<s>
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
for	O
interprocess	B-Operating_System
communication	I-Operating_System
released	O
in	O
2002	O
with	O
the	O
1.0	O
version	O
of	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
one	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
technologies	O
that	O
began	O
in	O
1990	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Object	B-Operating_System
Linking	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Embedding	I-Operating_System
(	O
OLE	O
)	O
for	O
16-bit	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intermediate	O
steps	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
these	O
technologies	O
were	O
Component	B-Application
Object	I-Application
Model	I-Application
(	O
COM	O
)	O
released	O
in	O
1993	O
and	O
updated	O
in	O
1995	O
as	O
COM-95	O
,	O
Distributed	B-Operating_System
Component	I-Operating_System
Object	I-Operating_System
Model	I-Operating_System
(	O
DCOM	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1997	O
(	O
and	O
renamed	O
Active	O
X	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
COM+	O
with	O
its	O
Microsoft	B-Operating_System
Transaction	I-Operating_System
Server	I-Operating_System
(	O
MTS	O
)	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
now	O
superseded	O
by	O
Windows	B-Application
Communication	I-Application
Foundation	I-Application
(	O
WCF	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
its	O
family	O
members	O
and	O
similar	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
Common	B-Architecture
Object	I-Architecture
Request	I-Architecture
Broker	I-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
(	O
CORBA	B-Architecture
)	O
and	O
Java	B-Language
's	I-Language
remote	I-Language
method	I-Language
invocation	I-Language
(	O
RMI	O
)	O
,	O
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
is	O
complex	O
,	O
yet	O
its	O
essence	O
is	O
straightforward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
allows	O
an	O
application	O
to	O
make	O
an	O
object	B-Language
(	O
termed	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
)	O
available	O
across	O
remoting	O
boundaries	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
different	O
appdomains	B-Architecture
,	O
processes	B-Operating_System
or	O
even	O
different	O
computers	O
connected	O
by	O
a	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
runtime	O
hosts	O
the	O
listener	O
for	O
requests	O
to	O
the	O
object	B-Language
in	O
the	O
appdomain	B-Architecture
of	O
the	O
server	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
client	O
end	O
,	O
any	O
requests	O
to	O
the	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
are	O
proxied	O
by	O
the	O
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
runtime	O
over	O
Channel	O
objects	O
,	O
that	O
encapsulate	O
the	O
actual	O
transport	O
mode	O
,	O
including	O
TCP	B-Protocol
streams	O
,	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
streams	O
and	O
named	B-Operating_System
pipes	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
by	O
instantiating	O
proper	O
Channel	O
objects	O
,	O
a	O
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
application	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
support	O
different	O
communication	O
protocols	O
without	O
recompiling	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
runtime	O
itself	O
manages	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
serialization	B-Application
and	O
marshalling	B-Application
of	O
objects	O
across	O
the	O
client	O
and	O
server	O
appdomains	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
makes	O
a	O
reference	O
of	O
a	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
available	O
to	O
a	O
client	O
application	O
,	O
which	O
then	O
instantiates	O
and	O
uses	O
a	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
as	O
if	O
it	O
were	O
a	O
local	O
object	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
is	O
identified	O
by	O
Activation	O
URLs	O
and	O
are	O
instantiated	O
by	O
a	O
connection	O
to	O
the	O
URL	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
listener	O
for	O
the	O
object	B-Language
is	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
remoting	O
runtime	O
when	O
the	O
server	O
registers	O
the	O
channel	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
client	O
side	O
,	O
the	O
remoting	O
infrastructure	O
creates	O
a	O
proxy	O
that	O
stands-in	O
as	O
a	O
pseudo-instantiation	O
of	O
the	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
does	O
not	O
implement	O
the	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
,	O
but	O
presents	O
a	O
similar	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
the	O
remoting	O
infrastructure	O
needs	O
to	O
know	O
the	O
public	O
interface	O
of	O
the	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
beforehand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
method	O
calls	O
made	O
against	O
the	O
object	B-Language
,	O
including	O
the	O
identity	O
of	O
the	O
method	O
and	O
any	O
parameters	O
passed	O
,	O
are	O
serialized	B-Protocol
to	O
a	O
byte	O
stream	O
and	O
transferred	O
over	O
a	O
communication	O
protocol-dependent	O
Channel	O
to	O
a	O
recipient	O
proxy	O
object	B-Language
at	O
the	O
server	O
side	O
(	O
"	O
marshalled	B-Application
"	O
)	O
,	O
by	O
writing	O
to	O
the	O
Channel	O
's	O
transport	O
sink	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
server	O
side	O
,	O
the	O
proxy	O
reads	O
the	O
stream	O
off	O
the	O
sink	O
and	O
makes	O
the	O
call	O
to	O
the	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
on	O
the	O
behalf	O
of	O
the	O
client	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
are	O
serialized	B-Protocol
and	O
transferred	O
over	O
the	O
sink	O
to	O
the	O
client	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
proxy	O
reads	O
the	O
result	O
and	O
hands	O
it	O
over	O
to	O
the	O
calling	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
remotable	O
object	B-Language
needs	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
callback	O
to	O
a	O
client	O
object	B-Language
for	O
some	O
services	O
,	O
the	O
client	O
application	O
must	O
mark	O
it	O
as	O
remotable	O
and	O
have	O
a	O
remoting	O
runtime	O
host	O
a	O
listener	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Type	B-Language
safety	I-Language
is	O
enforced	O
by	O
the	O
CTS	O
and	O
the	O
.NET	B-General_Concept
Remoting	I-General_Concept
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Authentication	O
and	O
access	O
control	O
can	O
be	O
implemented	O
for	O
clients	O
by	O
either	O
using	O
custom	O
Channels	O
or	O
by	O
hosting	O
the	O
remotable	O
objects	O
in	O
IIS	B-Application
and	O
then	O
using	O
the	O
IIS	B-Application
authentication	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
