<s>
An	O
active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
system	I-Algorithm
(	O
a.k.a.	O
</s>
<s>
alternate	O
frame	O
sequencing	O
,	O
alternate	O
image	O
,	O
AI	O
,	O
alternating	O
field	O
,	O
field	O
sequential	O
or	O
eclipse	O
method	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
technique	O
of	O
displaying	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
works	O
by	O
only	O
presenting	O
the	O
image	O
intended	O
for	O
the	O
left	O
eye	O
while	O
blocking	O
the	O
right	O
eye	O
's	O
view	O
,	O
then	O
presenting	O
the	O
right-eye	O
image	O
while	O
blocking	O
the	O
left	O
eye	O
,	O
and	O
repeating	O
this	O
so	O
rapidly	O
that	O
the	O
interruptions	O
do	O
not	O
interfere	O
with	O
the	O
perceived	O
fusion	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
images	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
3D	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
systems	I-Algorithm
generally	O
use	O
liquid	B-Algorithm
crystal	I-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
(	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
"	O
or	O
"	O
active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
eye	O
's	O
glass	O
contains	O
a	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
layer	O
which	O
has	O
the	O
property	O
of	O
becoming	O
opaque	O
when	O
voltage	O
is	O
applied	O
,	O
being	O
otherwise	O
transparent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
DLP	B-General_Concept
link	O
)	O
transmitter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Historic	O
systems	O
also	O
used	O
spinning	O
discs	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
the	O
Teleview	B-Algorithm
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
systems	I-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
to	O
present	O
3D	B-Algorithm
films	I-Algorithm
in	O
some	O
theaters	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
present	O
3D	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
on	O
CRT	B-Device
,	O
plasma	O
,	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
projectors	O
and	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
video	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
virtually	O
all	O
ordinary	O
unmodified	O
video	O
and	O
computer	O
systems	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
display	O
3D	O
by	O
adding	O
a	O
plug-in	O
interface	O
and	O
active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
,	O
disturbing	O
levels	O
of	O
flicker	O
or	O
ghosting	O
may	O
be	O
apparent	O
with	O
systems	O
or	O
displays	O
not	O
designed	O
for	O
such	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
red/cyan	O
color	O
filter	O
(	O
anaglyph	O
)	O
3D	O
glasses	O
,	O
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
are	O
color	O
neutral	O
,	O
enabling	O
3D	O
viewing	O
in	O
the	O
full	O
color	O
spectrum	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
ColorCode	O
anaglyph	O
system	O
does	O
come	O
very	O
close	O
to	O
providing	O
full	O
color	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
in	O
a	O
Polarized	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
system	I-Algorithm
,	O
where	O
the	O
(	O
usually	O
)	O
horizontal	O
spatial	O
resolution	O
is	O
halved	O
,	O
the	O
active	O
shutter	O
system	O
can	O
retain	O
full	O
resolution	O
(	O
1080p	O
)	O
for	O
both	O
the	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
recently	O
,	O
the	O
method	O
only	O
worked	O
with	O
CRT	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
;	O
some	O
modern	O
flat-panel	B-General_Concept
monitors	I-General_Concept
now	O
support	O
high-enough	O
refresh	O
rates	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
some	O
LC	O
shutter	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
projectors	O
,	O
especially	O
DLP-based	O
ones	O
,	O
support	O
3D	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
box	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
are	O
shutting	O
out	O
light	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
;	O
moreover	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
slightly	O
dark	O
even	O
when	O
letting	O
light	O
through	O
,	O
because	O
they	O
are	O
polarized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
effect	O
can	O
produce	O
a	O
higher	O
perceived	O
display	B-Device
contrast	I-Device
when	O
paired	O
with	O
LCDs	B-Device
because	O
of	O
the	O
reduction	O
in	O
backlight	O
bleed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
used	O
with	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
extreme	O
localized	O
differences	O
between	O
the	O
image	O
to	O
be	O
displayed	O
in	O
one	O
eye	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
crosstalk	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
 '	O
pixels	O
sometimes	O
being	O
unable	O
to	O
fully	O
switch	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
from	O
black	O
to	O
white	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
time	O
that	O
separates	O
the	O
left	O
eye	O
's	O
image	O
from	O
the	O
right	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Frame	O
rate	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
double	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
non-3D	O
,	O
anaglyph	O
,	O
or	O
polarized	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
systems	I-Algorithm
to	O
get	O
an	O
equivalent	O
result	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
a	O
progressive	O
fall	O
in	O
prices	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
intrinsic	O
use	O
of	O
electronics	O
,	O
they	O
remain	O
more	O
expensive	O
than	O
anaglyph	O
and	O
polarized	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
their	O
integrated	O
electronics	O
and	O
batteries	O
,	O
early	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
were	O
heavy	O
and	O
expensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
brand	O
to	O
brand	O
,	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
use	O
different	O
synchronization	O
methods	O
and	O
protocols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
have	O
exhibited	O
this	O
problem	O
more	O
often	O
than	O
plasma	O
and	O
DLP	B-General_Concept
displays	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
slower	O
pixel	O
response	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCDs	B-Device
that	O
utilize	O
a	O
strobe	O
backlight	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
nVidia	O
's	O
LightBoost	O
,	O
reduce	O
crosstalk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
done	O
by	O
turning	O
off	O
the	O
backlight	O
between	O
refreshes	O
,	O
while	O
waiting	O
for	O
the	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
to	O
switch	O
eyes	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
for	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
to	O
finish	O
pixel	O
transitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2011	O
Panasonic	O
Corporation	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
XPAND	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
,	O
have	O
formulated	O
the	O
M-3DI	B-Algorithm
Standard	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
aims	O
to	O
provide	O
industry-wide	O
compatibility	O
and	O
standardization	O
of	O
LC	B-Algorithm
Shutter	I-Algorithm
Glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
movement	O
aims	O
to	O
bring	O
about	O
compatibility	O
among	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
TV	I-Algorithm
,	O
computer	O
,	O
notebook	O
,	O
home	O
projection	O
,	O
and	O
cinema	O
with	O
standardized	O
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
that	O
will	O
work	O
across	O
all	O
3D	O
hardware	O
seamlessly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
different	O
active	O
3D	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
implementation	O
can	O
operate	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
manufacturer-set	O
frequency	O
to	O
match	O
the	O
refresh	O
rate	O
of	O
the	O
display	O
or	O
projector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1922	O
,	O
the	O
Teleview	B-Algorithm
3-D	O
system	O
was	O
installed	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
theater	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Liquid	B-Algorithm
crystal	I-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
were	O
first	O
invented	O
by	O
Stephen	O
McAllister	O
of	O
Evans	O
and	O
Sutherland	O
Computer	O
Corporation	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prototype	O
had	O
the	O
LCDs	B-Device
mounted	O
to	O
a	O
small	O
cardboard	O
box	O
using	O
duct	O
tape	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
glasses	O
were	O
never	O
commercialized	O
due	O
to	O
ghosting	O
,	O
but	O
E&S	O
was	O
a	O
very	O
early	O
adopter	O
of	O
third-party	O
glasses	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
StereoGraphics	B-Algorithm
CrystalEyes	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matsushita	O
Electric	O
(	O
now	O
Panasonic	O
)	O
developed	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
television	I-Algorithm
that	O
employed	O
active-shutter	O
technology	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
unveiled	O
the	O
television	O
in	O
1981	O
,	O
while	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
adapting	O
the	O
technology	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
stereoscopic	B-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
,	O
Sega	O
's	O
arcade	O
game	O
SubRoc-3D	B-Application
(	O
1982	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Special	O
software	O
or	O
hardware	O
is	O
used	O
generate	O
two	O
channels	O
of	O
images	O
,	O
offset	O
from	O
each	O
other	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Again	O
,	O
LCD	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
synchronized	O
with	O
the	O
graphics	O
chip	O
complete	O
the	O
effect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
Sega	O
's	O
arcade	O
video	O
game	O
SubRoc-3D	B-Application
came	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
3D	O
eyepiece	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
a	O
viewer	O
with	O
spinning	O
discs	O
to	O
alternate	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
images	O
to	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
eye	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
monitor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
's	O
active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
system	I-Algorithm
was	O
jointly	O
developed	O
by	O
Sega	O
with	O
Matsushita	O
(	O
now	O
Panasonic	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Milton	O
Bradley	O
released	O
the	O
3D	O
Imager	O
,	O
a	O
primitive	O
form	O
of	O
active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
that	O
used	O
a	O
motorized	O
rotating	O
disc	O
with	O
transparencies	O
as	O
physical	O
shutters	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
Vectrex	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
bulky	O
and	O
crude	O
,	O
they	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
basic	O
principle	O
of	O
rapidly	O
alternating	O
imagery	O
that	O
modern	O
active	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
still	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
released	O
the	O
Famicom	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
System	I-Algorithm
for	O
the	O
Famicom	O
in	O
October	O
1987	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
an	O
LCD	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
headset	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
home	O
video	O
game	O
electronic	O
device	O
to	O
use	O
LCD	B-Device
Active	B-Algorithm
Shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
Pioneer	O
released	O
the	O
LaserActive	B-Device
system	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
bay	O
for	O
various	O
"	O
PAC	O
's	O
"	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Mega	O
LD	O
PAC	O
and	O
LD-ROM²	O
PAC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unit	O
was	O
3D	O
capable	O
with	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
the	O
LaserActive	B-Device
3D	O
goggles	O
(	O
GOL-1	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
adapter	O
(	O
ADP-1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
3D	O
hardware	O
for	O
these	O
earlier	O
video	O
game	O
systems	O
is	O
almost	O
entirely	O
in	O
the	O
hands	O
of	O
collectors	O
it	O
is	O
still	O
possible	O
to	O
play	O
the	O
games	O
in	O
3D	O
using	O
emulators	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
using	O
a	O
Sega	O
Dreamcast	O
with	O
a	O
Sega	O
Master	O
System	O
emulator	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
a	O
CRT	B-Device
television	O
and	O
a	O
3D	O
system	O
like	O
the	O
one	O
found	O
in	O
The	O
Ultimate	O
3-D	O
Collection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
–	O
2000	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
companies	O
created	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
kits	O
for	O
the	O
Windows	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
which	O
worked	O
with	O
application	O
and	O
games	O
written	O
for	O
Direct3D	B-Application
and	O
OpenGL	B-Application
3D	O
graphics	O
APIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
kits	O
only	O
worked	O
with	O
CRT	B-Device
computer	O
displays	O
and	O
employed	O
either	O
VGA	B-Protocol
pass-through	I-Protocol
,	O
VESA	B-Algorithm
Stereo	I-Algorithm
or	O
proprietary	O
interface	O
for	O
left	O
–	O
right	O
synchronization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
prominent	O
example	O
was	O
the	O
ELSA	O
Revelator	O
glasses	O
,	O
which	O
worked	O
exclusively	O
in	O
Nvidia	O
cards	O
through	O
a	O
proprietary	O
interface	O
based	O
on	O
VESA	B-Algorithm
Stereo	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
later	O
bought	O
the	O
technology	O
and	O
used	O
it	O
in	O
its	O
stereo	B-Algorithm
driver	I-Algorithm
for	O
Windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
glasses	O
kits	O
came	O
with	O
driver	O
software	O
which	O
intercepted	O
API	B-Application
calls	O
and	O
effectively	O
rendering	O
the	O
two	O
views	O
in	O
sequence	O
;	O
this	O
technique	O
required	O
twice	O
the	O
performance	O
from	O
the	O
graphic	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
,	O
so	O
a	O
high-end	O
device	O
was	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
few	O
CRT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
were	O
able	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
120Hz	O
refresh	O
rate	O
at	O
common	O
gaming	O
resolutions	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
so	O
high-end	O
CRT	B-Device
display	I-Device
was	O
required	O
for	O
a	O
flicker-free	O
image	O
;	O
and	O
even	O
with	O
a	O
capable	O
CRT	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
,	O
many	O
users	O
reported	O
flickering	O
and	O
headaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
CRT	B-Device
kits	O
were	O
entirely	O
incompatible	O
with	O
common	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
which	O
had	O
very	O
high	O
pixel	O
response	O
times	O
,	O
unlike	O
CRT	B-Device
displays	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
the	O
display	O
market	O
swiftly	O
shifted	O
to	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
and	O
most	O
display	O
makers	O
ceased	O
production	O
of	O
CRT	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
in	O
early	O
2000s	O
,	O
which	O
meant	O
that	O
PC	O
glasses	O
kits	O
shortly	O
fell	O
into	O
disuse	O
and	O
were	O
reduced	O
to	O
a	O
very	O
niche	O
market	O
,	O
requiring	O
a	O
purchase	O
of	O
a	O
used	O
high-end	O
,	O
big	O
diagonal	O
CRT	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
SplitFish	O
EyeFX	O
3D	O
was	O
a	O
stereo	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
kit	O
for	O
the	O
Sony	B-Device
PlayStation	I-Device
2	I-Device
released	O
in	O
2005	O
;	O
it	O
only	O
supported	O
standard-definition	O
CRT	B-Device
TVs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
accessory	O
included	O
a	O
pass-through	O
cable	O
for	O
the	O
PS2	B-Device
gamepad	O
;	O
when	O
activated	O
,	O
the	O
attached	O
accessory	O
would	O
issue	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
rapidly	O
alternating	O
left	O
–	O
right	O
movement	O
commands	O
to	O
the	O
console	O
,	O
producing	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
"	O
wiggle	B-Algorithm
stereoscopy	I-Algorithm
"	O
effect	O
additionally	O
aided	O
by	O
the	O
wired	O
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
which	O
worked	O
in	O
sync	O
with	O
these	O
movements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kit	O
arrived	O
too	O
late	O
in	O
the	O
product	O
cycle	O
of	O
the	O
console	O
when	O
it	O
was	O
effectively	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
games	O
were	O
supported	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
was	O
largely	O
ignored	O
by	O
gamers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
USB-based	O
Nvidia	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
Vision	I-Algorithm
kit	O
released	O
in	O
2008	O
supports	O
CRT	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
capable	O
of	O
100	O
,	O
110	O
,	O
or	O
120Hz	O
refresh	O
rates	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
120Hz	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
XpanD	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
manufacturer	O
of	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
,	O
with	O
over	O
1000	O
cinemas	O
currently	O
using	O
XpanD	O
glasses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
this	O
technology	O
to	O
the	O
home-viewer	O
market	O
as	O
of	O
2009	O
,	O
many	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
are	O
now	O
developing	O
their	O
own	O
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
,	O
such	O
as	O
Unipolar	O
International	O
Limited	O
,	O
Accupix	O
Co.	O
,	O
Ltd	O
,	O
Panasonic	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Sony	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
M-3DI	B-Algorithm
Standard	I-Algorithm
,	O
announced	O
by	O
Panasonic	O
Corporation	O
together	O
with	O
XPAND	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
in	O
March	O
2011	O
,	O
aims	O
to	O
provide	O
industry-wide	O
compatibility	O
and	O
standardization	O
of	O
LC	O
(	O
Active	O
)	O
Shutter	B-Algorithm
Glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
has	O
developed	O
active	O
3D	O
glasses	O
that	O
are	O
and	O
utilize	O
lens	O
and	O
frame	O
technology	O
pioneered	O
by	O
Silhouette	O
,	O
who	O
creates	O
glasses	O
for	O
NASA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nvidia	O
makes	O
a	O
3D	B-Algorithm
Vision	I-Algorithm
kit	O
for	O
the	O
PC	O
;	O
it	O
comes	O
with	O
3D	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
transmitter	O
,	O
and	O
special	O
graphics	O
driver	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
regular	O
LCD	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
run	O
at	O
60Hz	O
,	O
a	O
120Hz	O
monitor	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
use	O
3D	B-Algorithm
Vision	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
companies	O
produce	O
3D	O
Glasses	O
compatible	O
with	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
technologies	O
,	O
including	O
RF	O
,	O
DLP	B-General_Concept
Link	O
and	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
introduced	O
stereo	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
capable	O
DLP	B-General_Concept
solutions	O
to	O
its	O
OEMs	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
and	O
Mitsubishi	O
then	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
3D	O
ready	O
DLP	B-General_Concept
televisions	O
,	O
and	O
DLP	B-General_Concept
3D	B-Algorithm
projectors	I-Algorithm
came	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
solutions	O
utilize	O
the	O
inherent	O
speed	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
Digital	O
Micro-mirror	O
Device	O
(	O
DMD	O
)	O
to	O
sequentially	O
generate	O
a	O
high	O
refresh	O
rate	O
for	O
the	O
left	O
and	O
right	O
views	O
required	O
for	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
DLP	B-General_Concept
3D	B-Algorithm
technology	I-Algorithm
uses	O
the	O
SmoothPicture	O
wobulation	O
algorithm	O
and	O
relies	O
on	O
the	O
properties	O
of	O
modern	O
1080p60	O
DMD	O
imagers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
effectively	O
compacts	O
two	O
L/R	O
views	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
frame	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
checkerboard	O
pattern	O
,	O
only	O
requiring	O
a	O
standard	O
1080p60	O
resolution	O
for	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
transmission	O
to	O
the	O
TV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
synchronization	O
signal	O
is	O
then	O
generated	O
to	O
synchronize	O
the	O
screen	O
's	O
refresh	O
with	O
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
worn	O
by	O
the	O
viewer	O
,	O
using	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
 '	O
proprietary	O
mechanism	O
called	O
DLP	B-General_Concept
Link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DLP	B-General_Concept
Link	O
keeps	O
sync	O
by	O
embedding	O
briefly-flashed	O
white	O
frames	O
during	O
the	O
display	O
's	O
blanking	O
interval	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
picked	O
up	O
by	O
the	O
LC	B-Algorithm
shutter	I-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plasma	O
display	O
panels	O
are	O
inherently	O
high-speed	O
devices	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
since	O
they	O
use	O
pulse-width	B-Algorithm
modulation	I-Algorithm
to	O
maintain	O
the	O
brightness	O
of	O
individual	O
pixels	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
compatible	O
with	O
sequential	O
method	O
involving	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
Electronics	O
launched	O
3D	O
ready	O
PDP	O
TVs	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
PAVV	O
Cannes	O
450	O
"	O
in	O
Korea	O
and	O
PNAx450	O
in	O
the	O
UK	O
and	O
the	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sets	O
utilize	O
the	O
same	O
checkerboard	O
pattern	O
compression	O
scheme	O
as	O
their	O
DLP	B-General_Concept
TVs	I-General_Concept
,	O
though	O
only	O
at	O
the	O
native	O
resolution	O
of	O
1360×768	O
pixels	O
and	O
not	O
at	O
HDTV	O
standard	O
720p	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
only	O
usable	O
with	O
a	O
PC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
103-inch	O
PDP	O
TV	O
,	O
a	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
player	O
and	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
system	O
transmits	O
1080i60	O
interlaced	O
images	O
for	O
both	O
right	O
and	O
left	O
eyes	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
video	O
is	O
stored	O
on	O
50-gigabyte	O
Blu-ray	O
using	O
the	O
MPEG-4	O
AVC/H.264	O
compression	O
Multiview	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
extension	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Formerly	O
,	O
LCDs	B-Device
were	O
not	O
very	O
suitable	O
for	O
stereoscopic	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
due	O
to	O
slow	O
pixel	O
response	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
displays	I-Device
have	O
traditionally	O
been	O
slow	O
to	O
change	O
from	O
one	O
polarization	O
state	O
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
of	O
early	O
1990s	O
laptops	O
are	O
familiar	O
with	O
the	O
smearing	O
and	O
blurring	O
that	O
occurs	O
when	O
something	O
moves	O
too	O
fast	O
for	O
the	O
LCD	B-Device
to	O
keep	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
is	O
not	O
usually	O
rated	O
by	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
but	O
rather	O
the	O
time	O
it	O
takes	O
to	O
transition	O
from	O
one	O
pixel	O
color	O
value	O
to	O
another	O
pixel	O
color	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Normally	O
,	O
a	O
120Hz	O
refresh	O
is	O
displayed	O
for	O
a	O
full	O
1/120	O
second	O
(	O
8.33	O
milliseconds	O
)	O
due	O
to	O
sample-and-hold	O
,	O
regardless	O
of	O
how	O
quickly	O
an	O
LCD	B-Device
can	O
complete	O
pixel	O
transitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
LCD	B-Device
televisions	O
,	O
including	O
high	O
end	O
Sony	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
3D	B-Algorithm
TVs	I-Algorithm
,	O
now	O
utilize	O
a	O
strobed	O
backlight	O
or	O
scanning	O
backlight	O
to	O
reduce	O
3D	O
crosstalk	O
during	O
shutter	B-Algorithm
glasses	I-Algorithm
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
vision	O
therapy	O
of	O
amblyopia	O
and	O
of	O
intermittent	O
central	O
suppression	O
,	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
devices	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
purposes	O
of	O
enhanced	O
occlusion	O
therapy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
scenario	O
,	O
the	O
amblyopic	O
patient	O
wears	O
electronically	O
programmable	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
glasses	O
or	O
goggles	O
for	O
continuously	O
for	O
several	O
hours	O
during	O
regular	O
everyday	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aim	O
is	O
to	O
circumvent	O
the	O
patient	O
's	O
tendency	O
to	O
suppress	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
weaker	O
eye	O
and	O
to	O
train	O
the	O
patient	O
's	O
capacity	O
for	O
binocular	B-Algorithm
vision	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
