of	O
Polaroid	O
filters	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
3D	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
at	O
the	O
Waldorf-Astoria	O
Hotel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
prints	O
,	O
each	O
carrying	O
either	O
the	O
right	O
or	O
left	O
eye	O
view	O
,	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
synced	O
up	O
in	O
projection	O
using	O
an	O
external	O
selsyn	B-Algorithm
motor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1939	O
,	O
John	O
Norling	O
shot	O
In	O
Tune	O
With	O
Tomorrow	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
using	O
Polaroid	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1940s	O
,	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
prioritized	O
military	O
applications	O
of	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
and	O
it	O
once	O
again	O
went	O
on	O
the	O
back	O
burner	O
in	O
most	O
producers	O
 '	O
minds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
aficionados	O
consider	O
the	O
"	O
golden	O
era	O
"	O
of	O
3D	O
began	O
in	O
late	O
1952	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
color	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
feature	O
,	O
Bwana	O
Devil	O
,	O
produced	O
,	O
written	O
and	O
directed	O
by	O
Arch	O
Oboler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
the	O
familiar	O
disposable	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
made	O
of	O
cardboard	O
were	O
mainly	O
used	O
for	O
comic	O
books	O
,	O
two	O
shorts	O
by	O
exploitation	O
specialist	O
Dan	O
Sonney	O
,	O
and	O
three	O
shorts	O
produced	O
by	O
Lippert	O
Productions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
features	O
utilized	O
two	O
projectors	B-Application
,	O
the	O
capacity	O
limit	O
of	O
film	O
being	O
loaded	O
onto	O
each	O
projector	O
(	O
about	O
,	O
or	O
an	O
hour	O
's	O
worth	O
of	O
film	O
)	O
meant	O
that	O
an	O
intermission	O
was	O
necessary	O
for	O
every	O
feature-length	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
early	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
during	O
the	O
boom	O
was	O
the	O
Lippert	O
Productions	O
short	O
,	O
A	O
Day	O
in	O
the	O
Country	O
,	O
narrated	O
by	O
Joe	O
Besser	O
and	O
composed	O
mostly	O
of	O
test	O
footage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
Lippert	O
shorts	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
available	O
in	O
both	O
dual-strip	O
and	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
,	O
this	O
production	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Universal-International	B-Application
released	O
their	O
first	O
3D	O
feature	O
on	O
May	O
27	O
,	O
1953	O
,	O
It	O
Came	O
from	O
Outer	O
Space	O
,	O
with	O
stereophonic	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Three	I-Application
Stooges	I-Application
starred	O
in	O
Spooks	O
and	O
Pardon	O
My	O
Backfire	O
;	O
dialect	O
comic	O
Harry	O
Mimmo	O
starred	O
in	O
Down	O
the	O
Hatch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Producer	O
Jules	O
White	O
was	O
optimistic	O
about	O
the	O
possibilities	O
of	O
3D	O
as	O
applied	O
to	O
slapstick	O
(	O
with	O
pies	O
and	O
other	O
projectiles	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
audience	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
two	O
of	O
his	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
shorts	O
were	O
shown	O
in	O
3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
these	O
shortcomings	O
and	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
crew	O
had	O
no	O
previous	O
experience	O
with	O
the	O
newly	O
built	O
camera	O
rig	O
,	O
luck	O
was	O
on	O
the	O
cinematographer	O
's	O
side	O
,	O
as	O
many	O
find	O
the	O
3D	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
film	O
is	O
well	O
shot	O
and	O
aligned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Darryl	O
F	O
.	O
Zanuck	O
expressed	O
little	O
interest	O
in	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
systems	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
that	O
point	O
was	O
preparing	O
to	O
premiere	O
the	O
new	O
widescreen	O
film	O
system	O
,	O
CinemaScope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
mandatory	O
intermission	O
was	O
needed	O
to	O
properly	O
prepare	O
the	O
theater	O
's	O
projectors	B-Application
for	O
the	O
showing	O
of	O
the	O
second	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
projection	O
booth	O
operators	O
were	O
at	O
many	O
times	O
careless	O
,	O
even	O
at	O
preview	O
screenings	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
,	O
trade	O
and	O
newspaper	O
critics	O
claimed	O
that	O
certain	O
films	O
were	O
"	O
hard	O
on	O
the	O
eyes.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
financial	O
difficulties	O
and	O
the	O
general	O
loss	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
3D	O
,	O
Lesser	O
canceled	O
the	O
project	O
during	O
the	O
summer	O
of	O
1953	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
first	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
to	O
be	O
aborted	O
in	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
1953	O
,	O
3D	O
made	O
a	O
comeback	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
several	O
important	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
,	O
including	O
MGM	O
's	O
musical	O
Kiss	O
Me	O
,	O
Kate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
trade	O
ads	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
3D	O
version	O
was	O
so	O
well-received	O
that	O
the	O
film	O
quickly	O
went	O
into	O
a	O
wide	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paramount	O
also	O
released	O
the	O
cartoon	O
shorts	O
Boo	O
Moon	O
with	O
Casper	O
,	O
the	O
Friendly	O
Ghost	O
and	O
Popeye	B-Application
,	O
Ace	O
of	O
Space	O
with	O
Popeye	B-Application
the	I-Application
Sailor	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
film	O
was	O
shot	O
and	O
edited	O
in	O
3D	O
,	O
United	O
Artists	O
,	O
the	O
distributor	O
,	O
felt	O
the	O
production	O
was	O
uneconomical	O
in	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
form	O
and	O
released	O
the	O
film	O
flat	O
on	O
January	O
27	O
,	O
1954	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
released	O
flat	O
through	O
Universal-International	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
arguably	O
the	O
most	O
famous	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
was	O
typically	O
seen	O
in	O
3D	O
only	O
in	O
large	O
urban	O
theaters	O
and	O
shown	O
flat	O
in	O
the	O
many	O
smaller	O
neighborhood	O
theaters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
feature	O
shot	O
in	O
Britain	O
,	O
released	O
flat	O
in	O
both	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
largely	O
remained	O
dormant	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
with	O
those	O
that	O
were	O
released	O
usually	O
being	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
exploitation	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
film	O
was	O
shot	O
in	O
2-D	O
,	O
but	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
bizarre	O
qualities	O
of	O
the	O
dream-world	O
that	O
is	O
induced	O
when	O
the	O
main	O
character	O
puts	O
on	O
a	O
cursed	O
tribal	O
mask	O
,	O
these	O
scenes	O
went	O
to	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
scenes	O
were	O
printed	O
by	O
Technicolor	O
on	O
their	O
first	O
run	O
in	O
red/green	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
appeared	O
sparsely	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
1960s	O
,	O
the	O
true	O
second	O
wave	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
cinema	I-Algorithm
was	O
set	O
into	O
motion	O
by	O
Arch	O
Oboler	O
,	O
the	O
producer	O
who	O
had	O
started	O
the	O
craze	O
of	O
the	O
1950s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
origin	O
of	O
"	O
Space-Vision	O
3D	O
"	O
goes	O
back	O
to	O
Colonel	O
Robert	O
Vincent	O
Bernier	O
,	O
a	O
forgotten	O
innovator	O
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
motion	O
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
Trioptiscope	O
Space-Vision	O
lens	O
was	O
the	O
gold	O
standard	O
for	O
the	O
production	O
and	O
exhibition	O
of	O
3-D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
for	O
nearly	O
30	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Space-Vision	O
3D	O
"	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
were	O
printed	O
with	O
two	O
images	O
,	O
one	O
above	O
the	O
other	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
academy	O
ratio	O
frame	O
,	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
strip	O
,	O
and	O
needed	O
only	O
one	O
projector	O
fitted	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
so-called	O
"	O
over	O
and	O
under	O
"	O
technique	O
eliminated	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
dual	O
projector	O
set-ups	O
,	O
and	O
produced	O
widescreen	O
,	O
but	O
darker	O
,	O
less	O
vivid	O
,	O
polarized	O
3D	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1970	O
,	O
Stereovision	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
new	O
entity	O
founded	O
by	O
director/inventor	O
Allan	O
Silliphant	O
and	O
optical	O
designer	O
Chris	O
Condon	O
,	O
developed	O
a	O
different	O
35mm	O
single-strip	O
format	O
,	O
which	O
printed	O
two	O
images	O
squeezed	O
side	O
by	O
side	O
and	O
used	O
an	O
anamorphic	O
lens	O
to	O
widen	O
the	O
pictures	O
through	O
Polaroid	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Louis	O
K	O
.	O
Sher	O
(	O
Sherpix	O
)	O
and	O
Stereovision	B-Algorithm
released	O
the	O
softcore	O
sex	O
comedy	O
The	O
Stewardesses	O
(	O
self-rated	O
X	O
,	O
but	O
later	O
re-rated	O
R	O
by	O
the	O
MPAA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
eventually	O
earning	O
$27million	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
alone	O
( $140million	O
in	O
constant-2010	O
dollars	O
)	O
in	O
fewer	O
than	O
800	O
theaters	O
,	O
becoming	O
the	O
most	O
profitable	O
3-Dimensional	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
to	O
date	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
purely	O
relative	O
terms	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
profitable	O
films	O
ever	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
36	O
films	O
worldwide	O
were	O
made	O
with	O
Stereovision	B-Algorithm
over	O
25	O
years	O
,	O
using	O
either	O
a	O
widescreen	O
(	O
above-below	O
)	O
,	O
anamorphic	O
(	O
side	O
by	O
side	O
)	O
or	O
70mm	O
3D	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
The	O
Stewardesses	O
was	O
remastered	O
by	O
Chris	O
Condon	O
and	O
director	O
Ed	O
Meyer	O
,	O
releasing	O
it	O
in	O
XpanD	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
RealD	B-Algorithm
Cinema	I-Algorithm
and	O
Dolby	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
1970s	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
was	O
not	O
much	O
more	O
inventive	O
,	O
as	O
many	O
were	O
either	O
softcore	O
and	O
even	O
hardcore	O
adult	O
films	O
,	O
horror	O
films	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
both	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
science	O
fiction	O
film	O
Spacehunter	O
:	O
Adventures	O
in	O
the	O
Forbidden	O
Zone	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
expensive	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
made	O
up	O
to	O
that	O
point	O
with	O
production	O
costs	O
about	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
but	O
not	O
nearly	O
the	O
same	O
box	O
office	O
success	O
,	O
causing	O
the	O
craze	O
to	O
fade	O
quickly	O
through	O
spring	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
releases	O
after	O
the	O
second	O
craze	O
included	O
The	O
Man	O
Who	O
Was	O
n't	O
There	O
(	O
1983	O
)	O
,	O
Silent	O
Madness	O
and	O
the	O
1985	O
animated	O
film	O
Starchaser	O
:	O
The	O
Legend	O
of	O
Orin	O
,	O
whose	O
plot	O
seemed	O
to	O
borrow	O
heavily	O
from	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
1980s	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
and	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
classic	O
1950s	O
films	O
such	O
as	O
House	O
of	O
Wax	O
were	O
released	O
on	O
the	O
now	O
defunct	O
Video	O
Disc	O
(	O
VHD	O
)	O
format	O
in	O
Japan	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
used	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
movies	I-Algorithm
were	O
also	O
popular	O
in	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
My	O
Dear	O
Kuttichathan	O
,	O
a	O
Malayalam	O
film	O
which	O
was	O
shot	O
with	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
and	O
released	O
in	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
previous	O
35mm-based	O
3D	O
presentations	O
,	O
the	O
very	O
large	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
provided	O
by	O
IMAX	O
allowed	O
a	O
much	O
broader	O
3D	O
"	O
stage	O
"	O
,	O
arguably	O
as	O
important	O
in	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
as	O
it	O
is	O
theatre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Walt	O
Disney	O
Company	O
also	O
began	O
more	O
prominent	O
use	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
in	O
special	O
venues	O
to	O
impress	O
audiences	O
with	O
Magic	O
Journeys	O
(	O
1982	O
)	O
and	O
Captain	O
EO	O
(	O
Francis	O
Ford	O
Coppola	O
,	O
1986	O
,	O
starring	O
Michael	O
Jackson	O
)	O
being	O
notable	O
examples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Echoes	O
of	O
the	O
Sun	O
(	O
Roman	O
Kroitor	O
,	O
1990	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
IMAX	O
film	O
to	O
be	O
presented	O
using	O
alternate-eye	O
shutterglass	B-Algorithm
technology	O
,	O
a	O
development	O
required	O
because	O
the	O
dome	O
screen	O
precluded	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
polarized	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
produced	O
in	O
this	O
period	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2004	O
,	O
54%	O
of	O
IMAX	O
theaters	O
(	O
133	O
of	O
248	O
)	O
were	O
capable	O
of	O
showing	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
thereafter	O
,	O
higher	O
quality	O
computer	O
animation	O
,	O
competition	O
from	O
DVDs	O
and	O
other	O
media	O
,	O
digital	O
projection	O
,	O
digital	O
video	O
capture	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
sophisticated	O
IMAX	O
70mm	O
film	B-Application
projectors	I-Application
,	O
created	O
an	O
opportunity	O
for	O
another	O
wave	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
Ghosts	O
of	O
the	O
Abyss	O
by	O
James	O
Cameron	O
was	O
released	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
full-length	O
3D	O
IMAX	O
feature	O
filmed	O
with	O
the	O
Reality	B-Algorithm
Camera	I-Algorithm
System	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
return	O
from	O
those	O
few	O
3D	B-Algorithm
theaters	I-Algorithm
was	O
about	O
25%	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
film	O
was	O
shot	O
at	O
the	O
former	O
Industrial	O
Light	O
&	O
Magic	O
studios	O
using	O
KernerFX	O
's	O
prototype	O
Kernercam	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
camera	O
rig	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ben	O
Walters	O
suggested	O
in	O
2009	O
that	O
both	O
filmmakers	O
and	O
film	O
exhibitors	O
regain	O
interest	O
in	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
entire	O
history	O
of	O
3D	O
presentations	O
,	O
techniques	O
to	O
convert	B-Algorithm
existing	O
2D	O
images	O
for	O
3D	O
presentation	O
have	O
existed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2006	O
,	O
IMAX	O
and	O
Warner	O
Bros	O
.	O
released	O
Superman	B-Application
Returns	I-Application
including	O
20	O
minutes	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
converted	O
from	O
the	O
2D	O
original	O
digital	O
footage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
George	O
Lucas	O
announced	O
that	O
he	O
would	O
re-release	O
his	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
films	O
in	O
3D	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
conversion	O
process	O
from	O
the	O
company	O
In-Three	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2005	O
,	O
Steven	O
Spielberg	O
told	O
the	O
press	O
he	O
was	O
involved	O
in	O
patenting	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
cinema	I-Algorithm
system	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
need	O
glasses	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
plasma	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Animated	O
films	O
Open	O
Season	O
,	O
and	O
The	O
Ant	O
Bully	O
,	O
were	O
released	O
in	O
analog	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monster	O
House	O
and	O
The	O
Nightmare	O
Before	O
Christmas	O
were	O
released	O
on	O
XpanD	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
RealD	B-Algorithm
and	O
Dolby	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
systems	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
US-produced	O
3D	O
full-length	O
feature	O
film	O
to	O
be	O
completed	O
in	O
Real	B-Algorithm
D	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
19	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
U2	O
3D	O
was	O
released	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
live-action	O
digital	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
others	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
included	O
Hannah	O
Montana	O
&	O
Miley	O
Cyrus	O
:	O
Best	O
of	O
Both	O
Worlds	O
Concert	O
,	O
Journey	O
to	O
the	O
Center	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
,	O
and	O
Bolt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
16	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Lionsgate	O
released	O
My	O
Bloody	O
Valentine	O
3D	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
horror	O
film	O
and	O
first	O
R-rated	O
film	O
to	O
be	O
projected	O
in	O
Real	B-Algorithm
D	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
to	O
1,033	O
3D	B-Algorithm
screens	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
most	O
ever	O
for	O
this	O
format	O
,	O
and	O
1,501	O
regular	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
in	O
2009	O
included	O
Coraline	O
,	O
Monsters	B-Application
vs.	I-Application
Aliens	I-Application
,	O
Up	O
,	O
X	O
Games	O
3D	O
:	O
The	O
Movie	O
,	O
The	O
Final	O
Destination	O
,	O
Disney	O
's	O
A	O
Christmas	O
Carol	O
,	O
and	O
Avatar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
technologies	O
used	O
to	O
exhibit	O
these	O
films	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
released	O
around	O
the	O
time	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
present	O
,	O
are	O
Real	B-Algorithm
D	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
Dolby	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
XpanD	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
MasterImage	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
IMAX	O
3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
13	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
China	O
's	O
first	O
IMAX	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
started	O
shooting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pre-production	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
shot	O
in	O
France	O
,	O
Derrière	O
les	O
murs	O
,	O
began	O
in	O
May	O
2010	O
and	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
mid-2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
1	O
,	O
2010	O
Scar3D	O
was	O
the	O
first-ever	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
Video-on-demand	B-Application
film	O
released	O
through	O
major	O
cable	O
broadcasters	O
for	O
3D	B-Algorithm
televisions	I-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
on	O
May	O
21	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Shrek	B-Language
Forever	I-Language
After	I-Language
by	O
DreamWorks	O
Animation	O
(	O
Paramount	O
Pictures	O
)	O
used	O
the	O
Real	B-Algorithm
D	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
system	O
,	O
also	O
released	O
in	O
IMAX	O
3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
two-week	O
festival	O
,	O
over	O
30	O
of	O
the	O
50	O
"	O
golden	O
era	O
"	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
features	O
(	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
shorts	O
)	O
were	O
screened	O
,	O
many	O
coming	O
from	O
the	O
collection	O
of	O
film	O
historian	O
and	O
archivist	O
Robert	O
Furmanek	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
spent	O
the	O
previous	O
15	O
years	O
painstakingly	O
tracking	O
down	O
and	O
preserving	O
each	O
film	O
to	O
its	O
original	O
glory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2006	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
World	O
3-D	O
Exposition	O
was	O
announced	O
for	O
September	O
of	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
presented	O
by	O
the	O
3-D	B-Algorithm
Film	I-Algorithm
Preservation	O
Fund	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expo	O
II	O
was	O
announced	O
as	O
being	O
the	O
locale	O
for	O
the	O
world	O
premiere	O
of	O
several	O
films	O
never	O
before	O
seen	O
in	O
3D	O
,	O
including	O
The	O
Diamond	O
Wizard	O
and	O
the	O
Universal	B-Application
short	O
,	O
Hawaiian	O
Nights	O
with	O
Mamie	O
Van	O
Doren	O
and	O
Pinky	O
Lee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
"	O
re-premieres	O
"	O
of	O
films	O
not	O
seen	O
since	O
their	O
original	O
release	O
in	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
form	O
included	O
Cease	O
Fire	O
!,	O
Taza	O
,	O
Son	O
of	O
Cochise	O
,	O
Wings	O
of	O
the	O
Hawk	O
,	O
and	O
Those	O
Redheads	O
From	O
Seattle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
only	O
45%	O
of	O
the	O
premiere	O
weekend	O
box	O
office	O
earnings	O
of	O
Kung	B-Application
Fu	I-Application
Panda	I-Application
2	I-Application
came	O
from	O
3D	O
screenings	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
60%	O
for	O
Shrek	B-Language
Forever	I-Language
After	I-Language
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
premiere	O
of	O
Cars	B-Application
2	I-Application
opening	O
weekend	O
gross	O
consisted	O
of	O
only	O
37%	O
from	O
3D	O
theatres	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Harry	B-Application
Potter	I-Application
and	I-Application
the	I-Application
Deathly	I-Application
Hallows	I-Application
–	I-Application
Part	I-Application
2	I-Application
and	O
Captain	O
America	O
:	O
The	O
First	O
Avenger	O
were	O
major	O
releases	O
that	O
achieved	O
similar	O
percentages	O
:	O
43%	O
and	O
40%	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parallel	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
televisions	O
sold	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
3D	B-Algorithm
television	I-Algorithm
has	O
dropped	O
,	O
let	O
alone	O
those	O
sold	O
with	O
actual	O
3D	O
goggles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
Motion	O
Picture	O
Association	O
of	O
America	O
,	O
despite	O
a	O
record	O
total	O
of	O
47	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
being	O
released	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
overall	O
domestic	O
box	O
office	O
receipts	O
were	O
down	O
18%	O
to	O
$1.8	O
billion	O
from	O
$2.2	O
billion	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Disney	O
has	O
reissued	O
both	O
The	B-Application
Lion	I-Application
King	I-Application
and	O
Beauty	O
and	O
the	O
Beast	O
,	O
with	O
plans	O
to	O
add	O
some	O
of	O
its	O
other	O
well-known	O
titles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Titanic	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
modified	O
for	O
3D	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
are	O
also	O
plans	O
to	O
similarly	O
present	O
all	O
six	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jeffrey	O
Katzenberg	O
,	O
a	O
producer	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
leading	O
proponents	O
of	O
the	O
format	O
,	O
blames	O
oversaturation	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
with	O
inferior	O
films	O
,	O
especially	O
ones	O
photographed	O
conventionally	O
and	O
then	O
digitally	O
processed	O
in	O
post-production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2017	O
,	O
IMAX	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
will	O
begin	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
screening	O
more	O
Hollywood	O
tentpole	O
movies	O
in	O
2D	O
(	O
even	O
if	O
there	O
's	O
a	O
3D	O
version	O
)	O
and	O
have	O
fewer	O
3D	O
screenings	O
of	O
movies	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
citing	O
that	O
moviegoers	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
prefer	O
2D	O
films	O
over	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
motion	O
pictures	O
can	O
be	O
produced	O
through	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
different	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
was	O
sometimes	O
used	O
prior	O
to	O
1948	O
,	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
"	O
Golden	O
Era	O
"	O
of	O
3D	O
cinematography	O
of	O
the	O
1950s	O
the	O
polarization	O
system	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
every	O
single	O
feature-length	O
film	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
but	O
one	O
short	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
,	O
polarization	O
3D	O
systems	O
have	O
continued	O
to	O
dominate	O
the	O
scene	O
,	O
though	O
during	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
some	O
classic	O
films	O
which	O
were	O
converted	O
to	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
for	O
theaters	O
not	O
equipped	O
for	O
polarization	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
even	O
shown	O
in	O
3D	O
on	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
years	O
following	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
some	O
films	O
were	O
made	O
with	O
short	O
segments	O
in	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
are	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
technical	O
details	O
and	O
methodologies	O
employed	O
in	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
notable	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
systems	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
real	O
option	O
is	O
to	O
invest	O
in	O
new	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Journey	O
to	O
the	O
Center	O
of	O
the	O
Earth	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
live-action	O
feature	O
film	O
to	O
be	O
shot	O
with	O
the	O
earliest	O
Fusion	B-Algorithm
Camera	I-Algorithm
System	I-Algorithm
released	O
in	O
Digital	O
3D	O
and	O
was	O
later	O
followed	O
by	O
several	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1930s	O
and	O
1940s	O
Fleischer	O
Studios	O
made	O
several	O
cartoons	O
with	O
extensive	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
backgrounds	O
,	O
including	O
several	O
Popeye	B-Application
,	O
Betty	O
Boop	O
,	O
and	O
Superman	O
cartoons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Walt	O
Disney	O
Studio	O
produced	O
two	O
traditional	O
animation	O
short	O
for	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
for	O
cinemas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Famous	O
Studios	O
produced	O
two	O
cartoons	O
in	O
3D	O
,	O
the	O
Popeye	B-Application
cartoon	O
Popeye	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Ace	O
of	O
Space	O
(	O
1953	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Casper	O
the	O
Friendly	O
Ghost	O
cartoon	O
Boo	O
Moon	O
(	O
1954	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Walter	O
Lantz	O
Studio	O
produced	O
the	O
Woody	B-Operating_System
Woodpecker	I-Operating_System
cartoon	O
Hypnotic	O
Hick	O
(	O
1953	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
distributed	O
by	O
Universal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
late	O
1950s	O
until	O
the	O
mid-2000s	O
almost	O
no	O
animation	O
was	O
produced	O
for	O
3D	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
in	O
theaters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CGI	O
animated	O
films	O
can	O
be	O
rendered	O
as	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
version	O
by	O
using	O
two	O
virtual	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stop-motion	O
animated	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
are	O
photographed	O
with	O
two	O
cameras	O
similar	O
to	O
live	O
action	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
The	O
Polar	O
Express	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
computer-animated	O
feature	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
3D	O
feature	O
by	O
DreamWorks	O
Animation	O
,	O
Monsters	O
vs	O
Aliens	O
,	O
followed	O
in	O
2009	O
and	O
used	O
a	O
new	O
digital	O
rendering	O
process	O
called	O
InTru3D	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Intel	O
to	O
create	O
more	O
realistic	O
animated	O
3D	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
InTru3D	B-Algorithm
is	O
not	O
used	O
to	O
exhibit	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
in	O
theaters	O
;	O
they	O
are	O
shown	O
in	O
either	O
RealD	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
or	O
IMAX	O
3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dozens	O
of	O
films	O
have	O
now	O
been	O
converted	O
from	O
2D	B-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
approaches	O
used	O
for	O
2D	B-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
conversion	I-Algorithm
,	O
most	O
notably	O
depth-based	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
TVs	O
have	O
a	O
3D	O
engine	O
to	O
convert	B-Algorithm
2D	O
content	O
to	O
3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anaglyph	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
were	O
the	O
earliest	O
method	O
of	O
presenting	O
theatrical	O
3D	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
one	O
most	O
commonly	O
associated	O
with	O
stereoscopy	B-Algorithm
by	O
the	O
public	O
at	O
large	O
,	O
mostly	O
because	O
of	O
non-theatrical	O
3D	O
media	O
such	O
as	O
comic	O
books	O
and	O
3D	B-Algorithm
television	I-Algorithm
broadcasts	O
,	O
where	O
polarization	O
is	O
not	O
practical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
film	O
was	O
invented	O
in	O
1915	O
by	O
Edwin	O
S	O
Porter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
earliest	O
theatrical	O
presentations	O
were	O
done	O
with	O
this	O
system	O
,	O
most	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
from	O
the	O
1950s	O
and	O
1980s	O
were	O
originally	O
shown	O
polarized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
two	O
images	O
are	O
superimposed	O
in	O
an	O
additive	O
light	O
setting	O
through	O
two	O
filters	O
,	O
one	O
red	O
and	O
one	O
cyan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anaglyph	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
are	O
much	O
easier	O
to	O
view	O
than	O
either	O
parallel	O
sighting	O
or	O
crossed	O
eye	O
stereograms	B-Algorithm
,	O
although	O
the	O
latter	O
types	O
offer	O
bright	O
and	O
accurate	O
color	O
rendering	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
the	O
red	O
component	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
muted	O
,	O
or	O
desaturated	O
with	O
even	O
the	O
best	O
color	O
anaglyphs	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	O
reconfigures	O
the	O
typical	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
to	O
have	O
less	O
parallax	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
usual	O
red	O
and	O
cyan	O
filter	O
system	O
of	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
is	O
ColorCode	B-Algorithm
3-D	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
patented	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
system	O
which	O
was	O
invented	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
present	O
an	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
NTSC	O
television	O
standard	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
red	O
channel	O
is	O
often	O
compromised	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
polarization	O
3D	O
system	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
standard	O
for	O
theatrical	O
presentations	O
since	O
it	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
Bwana	O
Devil	O
in	O
1952	O
,	O
though	O
early	O
Imax	O
presentations	O
were	O
done	O
using	O
the	O
eclipse	O
system	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
classic	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
were	O
sometimes	O
converted	O
to	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
for	O
special	O
presentations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
polarization	O
system	O
has	O
better	O
color	O
fidelity	O
and	O
less	O
ghosting	O
than	O
the	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
post-	O
'	O
50s	O
era	O
,	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
used	O
instead	O
of	O
polarization	O
in	O
feature	O
presentations	O
where	O
only	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
film	O
is	O
in	O
3D	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
3D	O
segment	O
of	O
Freddy	O
's	O
Dead	O
:	O
The	O
Final	O
Nightmare	O
and	O
the	O
3D	O
segments	O
of	O
Spy	O
Kids	O
3-D	O
:	O
Game	O
Over	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anaglyph	B-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
printed	O
materials	O
and	O
in	O
3D	B-Algorithm
television	I-Algorithm
broadcasts	O
where	O
polarization	O
is	O
not	O
practical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
present	O
a	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
motion	O
picture	O
,	O
two	O
images	O
are	O
projected	O
superimposed	O
onto	O
the	O
same	O
screen	O
through	O
different	O
polarizing	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
no	O
head	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
is	O
involved	O
,	O
the	O
entire	O
audience	O
can	O
view	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
3D	B-Algorithm
cinema	I-Algorithm
films	O
are	O
made	O
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
without	O
head	O
tilt	O
,	O
and	O
any	O
significant	O
head	O
tilt	O
will	O
result	O
in	O
incorrect	O
parallax	B-Device
and	O
prevent	O
binocular	O
fusion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
RealD	B-Algorithm
a	O
circularly	O
polarizing	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
filter	O
which	O
can	O
switch	O
polarity	O
144	O
times	O
per	O
second	O
is	O
placed	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
projector	O
lens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
features	O
a	O
new	O
system	O
called	O
RealD	B-Algorithm
XLS	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
shows	O
both	O
circular	O
polarized	O
images	O
simultaneously	O
:	O
A	O
single	O
4K	O
projector	O
(	O
4096×2160	O
resolution	O
)	O
displays	O
both	O
2K	O
images	O
(	O
2048×1080	O
resolution	O
)	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
each	O
other	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
a	O
special	O
lens	O
attachment	O
polarizes	O
and	O
projects	O
the	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	O
attachments	O
can	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
traditional	O
35mm	O
projectors	B-Application
to	O
adapt	O
them	O
for	O
projecting	O
film	O
in	O
the	O
"	O
over-and-under	O
"	O
format	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
each	O
pair	O
of	O
images	O
is	O
stacked	O
within	O
one	O
frame	O
of	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
very	O
cost-effective	O
way	O
to	O
convert	B-Algorithm
a	O
theater	O
for	O
3-D	O
as	O
all	O
that	O
is	O
needed	O
are	O
the	O
attachments	O
and	O
a	O
non-depolarizing	O
screen	O
surface	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
conversion	O
to	O
digital	O
3-D	O
projection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Polarized	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
pictures	I-Algorithm
have	O
been	O
around	O
since	O
1936	O
,	O
when	O
Edwin	O
H	O
.	O
Land	O
first	O
applied	O
it	O
to	O
motion	O
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
so-called	O
"	O
3-D	B-Algorithm
movie	I-Algorithm
craze	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
years	O
1952	O
through	O
1955	O
was	O
almost	O
entirely	O
offered	O
in	O
theaters	O
using	O
linear	O
polarizing	O
projection	O
and	O
glasses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
a	O
minute	O
amount	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
shown	O
in	O
the	O
period	O
used	O
the	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
color	I-Algorithm
filter	I-Algorithm
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linear	O
polarization	O
was	O
likewise	O
used	O
with	O
consumer	O
level	O
stereo	O
projectors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
computer	O
animation	O
,	O
competition	O
from	O
DVDs	O
and	O
other	O
media	O
,	O
digital	O
projection	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
sophisticated	O
IMAX	O
70mm	O
film	B-Application
projectors	I-Application
,	O
have	O
created	O
an	O
opportunity	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
wave	O
of	O
polarized	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
Teleview	B-Algorithm
system	O
which	O
was	O
used	O
briefly	O
in	O
1922	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
newer	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Eclipse	O
Method	O
came	O
with	O
LCD	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glasses	O
containing	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
that	O
will	O
let	O
light	O
through	O
in	O
synchronization	O
with	O
the	O
images	O
on	O
the	O
cinema	O
,	O
television	O
or	O
computer	O
screen	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
alternate-frame	B-Algorithm
sequencing	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
method	O
used	O
by	O
nVidia	O
,	O
XpanD	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
earlier	O
IMAX	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
light	O
valves	O
work	O
by	O
rotating	O
light	O
between	O
two	O
polarizing	O
filters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
these	O
internal	O
polarizers	O
,	O
LCD	B-Device
shutter-glasses	O
darken	O
the	O
display	O
image	O
of	O
any	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
plasma	O
,	O
or	O
projector	O
image	O
source	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
the	O
result	O
that	O
images	O
appear	O
dimmer	O
and	O
contrast	O
is	O
lower	O
than	O
for	O
normal	O
non-3D	O
viewing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
not	O
necessarily	O
a	O
usage	O
problem	O
;	O
for	O
some	O
types	O
of	O
displays	O
which	O
are	O
already	O
very	O
bright	O
with	O
poor	O
grayish	O
black	O
levels	O
,	O
LCD	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
may	O
actually	O
improve	O
the	O
image	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dolby	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
uses	O
specific	O
wavelengths	O
of	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
blue	O
for	O
the	O
right	O
eye	O
,	O
and	O
different	O
wavelengths	O
of	O
red	O
,	O
green	O
,	O
and	O
blue	O
for	O
the	O
left	O
eye	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glasses	O
which	O
filter	O
out	O
the	O
very	O
specific	O
wavelengths	O
allow	O
the	O
wearer	O
to	O
see	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
eliminates	O
the	O
expensive	O
silver	O
screens	O
required	O
for	O
polarized	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
RealD	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
3D	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
system	O
in	O
theaters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
either	O
film	O
or	O
digital	O
projectors	B-Application
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
Dolby	O
filters	O
that	O
are	O
only	O
used	O
on	O
a	O
digital	O
system	O
with	O
a	O
color	O
correcting	O
processor	O
provided	O
by	O
Dolby	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
passive	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
system	O
,	O
Omega	O
Optical	O
has	O
produced	O
enhanced	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
glasses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Omega	O
's	O
red/cyan	O
anaglyph	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
use	O
complex	O
metal	O
oxide	O
thin	O
film	O
coatings	O
and	O
high	O
quality	O
annealed	O
glass	O
optics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
method	O
,	O
glasses	O
are	O
not	O
necessary	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lenticular	O
lens	O
and	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barrier	I-Algorithm
technologies	O
involve	O
imposing	O
two	O
(	O
or	O
more	O
)	O
images	O
on	O
the	O
same	O
sheet	O
,	O
in	O
narrow	O
,	O
alternating	O
strips	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
a	O
screen	O
that	O
either	O
blocks	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
images	O
 '	O
strips	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
parallax	B-Algorithm
barriers	I-Algorithm
)	O
or	O
uses	O
equally	O
narrow	O
lenses	O
to	O
bend	O
the	O
strips	O
of	O
image	O
and	O
make	O
it	O
appear	O
to	O
fill	O
the	O
entire	O
image	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
lenticular	O
prints	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
produce	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
effect	O
,	O
the	O
person	O
must	O
be	O
positioned	O
so	O
that	O
one	O
eye	O
sees	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
images	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
sees	O
the	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
viewer	O
must	O
sit	O
within	O
a	O
very	O
narrow	O
angle	O
that	O
is	O
nearly	O
perpendicular	O
to	O
the	O
screen	O
,	O
limiting	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
audience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
its	O
use	O
in	O
theatrical	O
presentations	O
has	O
been	O
rather	O
limited	O
,	O
lenticular	O
has	O
been	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
novelty	O
items	O
and	O
has	O
even	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
amateur	O
3D	B-Algorithm
photography	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
use	O
includes	O
the	O
Fujifilm	B-Algorithm
FinePix	I-Algorithm
Real	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
with	O
an	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
display	I-Algorithm
that	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
for	O
this	O
technology	O
include	O
autostereoscopic	B-Algorithm
LCD	B-Device
displays	I-Device
on	O
monitors	O
,	O
notebooks	O
,	O
TVs	O
,	O
mobile	O
phones	O
and	O
gaming	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
viewers	O
have	O
complained	O
of	O
headaches	O
and	O
eyestrain	O
after	O
watching	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
published	O
study	O
shows	O
that	O
of	O
those	O
who	O
watch	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
,	O
nearly	O
55%	O
experience	O
varying	O
levels	O
of	O
headaches	O
,	O
nausea	O
and	O
disorientation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glasses	O
designed	O
to	O
eliminate	O
eyestrain	O
by	O
converting	O
3D	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
back	O
into	O
2D	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
primary	O
effects	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
that	O
are	O
unnatural	O
for	O
human	O
vision	O
:	O
crosstalk	O
between	O
the	O
eyes	O
,	O
caused	O
by	O
imperfect	O
image	O
separation	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
mismatch	O
between	O
convergence	O
and	O
accommodation	O
,	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
difference	O
between	O
an	O
object	O
's	O
perceived	O
position	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
,	O
or	O
behind	O
the	O
screen	O
and	O
the	O
real	O
origin	O
of	O
that	O
light	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
believed	O
that	O
approximately	O
12%	O
of	O
people	O
are	O
unable	O
to	O
properly	O
see	O
3D	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
,	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
medical	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
another	O
experiment	O
up	O
to	O
30%	O
of	O
people	O
have	O
very	O
weak	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
vision	I-Algorithm
preventing	O
them	O
from	O
depth	O
perception	O
based	O
on	O
stereo	O
disparity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
brain	O
uses	O
this	O
ability	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
effect	O
and	O
other	O
cues	O
no	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
system	O
can	O
present	O
a	O
true	O
3D	O
picture	O
to	O
the	O
brain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
French	O
National	O
Research	O
Agency	O
(	O
ANR	O
)	O
has	O
sponsored	O
multidisciplinary	O
research	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
viewing	O
,	O
its	O
grammar	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
acceptance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
only	O
two	O
of	O
these	O
depth	O
cues	O
are	O
not	O
already	O
present	O
in	O
2D	O
films	O
:	O
stereopsis	B-Algorithm
(	O
or	O
parallax	B-Device
)	O
and	O
the	O
focus	O
of	O
the	O
eyeball	O
(	O
accommodation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
film-making	O
addresses	O
accurate	O
presentation	O
of	O
stereopsis	B-Algorithm
but	O
not	O
of	O
accommodation	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
is	O
insufficient	O
in	O
providing	O
a	O
complete	O
3D	O
illusion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
promising	O
results	O
from	O
research	O
aimed	O
at	O
overcoming	O
this	O
shortcoming	O
were	O
presented	O
at	O
the	O
2010	O
Stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
Displays	I-Algorithm
and	O
Applications	O
conference	O
in	O
San	O
Jose	O
,	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Kermode	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
outspoken	O
critic	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
describing	O
the	O
effect	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
nonsense	O
"	O
and	O
recommends	O
using	O
two	O
right	O
or	O
left	O
lenses	O
from	O
the	O
3D	O
glasses	O
to	O
cut	O
out	O
the	O
"	O
pointy	O
,	O
pointy	O
3D	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
vision	I-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
although	O
this	O
technique	O
still	O
does	O
not	O
improve	O
the	O
huge	O
brightness	O
loss	O
from	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
pointed	O
out	O
in	O
the	O
article	O
"	O
Virtual	O
Space	O
–	O
the	O
movies	O
of	O
the	O
future	O
"	O
in	O
real	O
life	O
the	O
3D	O
effect	O
,	O
or	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
vision	I-Algorithm
,	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
distance	O
between	O
the	O
eyes	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
only	O
about	O
inches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Late	O
film	O
critic	O
Roger	O
Ebert	O
repeatedly	O
criticized	O
3D	B-Algorithm
film	I-Algorithm
as	O
being	O
"	O
too	O
dim	O
"	O
,	O
sometimes	O
distracting	O
or	O
even	O
nausea-inducing	O
,	O
and	O
argued	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
expensive	O
technology	O
that	O
adds	O
nothing	O
of	O
value	O
to	O
the	O
film-going	O
experience	O
(	O
since	O
2-D	O
films	O
already	O
provide	O
a	O
sufficient	O
illusion	O
of	O
3D	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
major	O
criticism	O
is	O
that	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
films	O
in	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
to	O
date	O
were	O
not	O
filmed	O
in	O
3D	O
,	O
but	O
converted	B-Algorithm
into	I-Algorithm
3-D	I-Algorithm
after	O
filming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Cameron	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
quality	O
2D	B-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
conversions	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
if	O
they	O
take	O
the	O
time	O
they	O
need	O
and	O
the	O
director	O
is	O
involved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
been	O
done	O
with	O
Toy	B-Application
Story	I-Application
,	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
