<s>
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
is	O
a	O
protocol	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
additional	O
security	O
layer	O
for	O
online	O
credit	O
and	O
debit	O
card	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
autumn	O
of	O
1999	O
by	O
Celo	O
Communications	O
AB	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
acquired	O
by	O
Gemplus	O
Associates	O
and	O
integrated	O
into	O
Gemplus	O
,	O
Gemalto	O
and	O
now	O
Thales	O
Group	O
)	O
for	O
Visa	O
Inc	O
.	O
in	O
a	O
project	O
named	O
"	O
p42	O
"	O
(	O
"	O
p	O
"	O
from	O
Pole	O
vault	O
as	O
the	O
project	O
was	O
a	O
big	O
challenge	O
and	O
"	O
42	O
"	O
as	O
the	O
answer	O
from	O
the	O
book	O
The	B-Application
Hitchhiker	I-Application
's	I-Application
Guide	I-Application
to	I-Application
the	I-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
Arcot	O
Systems	O
(	O
now	O
CA	O
Technologies	O
)	O
and	O
Visa	O
Inc	O
.	O
with	O
the	O
intention	O
of	O
improving	O
the	O
security	O
of	O
Internet	O
payments	O
,	O
and	O
offered	O
to	O
customers	O
under	O
the	O
Verified	B-Protocol
by	I-Protocol
Visa	I-Protocol
brand	O
(	O
later	O
rebranded	O
as	O
Visa	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Services	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
protocol	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
Mastercard	O
as	O
SecureCode	B-Protocol
,	O
by	O
Discover	O
as	O
ProtectBuy	O
,	O
by	O
JCB	O
International	O
as	O
J/Secure	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
by	O
American	O
Express	O
as	O
American	O
Express	O
SafeKey	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
revisions	O
of	O
the	O
protocol	O
have	O
been	O
produced	O
by	O
EMVCo	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
EMV	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocol	O
uses	O
XML	O
messages	O
sent	O
over	O
SSL	B-Protocol
connections	O
with	O
client	O
authentication	O
(	O
this	O
ensures	O
the	O
authenticity	O
of	O
both	O
peers	O
,	O
the	O
server	O
and	O
the	O
client	O
,	O
using	O
digital	O
certificates	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
transaction	O
using	O
Verified	B-Protocol
by	I-Protocol
Visa	I-Protocol
or	O
SecureCode	B-Protocol
will	O
initiate	O
a	O
redirection	O
to	O
the	O
website	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
to	O
authorize	O
the	O
transaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Verified	B-Protocol
by	I-Protocol
Visa	I-Protocol
protocol	O
recommends	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
's	O
verification	O
page	O
to	O
load	O
in	O
an	O
inline	O
frame	O
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
protocol	O
,	O
the	O
ACS	O
(	O
access	O
control	O
server	O
)	O
is	O
on	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
version	O
1	O
transaction	O
involves	O
two	O
Internet	O
request/response	O
pairs	O
:	O
VEReq/VERes	O
and	O
PAReq/PARes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supporting	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
is	O
complicated	O
and	O
,	O
at	O
times	O
,	O
creates	O
transaction	O
failures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
current	O
implementations	O
of	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
,	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
or	O
its	O
ACS	O
provider	O
prompts	O
the	O
buyer	O
for	O
a	O
password	O
that	O
is	O
known	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
or	O
ACS	O
provider	O
and	O
the	O
buyer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
does	O
not	O
strictly	O
require	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
password	O
authentication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
pop-up	O
windows	O
or	O
script-based	O
frames	O
lack	O
any	O
access	O
to	O
any	O
security	O
certificate	O
,	O
eliminating	O
any	O
way	O
to	O
confirm	O
the	O
credentials	O
of	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Verified	B-Protocol
by	I-Protocol
Visa	I-Protocol
system	O
has	O
drawn	O
some	O
criticism	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
is	O
hard	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
differentiate	O
between	O
the	O
legitimate	O
Verified	B-Protocol
by	I-Protocol
Visa	I-Protocol
pop-up	O
window	O
or	O
inline	O
frame	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
fraudulent	O
phishing	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
Verified	B-Protocol
by	I-Protocol
Visa	I-Protocol
system	O
has	O
been	O
mistaken	O
by	O
users	O
for	O
a	O
phishing	O
scam	O
and	O
has	O
itself	O
become	O
the	O
target	O
of	O
some	O
phishing	O
scams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
concerns	O
about	O
site	O
validity	O
for	O
Verified	B-Protocol
by	I-Protocol
Visa	I-Protocol
are	O
mitigated	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
as	O
its	O
current	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
enrollment	O
process	O
requires	O
entering	O
a	O
personal	O
message	O
which	O
is	O
displayed	O
in	O
later	O
Verified	B-Protocol
by	I-Protocol
Visa	I-Protocol
pop-ups	O
to	O
provide	O
some	O
assurance	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
the	O
pop-ups	O
are	O
genuine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementation	O
of	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
sign-up	O
will	O
often	O
not	O
allow	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
proceed	O
with	O
a	O
purchase	O
until	O
they	O
have	O
agreed	O
to	O
sign	O
up	O
to	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
and	O
its	O
terms	O
and	O
conditions	O
,	O
not	O
offering	O
any	O
alternative	O
way	O
of	O
navigating	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
page	O
than	O
closing	O
it	O
,	O
thus	O
abandoning	O
the	O
transaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
still	O
leaves	O
some	O
possibility	O
of	O
a	O
man-in-the-middle	O
attack	O
if	O
the	O
cardholder	O
cannot	O
verify	O
the	O
SSL	B-Protocol
server	O
certificate	O
for	O
the	O
password	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
browsers	O
present	O
particular	O
problems	O
for	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
due	O
to	O
the	O
common	O
lack	O
of	O
certain	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
frames	O
and	O
pop-ups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
ends	O
up	O
providing	O
little	O
security	O
to	O
the	O
cardholder	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
act	O
as	O
a	O
device	O
to	O
pass	O
liability	O
for	O
fraudulent	O
transactions	O
from	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
or	O
retailer	O
to	O
the	O
cardholder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Legal	O
conditions	O
applied	O
to	O
the	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
service	O
are	O
sometimes	O
worded	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
makes	O
it	O
difficult	O
for	O
the	O
cardholder	O
to	O
escape	O
liability	O
from	O
fraudulent	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Card	O
issuers	O
and	O
merchants	O
may	O
use	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
systems	O
unevenly	O
with	O
regard	O
to	O
card	O
issuers	O
that	O
issue	O
cards	O
in	O
several	O
geographic	O
locations	O
,	O
creating	O
differentiation	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
between	O
the	O
domestic	O
US	O
-	O
and	O
non-US-issued	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
since	O
Visa	O
and	O
Mastercard	O
treat	O
the	O
unincorporated	O
US	O
territory	O
of	O
Puerto	O
Rico	O
as	O
a	O
non-US	O
international	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
domestic	O
US	O
location	O
,	O
cardholders	O
there	O
may	O
confront	O
a	O
greater	O
incidence	O
of	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
queries	O
than	O
cardholders	O
in	O
the	O
fifty	O
states	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
2	O
of	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
incorporates	O
one-time	O
passcodes	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
software-based	O
strong	O
customer	O
authentication	O
as	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
EU	O
's	O
Revised	O
Directive	O
on	O
Payment	O
Services	O
(	O
PSD2	O
)	O
;	O
earlier	O
variants	O
used	O
static	O
passwords	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
sufficient	O
to	O
meet	O
the	O
directive	O
's	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
relies	O
upon	O
the	O
issuer	O
actively	O
being	O
involved	O
and	O
ensuring	O
that	O
any	O
card	O
issued	O
becomes	O
enrolled	O
by	O
the	O
cardholder	O
;	O
as	O
such	O
,	O
acquirers	O
must	O
either	O
accept	O
unenrolled	O
cards	O
without	O
performing	O
strong	O
customer	O
authentication	O
or	O
reject	O
such	O
transactions	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
from	O
smaller	O
card	O
schemes	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
proposal	O
to	O
make	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
mandatory	O
in	O
Australia	O
was	O
blocked	O
by	O
the	O
Australian	O
Competition	O
&	O
Consumer	O
Commission	O
(	O
ACCC	O
)	O
after	O
numerous	O
objections	O
and	O
flaw-related	O
submissions	O
were	O
received	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
countries	O
like	O
India	O
made	O
use	O
of	O
not	O
only	O
CVV2	O
,	O
but	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
mandatory	O
,	O
a	O
SMS	O
code	O
sent	O
from	O
a	O
card	O
issuer	O
and	O
typed	O
in	O
the	O
browser	O
when	O
you	O
are	O
redirected	O
when	O
you	O
click	O
"	O
purchase	O
"	O
to	O
the	O
payment	O
system	O
or	O
card	O
issuer	O
system	O
site	O
where	O
you	O
type	O
that	O
code	O
and	O
only	O
then	O
the	O
operation	O
is	O
accepted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
Amazon	O
can	O
still	O
do	O
transactions	O
from	O
other	O
countries	O
with	O
turned-on	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2016	O
,	O
EMVCo	O
published	O
the	O
specification	O
for	O
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
2.0	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
less	O
intrusive	O
than	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
specification	O
,	O
allowing	O
more	O
contextual	O
data	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
to	O
the	O
customer	O
's	O
card	O
issuer	O
(	O
including	O
mailing	O
addresses	O
and	O
transaction	O
history	O
)	O
to	O
verify	O
and	O
assess	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
the	O
transaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
workflow	O
for	O
authentication	O
is	O
designed	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
no	O
longer	O
requires	O
redirects	O
to	O
a	O
separate	O
page	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
activate	O
out-of-band	O
authentication	O
via	O
an	O
institution	O
's	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
(	O
which	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
biometric	O
authentication	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3-D	B-Protocol
Secure	I-Protocol
2.0	O
is	O
compliant	O
with	O
EU	O
"	O
strong	O
customer	O
authentication	O
"	O
mandates	O
.	O
</s>
