<s>
40	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
(	O
40GbE	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
100	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
(	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
)	O
are	O
groups	O
of	O
computer	B-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
technologies	O
for	O
transmitting	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
frames	I-Protocol
at	O
rates	O
of	O
40	O
and	O
100	O
gigabits	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
Gbit/s	O
)	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standards	O
define	O
numerous	O
port	O
types	O
with	O
different	O
optical	O
and	O
electrical	O
interfaces	O
and	O
different	O
numbers	O
of	O
optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
strands	O
per	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2007	O
,	O
a	O
trade	O
group	O
called	O
"	O
Road	B-Protocol
to	I-Protocol
100G	I-Protocol
"	O
was	O
formed	O
after	O
the	O
NXTcomm	O
trade	O
show	O
in	O
Chicago	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
5	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
Project	O
Authorization	O
Request	O
(	O
PAR	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
P802.3ba	B-Protocol
40Gbit/s	O
and	O
100Gbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
Task	O
Force	O
was	O
approved	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
project	O
scope	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
802.3ba	B-Protocol
task	O
force	O
met	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
January	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
standard	O
was	O
approved	O
at	O
the	O
June	O
2010	O
IEEE	O
Standards	O
Board	O
meeting	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
IEEE	O
Std	O
802.3ba-2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
40Gbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
Single-mode	B-Device
Fibre	I-Device
PMD	O
study	O
group	O
meeting	O
was	O
held	O
in	O
January	O
2010	O
and	O
on	O
March	O
25	O
,	O
2010	O
the	O
P802.3bg	O
Single-mode	B-Device
Fibre	I-Device
PMD	O
Task	O
Force	O
was	O
approved	O
for	O
the	O
40Gbit/s	O
serial	O
SMF	B-Device
PMD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scope	O
of	O
this	O
project	O
is	O
to	O
add	O
a	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
Physical	B-Protocol
Medium	I-Protocol
Dependent	I-Protocol
(	O
PMD	O
)	O
option	O
for	O
serial	O
40	O
Gbit/s	O
operation	O
by	O
specifying	O
additions	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
appropriate	O
modifications	O
of	O
,	O
IEEE	O
Std	O
802.3-2008	O
as	O
amended	O
by	O
the	O
IEEE	O
P802.3ba	B-Protocol
project	O
(	O
and	O
any	O
other	O
approved	O
amendment	O
or	O
corrigendum	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
17	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3ba	I-Protocol
standard	O
was	O
approved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
10	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
P802.3bj	O
100Gbit/s	O
Backplane	B-Architecture
and	O
Copper	O
Cable	O
task	O
force	O
was	O
approved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scope	O
of	O
this	O
project	O
is	O
to	O
specify	O
additions	O
to	O
and	O
appropriate	O
modifications	O
of	O
IEEE	O
Std	O
802.3	O
to	O
add	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
4-lane	O
Physical	O
Layer	O
(	O
PHY	O
)	O
specifications	O
and	O
management	O
parameters	O
for	O
operation	O
on	O
backplanes	B-Architecture
and	O
twinaxial	O
copper	O
cables	O
,	O
and	O
specify	O
optional	O
Energy	O
Efficient	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
EEE	O
)	O
for	O
40	O
Gbit/s	O
and	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
operation	O
over	O
backplanes	B-Architecture
and	O
copper	O
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
10	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
P802.3bm	O
40Gbit/s	O
and	O
100Gbit/s	O
Fiber	B-Architecture
Optic	I-Architecture
Task	O
Force	O
was	O
approved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
project	O
is	O
to	O
specify	O
additions	O
to	O
and	O
appropriate	O
modifications	O
of	O
IEEE	O
Std	O
802.3	O
to	O
add	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
Physical	O
Layer	O
(	O
PHY	O
)	O
specifications	O
and	O
management	O
parameters	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
four-lane	O
electrical	O
interface	O
for	O
operation	O
on	O
multimode	O
and	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
optic	I-Architecture
cables	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
specify	O
optional	O
Energy	O
Efficient	O
Ethernet	O
(	O
EEE	O
)	O
for	O
40	O
Gbit/s	O
and	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
operation	O
over	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
to	O
add	O
40	O
Gbit/s	O
Physical	O
Layer	O
(	O
PHY	O
)	O
specifications	O
and	O
management	O
parameters	O
for	O
operation	O
on	O
extended	O
reach	O
(	O
>10	O
km	O
)	O
single-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
optic	O
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specify	O
a	O
Physical	O
Layer	O
(	O
PHY	O
)	O
for	O
operation	O
at	O
40	O
Gbit/s	O
on	O
balanced	O
twisted-pair	O
copper	O
cabling	O
,	O
using	O
existing	O
Media	B-Protocol
Access	I-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
with	O
extensions	O
to	O
the	O
appropriate	O
physical	O
layer	O
management	O
parameters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
12	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3bj	I-Protocol
standard	O
was	O
approved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
5	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE-SA	O
Board	O
approved	O
the	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3cd	I-Protocol
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	O
P802.3cu	O
Task	O
Force	O
started	O
working	O
to	O
define	O
single-wavelength	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
PHYs	O
for	O
operation	O
over	O
SMF	B-Device
(	O
Single-Mode	B-Device
Fiber	I-Device
)	O
with	O
lengths	O
up	O
to	O
at	O
least	O
2	O
km	O
(	O
100GBASE-FR1	O
)	O
and	O
10	O
km	O
(	O
100GBASE-LR1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	O
P802.3db	O
Task	O
Force	O
started	O
working	O
to	O
define	O
a	O
physical	O
layer	O
specification	O
that	O
supports	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
operation	O
over	O
1	O
pair	O
of	O
MMF	B-Device
with	O
lengths	O
up	O
to	O
at	O
least	O
50	O
m	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
most	O
components	O
in	O
the	O
100Gbit/s	O
packet	O
processing	O
path	O
(	O
PHY	O
chips	O
,	O
NPUs	B-General_Concept
,	O
memories	O
)	O
were	O
not	O
readily	O
available	O
off-the-shelf	O
or	O
require	O
extensive	O
qualification	O
and	O
co-design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NetLogic	O
Microsystems	O
announced	O
backplane	B-Architecture
modules	O
in	O
October	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finisar	O
,	O
Sumitomo	O
Electric	O
Industries	O
,	O
and	O
OpNext	O
all	O
demonstrated	O
singlemode	O
40	O
or	O
100Gbit/s	O
Ethernet	O
modules	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
C	B-Protocol
form-factor	I-Protocol
pluggable	I-Protocol
(	O
CFP	O
)	O
agreement	O
at	O
the	O
European	O
Conference	O
and	O
Exhibition	O
on	O
Optical	O
Communication	O
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optical	B-Architecture
fiber	I-Architecture
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3ba	I-Protocol
implementations	O
were	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
numerous	O
40	O
and	O
100Gbit/s	O
line	O
rate	O
transport	O
systems	O
because	O
they	O
had	O
different	O
optical	O
layer	O
and	O
modulation	O
formats	O
as	O
the	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3ba	I-Protocol
interface	O
types	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
existing	O
40Gbit/s	O
transport	O
solutions	O
that	O
used	O
dense	O
wavelength-division	B-Architecture
multiplexing	I-Architecture
to	O
pack	O
four	O
10Gbit/s	O
signals	O
into	O
one	O
optical	O
medium	O
were	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3ba	I-Protocol
standard	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
either	O
coarse	B-Architecture
WDM	I-Architecture
in	O
1310nm	O
wavelength	O
region	O
with	O
four	O
25Gbit/s	O
or	O
ten	O
10Gbit/s	O
channels	O
,	O
or	O
parallel	O
optics	O
with	O
four	O
or	O
ten	O
optical	B-Architecture
fibers	I-Architecture
per	O
direction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ixia	O
developed	O
Physical	O
Coding	O
Sublayer	O
Lanes	O
and	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
working	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
link	O
through	O
a	O
test	O
setup	O
at	O
NXTcomm	O
in	O
June	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calnex	O
Solutions	O
introduced	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
Synchronous	B-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
synchronisation	O
test	O
equipment	O
in	O
November	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spirent	O
Communications	O
introduced	O
the	O
Attero-100G	O
for	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
and	O
40GbE	B-Protocol
impairment	O
emulation	O
in	O
April	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VeEX	O
introduced	O
its	O
CFP-based	O
UX400-100GE	O
and	O
40GE	O
test	O
and	O
measurement	O
platform	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
CFP2	O
,	O
CFP4	O
,	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
and	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
versions	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mellanox	O
Technologies	O
introduced	O
the	O
ConnectX-4	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
single	O
and	O
dual	O
port	O
adapter	O
in	O
November	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
period	O
,	O
Mellanox	O
introduced	O
availability	O
of	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
copper	O
and	O
fiber	O
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
Mellanox	O
introduced	O
the	O
Spectrum	O
10	O
,	O
25	O
,	O
40	O
,	O
50	O
and	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
switch	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aitia	O
also	O
produce	O
100G/40G	O
Ethernet	O
PCS/PMA	O
+MAC	O
IP	O
cores	O
for	O
FPGA	O
developers	O
and	O
academic	O
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Arista	O
Networks	O
introduced	O
the	O
7500E	O
switch	O
(	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
96	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
ports	O
)	O
in	O
April	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2014	O
,	O
Arista	O
introduced	O
the	O
7280E	O
switch	O
(	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
top-of-rack	O
switch	O
with	O
100G	B-Protocol
uplink	O
ports	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extreme	O
Networks	O
introduced	O
a	O
four-port	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
module	O
for	O
the	O
BlackDiamond	O
X8	O
core	O
switch	O
in	O
November	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
40Gbit/s	O
fiber-optical	O
interfaces	O
using	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
transceivers	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
the	O
Z9000	O
distributed	O
core	O
switches	O
,	O
S4810	O
and	O
S4820	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
blade-switches	O
MXL	O
and	O
the	O
IO-Aggregator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dell	O
PowerConnect	O
8100	O
series	O
switches	O
also	O
offer	O
40Gbit/s	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telesoft	B-Protocol
Technologies	I-Protocol
announced	O
the	O
dual	O
100G	B-Protocol
PCIe	O
accelerator	O
card	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
MPAC-IP	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Telesoft	O
also	O
announced	O
the	O
STR	O
400G	B-Protocol
(	O
Segmented	O
Traffic	O
Router	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
100G	B-Protocol
MCE	O
(	O
Media	O
Converter	O
and	O
Extension	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
100GbE	B-Protocol
interfaces	O
for	O
the	O
7450	O
ESS/7750	O
SR	O
service	O
routing	O
platform	O
were	O
first	O
announced	O
in	O
June	O
2009	O
,	O
with	O
field	O
trials	O
with	O
Verizon	O
,	O
T-Systems	O
and	O
Portugal	O
Telecom	O
taking	O
place	O
in	O
June	O
–	O
September	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2009	O
,	O
Alcatel-Lucent	O
combined	O
the	O
100G	B-Protocol
capabilities	O
of	O
its	O
IP	O
routing	O
and	O
optical	O
transport	O
portfolio	O
in	O
an	O
integrated	O
solution	O
called	O
Converged	O
Backbone	O
Transformation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brocade	O
Communications	O
Systems	O
introduced	O
their	O
first	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
products	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
former	O
Foundry	O
Networks	O
MLXe	O
hardware	O
)	O
in	O
September	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
Systems	O
and	O
Comcast	O
announced	O
their	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
trials	O
in	O
June	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
's	O
first	O
deployment	O
of	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
at	O
AT&T	O
and	O
Comcast	O
took	O
place	O
in	O
April	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Cisco	O
tested	O
the	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
interface	O
between	O
CRS-3	O
and	O
a	O
new	O
generation	O
of	O
their	O
ASR9K	O
edge	O
router	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2008	O
,	O
Huawei	O
presented	O
their	O
first	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
interface	O
for	O
their	O
NE5000e	O
router	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
mid-2010	O
product	O
brief	O
,	O
the	O
NE5000e	O
linecards	O
were	O
given	O
the	O
commercial	O
name	O
LPUF-100	O
and	O
credited	O
with	O
using	O
two	O
Solar-2.0	O
NPUs	B-General_Concept
per	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
port	O
in	O
opposite	O
(	O
ingress/egress	O
)	O
configuration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
August	O
2011	O
trial	O
in	O
Russia	O
,	O
Huawei	O
reported	O
paying	O
100Gbit/s	O
DWDM	O
customers	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
shipments	O
on	O
NE5000e	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Juniper	O
Networks	O
announced	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
for	O
its	O
T-series	B-Protocol
routers	O
in	O
June	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1x100GbE	O
option	O
followed	O
in	O
Nov	O
2010	O
,	O
when	O
a	O
joint	O
press	O
release	O
with	O
academic	O
backbone	O
network	O
Internet2	O
marked	O
the	O
first	O
production	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
interfaces	O
going	O
live	O
in	O
real	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Juniper	O
demonstrated	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
operation	O
between	O
core	O
(	O
T-series	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
edge	O
(	O
MX	B-Protocol
3D	O
)	O
routers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Juniper	O
,	O
in	O
March	O
2011	O
,	O
announced	O
first	O
shipments	O
of	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
interfaces	O
to	O
a	O
major	O
North	O
American	O
service	O
provider	O
(	O
Verizon	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2011	O
,	O
Juniper	O
deployed	O
a	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
system	O
on	O
the	O
UK	O
education	O
network	O
JANET	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2011	O
,	O
Juniper	O
announced	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
with	O
Australian	O
ISP	O
iiNet	O
on	O
their	O
T1600	O
routing	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Juniper	O
started	O
shipping	O
the	O
MPC3E	O
line	O
card	O
for	O
the	O
MX	B-Protocol
router	O
,	O
a	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
CFP	O
MIC	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
LR4	O
CFP	O
optics	O
in	O
March	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Spring	O
2013	O
,	O
Juniper	O
Networks	O
announced	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
the	O
MPC4E	O
line	O
card	O
for	O
the	O
MX	B-Protocol
router	O
that	O
includes	O
2	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
CFP	O
slots	O
and	O
8	O
10GbE	O
SFP+	B-Protocol
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2015	O
,	O
Juniper	O
Networks	O
announced	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
its	O
CFP-100GBASE-ZR	O
module	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
plug	O
&	O
play	O
solution	O
that	O
brings	O
80km	O
100GbE	B-Protocol
to	O
MX	B-Protocol
&	O
PTX	O
based	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
CFP-100GBASE-ZR	O
module	O
uses	O
DP-QPSK	O
modulation	O
and	O
coherent	O
receiver	O
technology	O
with	O
an	O
optimized	O
DSP	O
and	O
FEC	B-Error_Name
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
low-power	O
module	O
can	O
be	O
directly	O
retrofitted	O
into	O
existing	O
CFP	O
sockets	O
on	O
MX	B-Protocol
and	O
PTX	O
routers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
802.3ba	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
designation	O
given	O
to	O
the	O
higher	O
speed	O
Ethernet	O
task	O
force	O
which	O
completed	O
its	O
work	O
to	O
modify	O
the	O
802.3	O
standard	O
to	O
support	O
speeds	O
higher	O
than	O
10Gbit/s	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
speeds	O
chosen	O
by	O
802.3ba	B-Protocol
were	O
40	O
and	O
100Gbit/s	O
to	O
support	O
both	O
end-point	O
and	O
link	B-Architecture
aggregation	I-Architecture
needs	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
40/100	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
standards	O
encompass	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
Ethernet	B-Protocol
physical	I-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
(	O
PHY	O
)	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
agreement	O
that	O
supports	O
40	O
and	O
100	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
is	O
the	O
CFP	O
MSA	O
which	O
was	O
adopted	O
for	O
distances	O
of	O
100+	O
meters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QSFP	B-Protocol
and	O
CXP	B-Protocol
connector	O
modules	O
support	O
shorter	O
distances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Provide	O
physical	O
layer	O
specifications	O
(	O
PHY	O
)	O
for	O
operation	O
over	O
single-mode	B-Device
optical	I-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
SMF	B-Device
)	O
,	O
laser	O
optimized	O
multi-mode	B-Device
optical	I-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
MMF	B-Device
)	O
OM3	O
and	O
OM4	B-Device
,	O
copper	O
cable	O
assembly	O
,	O
and	O
backplane	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
100m	O
laser	O
optimized	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
OM3	O
)	O
objective	O
was	O
met	O
by	O
parallel	O
ribbon	O
cable	O
with	O
850nm	O
wavelength	O
10GBASE-SR	O
like	O
optics	O
(	O
40GBASE-SR4	O
and	O
100GBASE-SR10	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
backplane	B-Architecture
objective	O
with	O
4	O
lanes	O
of	O
10GBASE-KR	O
type	O
PHYs	O
(	O
40GBASE-KR4	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
10	O
and	O
40km	O
100Gbit/s	O
objectives	O
with	O
four	O
wavelengths	O
(	O
around	O
1310nm	O
)	O
of	O
25Gbit/s	O
optics	O
(	O
100GBASE-LR4	O
and	O
100GBASE-ER4	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
10km	O
40Gbit/s	O
objective	O
with	O
four	O
wavelengths	O
(	O
around	O
1310nm	O
)	O
of	O
10Gbit/s	O
optics	O
(	O
40GBASE-LR4	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
another	O
IEEE	O
project	O
authorization	O
started	O
a	O
task	O
force	O
to	O
define	O
a	O
40Gbit/s	O
serial	O
single-mode	B-Device
optical	I-Device
fiber	I-Device
standard	O
(	O
40GBASE-FR	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2010	O
,	O
a	O
10x10	O
multi-source	O
agreement	O
(	O
10x10	O
MSA	O
)	O
began	O
to	O
define	O
an	O
optical	O
Physical	B-Protocol
Medium	I-Protocol
Dependent	I-Protocol
(	O
PMD	O
)	O
sublayer	O
and	O
establish	O
compatible	O
sources	O
of	O
low-cost	O
,	O
low-power	O
,	O
pluggable	O
optical	O
transceivers	O
based	O
on	O
10	O
optical	O
lanes	O
at	O
10Gbit/s	O
each	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
10x10	O
MSA	O
was	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
lower	O
cost	O
alternative	O
to	O
100GBASE-LR4	O
for	O
applications	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
link	O
length	O
longer	O
than	O
2km	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
founding	O
members	O
were	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Brocade	O
Communications	O
,	O
JDSU	O
and	O
Santur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
802.3bj	O
standard	O
specifies	O
100Gbit/s	O
4x25G	O
PHYs	O
-	O
100GBASE-KR4	O
,	O
100GBASE-KP4	O
and	O
100GBASE-CR4	O
-	O
for	O
backplane	B-Architecture
and	O
twin-ax	O
cable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
802.3bm	O
standard	O
specifies	O
a	O
lower-cost	O
optical	O
100GBASE-SR4	O
PHY	O
for	O
MMF	B-Device
and	O
a	O
four-lane	O
chip-to-module	O
and	O
chip-to-chip	O
electrical	O
specification	O
(	O
CAUI-4	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Define	O
a	O
single-lane	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
PHY	O
for	O
operation	O
over	O
electrical	O
backplanes	B-Architecture
supporting	O
an	O
insertion	O
loss	O
≤	O
28dB	O
at	O
26.56GHz	O
(	O
100GBASE-KR1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Define	O
a	O
single-lane	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
PHY	O
for	O
operation	O
over	O
twin-axial	O
copper	O
cables	O
with	O
lengths	O
up	O
to	O
at	O
least	O
2	O
m	O
(	O
100GBASE-CR1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
12	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	O
P802.3ct	O
Task	O
Force	O
started	O
working	O
to	O
define	O
PHY	O
supporting	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
operation	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
wavelength	O
capable	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
80	O
km	O
over	O
a	O
DWDM	O
system	O
(	O
100GBASE-ZR	O
)	O
(	O
using	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
phase	O
and	O
amplitude	O
modulation	O
with	O
coherent	O
detection	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
802.3cd	O
standard	O
specifies	O
PHYs	O
using	O
50Gbit/s	O
lanes	O
-	O
100GBASE-KR2	O
for	O
backplane	B-Architecture
,	O
100GBASE-CR2	O
for	O
twin-ax	O
cable	O
,	O
100GBASE-SR2	O
for	O
MMF	B-Device
and	O
using	O
100Gbit/s	O
signalling	O
100GBASE-DR	O
for	O
SMF	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	O
P802.3db	O
Task	O
Force	O
started	O
working	O
to	O
define	O
a	O
physical	O
layer	O
specification	O
that	O
supports	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
operation	O
over	O
1	O
pair	O
of	O
MMF	B-Device
with	O
lengths	O
up	O
to	O
at	O
least	O
50	O
m	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	O
802.3cu	O
standard	O
defines	O
single-wavelength	O
100	O
Gbit/s	O
PHYs	O
for	O
operation	O
over	O
SMF	B-Device
(	O
Single-Mode	B-Device
Fiber	I-Device
)	O
with	O
lengths	O
up	O
to	O
at	O
least	O
2	O
km	O
(	O
100GBASE-FR1	O
)	O
and	O
10	O
km	O
(	O
100GBASE-LR1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Name	O
Standard	O
Status	O
Media	O
Connector	O
TransceiverModule	O
Reachin	O
m	O
#( 	O
⇆	O
)	O
#( 	O
→	O
)	O
#( 	O
→	O
)	O
Notes	O
colspan	O
=	O
"	O
11	O
"	O
(	O
CL85	O
)	O
CXPCFP2CFP4QSFP+	O
7	O
20	O
N/A	O
10	O
Data	B-Operating_System
centres	I-Operating_System
(	O
inter-rack	O
)	O
;	O
CXP	B-Protocol
connector	O
uses	O
center	O
10	O
out	O
of	O
12	O
channels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
CL82/86	O
)	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
CXPCFPCFP2CFP4CPAK	O
20	O
1	O
10	O
CFP	O
2	O
10	O
10	O
WDMMulti-vendor	O
standard	O
colspan	O
=	O
"	O
11	O
"	O
(	O
CL93	O
)	O
1	O
8	O
N/A	O
4	O
PCBs	O
;	O
total	O
insertion	O
loss	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
35	O
dB	O
at	O
12.9	O
GHz	O
(	O
CL94	O
)	O
1	O
8	O
N/A	O
4	O
PCBs	O
;	O
Line	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
:	O
RS-FEC(544,514 )	O
×	O
PAM4×	O
92/90	O
framing	O
and	O
31320/31280	O
lane	O
identificationLine	O
rate	O
:	O
4x	O
13.59375	O
GBd	O
=	O
54.375	O
GBdtotal	O
insertion	O
loss	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
33	O
dB	O
at	O
7	O
GHz	O
(	O
CL92	O
)	O
5	O
8	O
N/A	O
4	O
Data	B-Operating_System
centres	I-Operating_System
(	O
inter-rack	O
)	O
(	O
CL95	O
)	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
QSFP28CFP2CFP4CPAK	O
8	O
1	O
4	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
2	O
2	O
WDMLine	O
rate	O
:	O
2x	O
(	O
2x	O
26.5625	O
GBd	O
with	O
PAM4	B-Device
)	O
Duplex	O
fiber	O
with	O
both	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
transmit	O
and	O
receive	O
;	O
The	O
major	O
selling	O
point	O
of	O
this	O
variant	O
is	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
over	O
existing	O
LC	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
allowing	O
easy	O
migration	O
from	O
10G/25G	O
to	O
100G	B-Protocol
)	O
.Not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
(	O
and	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
)	O
100GBASE-SR1.2	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
4	O
4	O
SWDM	O
(	O
CL88	O
)	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
QSFP28CFPCFP2CFP4CPAK	O
2	O
4	O
4	O
WDMLine	O
code	O
:	O
64b/66b	O
×	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
(	O
CL88	O
)	O
QSFP28CFPCFP2	O
2	O
4	O
4	O
WDMLine	O
code	O
:	O
64b/66b	O
×	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
QSFP28CFP4	O
8	O
1	O
4	O
Data	B-Operating_System
centres	I-Operating_System
;	O
Line	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
:	O
64b/66b	O
×	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
or	O
256b/257b	O
×	O
RS-FEC(528,514 )	O
×	O
NRZMulti-vendor	O
standard	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
5	O
"	O
QSFP28CFP2CFP4	O
2	O
4	O
4	O
Data	B-Operating_System
centres	I-Operating_System
;	O
WDMMulti-vendor	O
standard	O
QSFP28CFP4	O
2	O
4	O
4	O
WDMMulti-vendor	O
standard	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
WDMMulti-vendor	O
standard	O
WDMMulti-vendor	O
standard	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
1	O
"	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
4	O
4	O
Data	B-Operating_System
centres	I-Operating_System
;	O
WDMLine	O
code	O
:	O
64b/66b	O
×	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
or	O
256b/257b	O
×	O
RS-FEC(528,514 )	O
×	O
NRZInteroperable	O
with	O
100GBASE-CWDM4	O
when	O
using	O
RS-FEC	O
;	O
Multi-vendor	O
standard	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
4	O
4	O
Data	B-Operating_System
centres	I-Operating_System
;	O
WDMLine	O
code	O
:	O
64b/66b	O
×	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
or	O
256b/257b	O
×	O
RS-FEC(528,514 )	O
×	O
NRZDerived	O
from	O
100GBASE-CWDM4	O
to	O
allow	O
cheaper	O
transceivers	O
;	O
Multi-vendor	O
standard	O
colspan	O
=	O
"	O
11	O
"	O
(	O
CL137	O
)	O
1	O
4	O
N/A	O
2	O
PCBs	O
(	O
CL136	O
)	O
3	O
4	O
N/A	O
2	O
Data	B-Operating_System
centres	I-Operating_System
(	O
in-rack	O
)	O
(	O
CL138	O
)	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
4	O
1	O
2	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
2	O
2	O
WDMLine	O
rate	O
:	O
2x	O
(	O
2x	O
26.5625	O
GBd	O
with	O
PAM4	B-Device
)	O
Duplex	O
fiber	O
with	O
both	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
transmit	O
and	O
receive	O
;	O
The	O
major	O
selling	O
point	O
of	O
this	O
variant	O
is	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
over	O
existing	O
LC	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
allowing	O
easy	O
migration	O
from	O
10G/25G	O
to	O
100G	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
BiDi	O
variant	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
breakout	O
from	O
400GBASE-4.2	O
but	O
is	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
100G-SR2-BiDi	O
(	O
see	O
above	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2	O
2	O
N/A	O
1	O
(	O
CL167	O
)	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
1	O
1	O
(	O
CL167	O
)	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
1	O
1	O
(	O
CL140	O
)	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
1	O
1	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
1	O
1	O
Multi-vendor	O
standard	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
1	O
1	O
Multi-vendor	O
standard	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
1	O
1	O
Multi-vendor	O
standard	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
1	O
1	O
Multi-vendor	O
standard	O
QSFP28	B-Protocol
2	O
1	O
1	O
Multi-vendor	O
standard	O
CFP	O
2	O
1	O
1	O
Line	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
:	O
DP-DQPSK	O
×	O
SC-FECLine	O
rate	O
:	O
27.9525	O
GBdReduced	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
line	O
rate	O
for	O
ultra	O
long	O
distances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
device	O
and	O
transceiver	O
support	O
dual-speed	O
operation	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
reconfigure	O
an	O
100G	B-Protocol
port	O
to	O
downspeed	O
to	O
40G	O
or	O
4×10G	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
address	O
the	O
higher	O
susceptibility	O
to	O
errors	O
at	O
these	O
symbol	O
rates	O
,	O
an	O
application	O
of	O
Reed	B-Error_Name
–	I-Error_Name
Solomon	I-Error_Name
error	I-Error_Name
correction	I-Error_Name
was	O
defined	O
in	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
802.3bj	I-Protocol
/	O
Clause	O
91	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
replaces	O
the	O
64b66b	O
encoding	O
with	O
a	O
256b257b	O
encoding	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
RS-FEC	O
application	O
,	O
which	O
combines	O
to	O
the	O
exact	O
same	O
overhead	O
as	O
64b66b	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CWDM4	O
)	O
are	O
defined	O
"	O
with	O
or	O
without	O
FEC.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
achieves	O
a	O
further	O
doubling	O
in	O
bandwidth	O
per	O
lane	O
(	O
used	O
to	O
halve	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
lanes	O
)	O
by	O
employing	O
pulse-amplitude	B-Device
modulation	I-Device
with	O
4	O
distinct	O
analog	O
levels	O
,	O
making	O
each	O
symbol	O
carry	O
2	O
bits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
keep	O
up	O
error	O
margins	O
,	O
the	O
FEC	B-Error_Name
overhead	O
is	O
doubled	O
from	O
2.7	O
%	O
to	O
5.8	O
%	O
,	O
which	O
explains	O
the	O
slight	O
rise	O
in	O
symbol	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mirroring	O
OTN4	B-Protocol
developments	O
,	O
DP-DQPSK	O
(	O
dual	O
polarization	O
differential	O
quadrature	O
phase	O
shift	O
keying	O
)	O
employs	O
polarization	O
to	O
carry	O
one	O
axis	O
of	O
the	O
DP-QPSK	O
constellation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
new	O
soft	O
decision	O
FEC	B-Error_Name
algorithms	O
take	O
additional	O
information	O
on	O
analog	O
signal	O
levels	O
as	O
input	O
to	O
the	O
error	O
correction	O
procedure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
half-speed	O
variant	O
of	O
26.5625	O
Gbaud	O
with	O
RS-FEC	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
31320/31280	O
step	O
encoding	O
the	O
lane	O
number	O
into	O
the	O
signal	O
,	O
and	O
further	O
92/90	O
framing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Name	O
Standard	O
Status	O
Media	O
Connector	O
TransceiverModule	O
Reachin	O
m	O
#( 	O
⇆	O
)	O
#( 	O
→	O
)	O
#( 	O
→	O
)	O
Notes	O
colspan	O
=	O
"	O
11	O
"	O
1	O
8	O
N/A	O
4	O
PCBs	O
;	O
possible	O
breakout	O
/	O
lane	O
separation	O
to	O
4x	O
10Gthrough	O
splitter	O
cable	O
(	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
to	O
4x	O
SFP+	B-Protocol
)	O
;	O
involves	O
CL73	O
for	O
auto-negotiation	O
,	O
and	O
CL72	O
for	O
link	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QSFP+	B-Protocol
10	O
8	O
N/A	O
4	O
Data	B-Operating_System
centres	I-Operating_System
(	O
inter-rack	O
)	O
possible	O
breakout	O
/	O
lane	O
separation	O
to	O
4x	O
10Gthrough	O
splitter	O
cable	O
(	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
to	O
4x	O
SFP+	B-Protocol
)	O
;	O
involves	O
CL73	O
for	O
auto-negotiation	O
and	O
CL72	O
for	O
link	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
possible	O
breakout	O
/	O
lane	O
separation	O
to	O
4x	O
10Gthrough	O
splitter	O
cable	O
(	O
MPO/MTP	O
to	O
4x	O
LC-pairs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
2	O
2	O
2	O
WDMduplex	O
fiber	O
each	O
used	O
to	O
transmit	O
and	O
receive	O
on	O
two	O
wavelengths	O
;	O
The	O
major	O
selling	O
point	O
of	O
this	O
variant	O
is	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
over	O
existing	O
10G	O
multi-mode	B-Device
fiber	I-Device
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
2	O
4	O
4	O
SWDM	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
5	O
"	O
rowspan	O
=	O
"	O
5	O
"	O
CFPQSFP+	O
2	O
4	O
4	O
WDM	B-Architecture
QSFP+	B-Protocol
WDM	B-Architecture
/	O
-LM4	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
rowspan	O
="3	O
"	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
WDMas	O
primarily	O
designed	O
for	O
single	O
mode	O
(	O
-LR4	O
)	O
,	O
this	O
mode	O
of	O
operation	O
is	O
out	O
of	O
specification	O
for	O
some	O
transceivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QSFP+	B-Protocol
8	O
1	O
4	O
possible	O
breakout	O
/	O
lane	O
separation	O
to	O
4x	O
10Gthrough	O
splitter	O
cable	O
(	O
MPO/MTP	O
to	O
4x	O
LC-pairs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CAUI-10	O
is	O
a	O
100Gbit/s	O
10-lane	O
electrical	O
interface	O
defined	O
in	O
802.3ba	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
CAUI-4	O
is	O
a	O
100Gbit/s	O
4-lane	O
electrical	O
interface	O
defined	O
in	O
802.3bm	O
Annex	O
83E	O
with	O
a	O
nominal	O
signaling	O
rate	O
for	O
each	O
lane	O
of	O
25.78125	O
GBd	O
using	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
modulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
100GAUI-4	O
is	O
a	O
100Gbit/s	O
4-lane	O
electrical	O
interface	O
defined	O
in	O
802.3cd	O
Annex	O
135D/E	O
with	O
a	O
nominal	O
signaling	O
rate	O
for	O
each	O
lane	O
of	O
26.5625	O
GBd	O
using	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
modulation	O
and	O
RS-FEC(544,514 )	O
so	O
suitable	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
100GBASE-CR2	O
,	O
100GBASE-KR2	O
,	O
100GBASE-SR2	O
,	O
100GBASE-DR	O
,	O
100GBASE-FR1	O
,	O
100GBASE-LR1	O
PHYs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
100GAUI-2	O
is	O
a	O
100Gbit/s	O
2-lane	O
electrical	O
interface	O
defined	O
in	O
802.3cd	O
Annex	O
135F/G	O
with	O
a	O
nominal	O
signaling	O
rate	O
for	O
each	O
lane	O
of	O
26.5625	O
GBd	O
using	O
PAM4	B-Device
modulation	O
and	O
RS-FEC(544,514 )	O
so	O
suitable	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
100GBASE-CR2	O
,	O
100GBASE-KR2	O
,	O
100GBASE-SR2	O
,	O
100GBASE-DR	O
,	O
100GBASE-FR1	O
,	O
100GBASE-LR1	O
PHYs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
100GAUI-1	O
is	O
a	O
100Gbit/s	O
1-lane	O
electrical	O
interface	O
defined	O
in	O
802.3ck	O
Annex	O
120F/G	O
with	O
a	O
nominal	O
signaling	O
rate	O
for	O
each	O
lane	O
of	O
53.125	O
GBd	O
using	O
PAM4	B-Device
modulation	O
and	O
RS-FEC(544,514 )	O
so	O
suitable	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
100GBASE-CR1	O
,	O
100GBASE-KR1	O
,	O
100GBASE-SR1	O
,	O
100GBASE-DR	O
,	O
100GBASE-FR1	O
,	O
100GBASE-LR1	O
PHYs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
QSFP+	B-Protocol
form	O
factor	O
is	O
specified	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
the	O
40	B-Protocol
Gigabit	I-Protocol
Ethernet	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
QSFP+	B-Protocol
modules	O
at	O
40Gbit/s	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
four	O
independent	O
ports	O
of	O
10	O
gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QSFP28	B-Protocol
modules	O
use	O
the	O
CAUI-4	O
electrical	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SFP-DD	O
or	O
Small	B-Protocol
Form-factor	I-Protocol
Pluggable	I-Protocol
–	O
Double	O
Density	O
modules	O
use	O
the	O
100GAUI-2	O
electrical	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
CXP	B-Protocol
and	O
HD	O
module	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CXP	B-Protocol
modules	O
use	O
the	O
CAUI-10	O
electrical	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Short	O
reach	O
interfaces	O
use	O
Multiple-Fiber	O
Push-On/Pull	O
-off	O
(	O
MPO	O
)	O
optical	B-Device
connectors	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
40GBASE-SR4	O
and	O
100GBASE-SR4	O
use	O
MPO-12	O
while	O
100GBASE-SR10	O
uses	O
MPO-24	O
with	O
one	O
optical	O
lane	O
per	O
fiber	O
strand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Long	O
reach	O
interfaces	O
use	O
duplex	O
LC	O
connectors	O
with	O
all	O
optical	O
lanes	O
multiplexed	O
with	O
WDM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
