"""
imbalance_coefficient.py

Provides a function `imb_coef` to quantify imbalance in regression targets
for both continuous and discrete settings. It estimates the deviation of the
empirical distribution from the uniform distribution using KDE or frequency analysis.

Author: Samuel Stocksieker
License: MIT or CC-BY-4.0
Date: 2025-08-06
"""

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.stats import gaussian_kde, uniform
from scipy.integrate import quad


def imb_coef(
    y,
    bdw='scott',
    n_map=100_000,
    distfunc='pdf',
    disttype='cont',  # 'cont' for continuous, 'dis' for discrete
    plot=False,
    p=1,
    k=1,
    w=None,
    scale=True,
    save=False,
    rep='',
):
    """
    Computes an imbalance coefficient for a target variable in regression tasks.

    Parameters:
    ----------
    y : array-like
        Target variable (continuous or discrete).
    bdw : str or float
        Bandwidth for KDE ('scott' or float).
    n_map : int
        Number of points for KDE evaluation.
    distfunc : str
        Not used currently (placeholder).
    disttype : str
        'cont' for continuous, 'dis' for discrete targets.
    plot : bool
        Whether to plot distribution comparison.
    p : int
        Exponent for penalizing deviations in discrete mode.
    k : int
        Index for saving figures (used in filenames).
    w : array-like or None
        Optional weights per observation.
    scale : bool
        Whether to scale `y` to [0, 1] in continuous mode.
    save : bool
        Whether to save plot as PNG.
    rep : str
        Folder path prefix for saving plots.

    Returns:
    -------
    imb_ratio : float
        imbalance coefficient in percentage.
    """

    y = np.array(y)

    if disttype == 'cont':
        # Continuous target
        if scale:
            y = (y - y.min()) / (y.max() - y.min())

        min_y, max_y = y.min(), y.max()
        map_vals = np.linspace(min_y, max_y, n_map)

        # Weight setup
        weights = (
            np.ones(n_map) if w is None else np.interp(map_vals, y, w,
                                                       left=min(w[y == min_y]),
                                                       right=min(w[y == max_y]))
        )

        kde = gaussian_kde(y, bw_method=bdw)
        kde_vals = kde(map_vals)
        d_best = uniform.pdf(map_vals, loc=min_y, scale=max_y - min_y)

        kde_func = lambda x: np.interp(x, map_vals, kde_vals)
        weight_func = lambda x: np.interp(x, map_vals, weights)

        if w is None:
            integrand = lambda x: max(0, 1 - kde_func(x))
            imb_ratio = round(quad(integrand, min_y, max_y, epsabs=1e-5)[0], 4) * 100
        else:
            num = quad(lambda x: max(0, 1 - kde_func(x)) * weight_func(x), min_y, max_y, epsabs=1e-5)[0]
            den = quad(lambda x: weight_func(x), min_y, max_y, epsabs=1e-5)[0]
            imb_ratio = round(num / den, 4) * 100

        if plot:
            plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
            plt.hist(y, bins=100, density=True, color='gray', alpha=0.6, label='Histogram')
            plt.plot(map_vals, kde_vals, label='KDE', color='darkred')
            plt.plot(map_vals, d_best, label='Uniform', color='darkgreen')
            plt.title(f"{imb_ratio:.2f}%", fontsize=16, color='darkred')
            plt.xlabel("Target values")
            plt.ylabel("Density")
            plt.legend()
            if save:
                plt.savefig(f"{rep}imbMetric_dens_{k}.png", bbox_inches='tight')
            plt.show()

        return imb_ratio

    elif disttype == 'dis':
        # Discrete target
        y = y.astype(int)
        map_vals = np.arange(y.min(), y.max() + 1)

        if w is None:
            weights = np.ones_like(map_vals)
        else:
            df_w = pd.DataFrame({'map': y, 'w1': w})
            w_agg = df_w.groupby('map')['w1'].mean().reset_index()
            w_all = pd.DataFrame({'map': map_vals})
            w_all = w_all.merge(w_agg, on='map', how='left').fillna(0)
            weights = w_all['w1'].values

        freqs = pd.Series(y).value_counts(normalize=True).reindex(map_vals, fill_value=0).values
        d_best = np.ones_like(map_vals) / len(map_vals)

        error = np.abs(freqs - d_best) ** p * (freqs < d_best) * weights
        imb_ratio = round(np.sum(error[weights > 0]) / np.sum(d_best * weights), 4) * 100
        if np.isnan(imb_ratio):
            imb_ratio = 100

        if plot:
            df_plot = pd.DataFrame({
                'map': list(map_vals) * 2,
                'freq': list(freqs) + list(d_best),
                'dist': ['Emp'] * len(map_vals) + ['Uni'] * len(map_vals)
            })
            plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
            for label, group in df_plot.groupby('dist'):
                plt.bar(group['map'], group['freq'], alpha=0.5, label=label)
            plt.title(f"{imb_ratio:.2f}%", fontsize=16, color='darkred')
            plt.xlabel("Target values")
            plt.ylabel("Frequency")
            plt.legend()
            if save:
                plt.savefig(f"{rep}imbMetric_mass_{k}.png", bbox_inches='tight')
            plt.show()

        return imb_ratio

    return None