<s>
The	O
2016	B-Algorithm
United	I-Algorithm
States	I-Algorithm
wireless	I-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
,	O
officially	O
known	O
as	O
Auction	O
1001	O
,	O
allocated	O
approximately	O
100MHz	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Ultra	O
High	O
Frequency	O
(	O
UHF	O
)	O
spectrum	O
formerly	O
allocated	O
to	O
UHF	O
television	O
in	O
the	O
600MHz	O
band	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
and	O
subsequent	O
reallocations	O
were	O
authorized	O
by	O
Title	O
VI	O
(	O
The	O
Spectrum	O
Act	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
payroll	O
tax	O
cut	O
extension	O
passed	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Congress	O
on	O
February	O
17	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2008	O
United	O
States	O
wireless	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
auction	O
,	O
dealing	O
with	O
allocations	O
for	O
UHF	O
television	O
in	O
the	O
700MHz	O
band	O
,	O
generated	O
$19.6	O
billion	O
from	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
AT&T	O
and	O
Verizon	O
Communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	O
broadband	O
internet	O
access	O
interests	O
had	O
expressed	O
desire	O
for	O
more	O
broadcast	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
for	O
their	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
March	O
2009	O
,	O
Massachusetts	O
Senator	O
John	O
Kerry	O
introduced	O
a	O
bill	O
requiring	O
a	O
study	O
of	O
efficient	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
David	O
Donovan	O
of	O
The	O
Association	O
for	O
Maximum	O
Service	O
Television	O
,	O
seeing	O
that	O
further	O
cuts	O
of	O
broadcast	O
television	O
UHF	O
frequencies	O
was	O
being	O
eyed	O
,	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
2	B-Algorithm
GHz	I-Algorithm
S	I-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
,	O
allocated	O
for	O
mobile	O
satellite	O
service	O
,	O
was	O
not	O
being	O
used	O
ten	O
years	O
after	O
its	O
allocation	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
an	O
appropriate	O
allocation	O
target	O
rather	O
than	O
demanding	O
even	O
more	O
space	O
in	O
UHF	O
broadcast	O
ranges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
broadcasters	O
objected	O
to	O
further	O
encroachment	O
on	O
the	O
UHF	O
broadcast	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
proposal	O
was	O
"	O
geo-filtered	O
WiMAX	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
allow	O
HDTV	B-Device
but	O
only	O
in	O
a	O
particular	O
market	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
remainder	O
of	O
the	O
spectrum	O
sold	O
for	O
$60billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
last	O
few	O
years	O
,	O
the	O
government	O
told	O
consumers	O
that	O
digital	O
television	O
would	O
bring	O
them	O
free	O
over-the-air	O
HDTV	B-Device
and	O
more	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noncommercial	O
broadcasters	O
said	O
they	O
needed	O
broadcast	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
for	O
superior	O
educational	O
and	O
children	O
's	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PBS	O
said	O
85	O
percent	O
of	O
its	O
stations	O
used	O
HDTV	B-Device
and	O
82	O
percent	O
had	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
standard	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virginia	B-Application
Tech	O
professor	O
Charles	O
Bostian	O
said	O
sharing	O
should	O
be	O
done	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
in	O
the	O
white	O
spaces	O
;	O
WiFi	O
spectrum	O
should	O
be	O
used	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vint	O
Cerf	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
said	O
cable	O
companies	O
could	O
share	O
some	O
spectrum	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
companies	O
would	O
like	O
to	O
do	O
except	O
they	O
have	O
"	O
must-carry	O
"	O
rules	O
that	O
will	O
not	O
allow	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
testing	O
using	O
white	O
spaces	O
took	O
place	O
in	O
Virginia	B-Application
in	O
Fall	O
2009	O
and	O
in	O
Wilmington	O
,	O
North	O
Carolina	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
14	O
,	O
2009	O
at	O
a	O
hearing	O
before	O
the	O
Communications	O
Subcommittee	O
of	O
the	O
House	O
Energy	O
&	O
Commerce	O
Committee	O
,	O
NAB	O
president	O
Gordon	O
H	O
.	O
Smith	O
said	O
the	O
government	O
and	O
individuals	O
had	O
spent	O
too	O
much	O
money	O
on	O
the	O
DTV	O
transition	O
and	O
for	O
HDTV	B-Device
for	O
further	O
changes	O
to	O
make	O
their	O
efforts	O
worthless	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
broadband	O
and	O
broadcasting	O
could	O
co-exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consultant	O
Dave	O
Hatfield	O
,	O
former	O
FCC	O
engineering	O
and	O
technology	O
chief	O
,	O
said	O
making	O
maximum	O
use	O
of	O
existing	O
spectrum	O
through	O
compression	O
and	O
modulation	B-Application
would	O
help	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
enough	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oregon	O
Republican	O
House	O
member	O
Greg	O
Walden	O
criticized	O
the	O
FCC	O
for	O
hiring	O
Distinguished	O
Scholar	O
in	O
Residence	O
Stuart	O
Benjamin	O
,	O
whose	O
essay	O
recommending	O
replacing	O
broadcast	B-Algorithm
spectrum	I-Algorithm
entirely	O
Walden	O
called	O
an	O
"	O
abomination	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2015	O
,	O
broadcasters	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
leave	O
channels	O
46	O
through	O
51	O
,	O
allowing	O
another	O
36MHz	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
wireless	O
Internet	O
access	O
by	O
"	O
repacking	B-Algorithm
"	O
,	O
or	O
relocating	O
channels	O
now	O
on	O
those	O
frequencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
House	O
Communications	O
Subcommittee	O
chairman	O
Rick	O
Boucher	O
,	O
a	O
Virginia	B-Application
Democrat	O
,	O
said	O
it	O
would	O
take	O
four	O
years	O
from	O
the	O
time	O
a	O
bill	O
passed	O
to	O
determine	O
where	O
the	O
new	O
spectrum	O
would	O
come	O
from	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2011	O
,	O
FCC	O
chairman	O
Julius	O
Genachowski	O
said	O
"	O
realigning	O
"	O
would	O
be	O
necessary	O
if	O
broadcasters	O
did	O
not	O
volunteer	O
,	O
while	O
Intel	O
's	O
Peter	O
Pitsch	O
told	O
Congress	O
"	O
the	O
repacking	B-Algorithm
process	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
made	O
voluntary.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
were	O
authorized	O
by	O
Title	O
VI	O
(	O
The	O
Spectrum	O
Act	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
payroll	O
tax	O
cut	O
extension	O
passed	O
by	O
Congress	O
on	O
February	O
17	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
FCC	O
asked	O
for	O
comments	O
to	O
be	O
received	O
by	O
November	O
4	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
with	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auctions	I-Algorithm
coming	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FCC	O
Media	O
Bureau	O
Chief	O
Bill	O
Lake	O
denied	O
that	O
the	O
push	O
to	O
ban	O
JSAs	O
was	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
said	O
they	O
could	O
only	O
be	O
considered	O
secondary	O
if	O
they	O
caused	O
interference	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
repacking	B-Algorithm
would	O
be	O
more	O
interference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nearly	O
$10.1	O
billion	O
goes	O
to	O
175	O
TV	O
stations	O
,	O
$7.3	O
billion	O
to	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Treasury	O
,	O
and	O
$1.8	O
billion	O
to	O
assist	O
with	O
the	O
repacking	B-Algorithm
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
collective	O
moves	O
of	O
UHF	O
and	O
VHF	O
television	O
stations	O
to	O
accommodate	O
the	O
elimination	O
of	O
the	O
600MHz	O
band	O
came	O
to	O
be	O
known	O
as	O
repacking	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
virtual	B-Protocol
channels	I-Protocol
after	O
the	O
transition	O
to	O
digital	O
television	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
for	O
any	O
given	O
broadcast	O
channel	O
to	O
change	O
frequencies	O
while	O
still	O
retaining	O
their	O
long-standing	O
channel	O
numbers	O
for	O
identification	O
and	O
branding	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
issue	O
arose	O
that	O
if	O
a	O
television	O
viewer	O
's	O
station	O
changes	O
its	O
frequency	O
,	O
their	O
television	O
will	O
not	O
be	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
shift	O
(	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
virtual	B-Protocol
channel	I-Protocol
remains	O
the	O
same	O
)	O
,	O
unless	O
they	O
perform	O
a	O
rescan	O
:	O
forcing	O
their	O
television	O
to	O
scan	O
all	O
ATSC	O
digital	O
channels	O
for	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
a	O
February	O
23	O
,	O
2017	O
vote	O
to	O
approve	O
voluntary	O
adoption	O
of	O
ATSC	B-Device
3.0	I-Device
meant	O
broadcasters	O
could	O
upgrade	O
to	O
the	O
new	O
standard	O
and	O
to	O
4K	B-Architecture
and	O
interactive	O
capability	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
as	O
repacking	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rep.	O
Frank	O
Pallone	O
introduced	O
a	O
bill	O
on	O
July	O
20	O
,	O
2017	O
allowing	O
another	O
billion	O
dollars	O
if	O
necessary	O
for	O
repacking	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
1	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
station	O
began	O
carrying	O
Soul	O
of	O
the	O
South	O
programming	O
instead	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
station	O
's	O
fate	O
following	O
the	O
spectrum	B-Algorithm
auction	I-Algorithm
remained	O
unclear	O
.	O
</s>
