|Publication number||US8191042 B2|
|Application number||US 12/060,794|
|Publication date||May 29, 2012|
|Priority date||Feb 29, 2008|
|Also published as||US8181155, US20090222794, US20090222827|
|Publication number||060794, 12060794, US 8191042 B2, US 8191042B2, US-B2-8191042, US8191042 B2, US8191042B2|
|Inventors||Edmund Samuel Victor Pinto, Kenneth David Wolf, Geoffrey M. Kizer, Donald F. Box|
|Original Assignee||Microsoft Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (64), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (4), Classifications (10), Legal Events (4)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/040,567, filed Feb. 29, 2008, entitled “Unified Expression And Location Framework”, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
One type of software is referred to as a “runtime”. A runtime provides underlying functionality that can be used by multiple applications that run on a computing system. One distinct type of runtime is called a “continuation based runtime”. A continuation based runtime executes activities. An activity represents a unit of executable code that consists of multiple pulses of work. For instance, suppose an activity is to receive messages. In that case, one pulse of work might be to set up the computing system with proper configuration and state to receive messages, and then pause until a message is received. Another pulse of work might occur when a message is received, which might involve setting up the message so that data can be extracted from the message. Another pulse of work might be to extract the data from the message itself, and so forth.
One of the ways an activity can execute multiple pulses of work is through the scheduling of child activities. This composition of activities enables custom control flows that can be implemented through the scheduling of child activities 0, 1 or n times as determined by the composite activity. Beyond this flexibility to create new control flows, activities in a continuation based runtime have a number of distinct characteristics. For instance, such activities have no process affinity in that they can be paused in one process, and resumed in a different process, and may also run on different threads. Such activities can also be persisted into persistent storage for later rehydration back into memory.
Activities in a continuation based runtime are conventionally defined empirically in unmanaged code.
Embodiments described herein related to the defining and/or composition of activities in a continuation based runtime declaratively. In one embodiment, when formulating such a declarative activity of a continuation-based runtime, the activity is formulated in accordance with a declarative activity schema and includes a properties portion that declaratively defines one or more interface parameters of the declarative activity, and a body portion that declaratively defines an execution behavior of the declarative activity. In one embodiment, the declarative activities may be hierarchically structured such that a parent declarative activity may use one or more child activities to define its behavior, where one or more of the child activities may also be defined declaratively. Other embodiments related to the declarative activity schema itself.
By defining the activities declaratively, reasoning regarding the structure of the activity is not relegated to just the compiler. Instead, higher level logic (such as the runtime itself) may perform appropriate reasoning regarding the structure of the activity. The activity may thus be validated, analyzed, tooled and subjected to other types of investigation to facilitate a more comprehensive processing of the activity at higher levels. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.
In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other advantages and features can be obtained, a more particular description of various embodiments will be rendered by reference to the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only sample embodiments and are not therefore to be considered to be limiting of the scope of the invention, the embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
In accordance with embodiments described herein, activities of a continuation based runtime may be declaratively defining and/or composed. In one embodiment, when formulating such a declarative activity of a continuation-based runtime, the activity is formulated in accordance with a declarative activity schema and includes a properties portion that declaratively defines one or more interface parameters of the declarative activity, and a body portion that declaratively defines an execution behavior of the declarative activity. In one embodiment, the declarative activities may be hierarchically structured such that a parent declarative activity may use one or more child activities to define its behavior, where one or more of the child activities may also be defined declaratively. Other embodiments relate to the declarative activity schema itself. By defining the activities declaratively, reasoning regarding the structure of the activity is not relegated to just the compiler. Instead, higher level logic (such as the runtime itself or third-party analysis tools) may perform appropriate reasoning regarding the structure of the activity.
First, some introductory discussion a computing system in which the principles described herein may be employed will be described with respect to
Computing systems are now increasingly taking a wide variety of forms. Computing systems may, for example, be handheld devices, appliances, laptop computers, desktop computers, mainframes, distributed computing systems, or even devices that have not conventionally considered a computing system. In this description and in the claims, the term “computing system” is defined broadly as including any device or system (or combination thereof) that includes at least one processor, and a memory capable of having thereon computer-executable instructions that may be executed by the processor. The memory may take any form and may depend on the nature and form of the computing system. A computing system may be distributed over a network environment and may include multiple constituent computing systems.
As illustrated in
In the description that follows, embodiments are described with reference to acts that are performed by one or more computing systems. If such acts are implemented in software, one or more processors of the associated computing system that performs the act direct the operation of the computing system in response to having executed computer-executable instructions. An example of such an operation involves the manipulation of data. The computer-executable instructions (and the manipulated data) may be stored in the memory 104 of the computing system TOO.
Computing system 100 may also contain communication channels 108 that allow the computing system 100 to communicate with other message processors over, for example, network 110. Communication channels 108 are examples of communications media. Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and include any information-delivery media. By way of example, and not limitation, communications media include wired media, such as wired networks and direct-wired connections, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio, infrared, and other wireless media. The term computer-readable media as used herein includes both storage media and communications media.
Embodiments within the scope of the present invention also include computer-readable media for carrying or having computer-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise physical storage and/or memory media such as RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of computer-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. When information is transferred or provided over a network or another communications connection (either hardwired, wireless, or a combination of hardwired or wireless) to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, any such connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.
Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described herein. Rather, the specific features and acts described herein are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
The property portion 201 represents a portion where interface parameter(s) may be declaratively specified for declarative activities that conform with the declarative activity schema. The interface parameter(s) represent input parameters, output parameters, and/or input and output bi-directional parameters for the activity. They represent locations into which an external entity may place an input parameter, and locations into which the activity may place an output parameter for retrieval by the external entity. In one embodiment, the properties portion 201 is optional, or may perhaps even contain no parameters at all for activities that do not use input or output parameters.
The body portion 202 specifying a portion at which an execution behavior may be specified in conforming declarative activities. In one embodiment, the body portion 202 is flexible enough to include one or a plurality of child activities. The child activities could themselves be declarative activities, although that is not required. The child activities might also be represented non-declaratively in unmodeled, native code (also referred to herein as “primitive activities”). The child activities might also include a mix of one or more declarative activities and one or more primitive activities. Even those activities that do conform to a declarative schema definition need not (but may) conform to the same declarative schema definition. The execution behavior may operate upon at least one of the one of more interface parameters of the declarative activity.
After formulating the declarative activity in conformance with the schema (act 301), a number of things might be done with that declarative activity. One example is that perhaps the declarative activity might be validated (act 302) to ensure as conformance with the declarative activity. This might be more beneficial if, for example, there is a higher possibility of error in originally formulating the declarative activity. This might occur if, for example, a human programmer directly authored the various declarative assertions of the declarative activity.
As another possibility, the declarative activity may be executed (act 303). As part of this execution, the declarative activity may be interpreted (act 304). A method for executing a declarative activity is described in commonly-assigned, co-pending application Ser. No. 12/040,567 filed Feb. 29, 2008, to which this patent application claims priority, and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The body portion 402 includes a number of descendent activities 421 through 424. Some of those constituent activities are themselves declarative activities. For instance, activities 421 and 422 are marked with an asterisk to represent that these activities are defined declaratively. The activities 423 and 424 are primitive activities and are thus not defined declaratively, but are instead defined using unmodeled, native code.
A particular example of an activity called “Prompt” will now be set forth as follows with line numbering added for clarity and for purposes of subsequent reference:
<Property x:Name=“Message” Type=“InArgument(s:String)” />
<Property x:Name=“Result” Type=“OutArgument(s:String)” />
<Variable Name=“Response” Type=“s:String” />
<WriteLine Text=“[Message]” />
<ReadLine Result=“[Response]” />
<WriteLine Text=“[‘The user entered: ’ + Response]” />
<Assign To=“[Result]” Value=“[Response]” />
In this particular activity example, the activity is expressed declaratively using XAML formatting. Lines 1-17 represent the entire parent activity, which is called “Prompt” and contains a number of child activities. Lines 2-5 include the input and output properties of the activity. In particular, line 3 defines an activity input property called “Message” of type string. Line 4 defines an activity output property called “Result” also of type string. These properties define the how the activity is exposed to its environment. In this example, when using the “Prompt” activity, a string value will be provided by the calling activity or entity (referred to as “Message” in the example, and the resulting string from the activity will be returned back to the calling entity (referred to as “Result” in the example). The properties may also be operated upon in the body of the activity.
Lines 6-16 define the actual body of the activity including local variable declarations, as well as a sequence of child activities to be performed. The body defines the behavior of the activity. The body is defined by declaratively instantiating other predefined activities. These activities' properties are set using expressions that may refer to the symbols introduced in the activity's property definition. The properties declared by an activity in the property portion of the activity can be referenced by the expressions used in the body portion of the activity.
The body of the activity includes a single child activity called “Sequence” spanning from lines 7-15. In this case, the Sequence activity is itself a declarative activity including multiple child activities specified in a declarative way. A sequence activity executes its child activities in a sequence, one after the other, in the order presented in the sequence.
In lines 8-10, the local variables for the sequence are defined. In particular, line 9 defines a local variable called “Response”, which is declared to be of type string. Together, the parameters and variables of an activity become the dereferenceable locations in the environment of the activity.
Lines 11-14 define a sequence of child activities to be performed as part of the Sequence child activity, which is performed as part of the overall Prompt activity. In particular, the first child activity in line 11 is a “WriteLine” activity, which receives as an input parameter “Text”. “Text” is a WriteLine activity argument that is set equal to an expression called “[Message]”. In the syntax presented in the example, expressions are bounded by square brackets “[” and “]”. In this example, such expressions are used to bind parameter arguments (such as “Text”) to the environment (e.g., to the parent activity parameters “Message” and “Result”, and local variables “Response”).
Returning to the XAML example, the [Message] expression will resolve to a value, which is whatever value was passed in with the input parameter “Message” of type string in the parent “Prompt” activity.
In line 12, there is a “ReadLine” activity, which also has an output parameter called “Result” which is set equal to a location expression “[Response]”. Here, this is a location expression, which resolves to a location where a value is, rather than a value itself In particular, the location that it resolves to is simply the variable “Response”. In other words, the output parameter “Result” of the ReadLine activity is set equal to whatever value is stored at the location identified by the variable “Response”.
In line 13, there is a WriteLine activity of line 13. Here, the input parameter Text is set equal to the expression “└‘The user entered:’+Response┘”, which is a string format expression in compound form. During execution, this expression is resolved into the literal value “The user entered: 35 Years Old”. This literal value is written to the display using the WriteLine activity of line 13 of the “Prompt” activity.
In line 14, the Assign activity assigns the resolved value of the expression [Response], which has been resolved to “35 Years Old”, to the resolved location value of the expression “[Result]”, which is the location of the output parameter for the entire “Prompt” activity. When the “Prompt” activity returns, it will return the value “35 Years Old” as its output parameter.
As previously mentioned, a number of things can be done with a declarative activity such as, for example, validation, analysis, and execution. An activity might also be used as a constituent activity. In other words, once a declarative activity is formed, that declared activity may be made available in a library of pre-defined activities that may be used to compose yet other activities. That library may include declarative activities or primate activities.
The activity 513 is a primitive activity in this example. However, the activities 511 and 512 are also declarative as symbolized by the asterisk associated with each. Accordingly, the activities 511 and 512 are also each composed by including associated pre-defined activities. For instance, activity 511 includes pre-defined activities 521 and 522, and are used to define the behavior of the parent activity 511. Activity 512 also includes constituent pre-defined child activities 523 and 524. Activity 523 is declaratively defined, activity 524 is not. Activity 523 has two child activities, activity 531 and 532, both of which are primitives.
The following illustrates an example of how a pre-defined declarative activity can be used as a constituent activity in the body of yet another declarative activity. The previous example provided a declarative activity called “Prompt” which basically wrote some text onto a display, received user input, then output the result on the display. The following is a declarative activity called “Prompt2” which includes two instances of the Prompt declarative activity. Line numbering is added for clarity and for subsequent reference.
<Property x:Name=“Message1” Type=“InArgument(s:String)” />
<Property x:Name=“Result1” Type=“OutArgument(s:String)” />
<Property x:Name=“Message2” Type=“InArgument(s:String)” />
<Property x:Name=“Result2” Type=“OutArgument(s:String)” />
<Prompt Message=“[Message1]” Result=“out [Result1]” />
<Prompt Message=“[Message2]” Result=“out [Result2]” />
Lines 1-14 represents the entirety of the declarative activity named “Prompt2”. Once again, the activity is set forth using XAML. Lines 2-7 define the various parameters of the Prompt2 activity. Specifically, there are two input parameters called Message1 and Message2 (see lines 3 and 5, respectively). In addition, there are two output parameters called Result1 and Result2 (see lines 2 and 4, respectively).
Lines 8-13 define the body of the activity and include one child activity called Sequence. The Sequence activity spans from lines 9-12, and includes two instances of the Prompt activity that are executed in sequence. Each of the Prompt activities may be structured as described above in the previous example. The first instance occurs at line 10 and receives Message 1 as an input, and outputs Result1. The second instance occurs at line 11 and receives Message 2 as an input, and outputs Result2.
For instance, during execution of the first instance of Prompt, the text “Please enter your age” might be displayed, whereupon the user might enter “30”. As part of the execution of the first Prompt instance, the following might be displayed “The user entered 30”. Subsequently, during the execution of the second instance of Prompt, the text “Please enter your gender”, whereupon the user might enter “Male”. As part of the execution of the second Prompt instance, the following might be displayed “The user entered Male”.
Accordingly, the principles described herein permit for the declarative definition and composition of activities. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
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|Jun 11, 2008||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PINTO, EDMUND SAMUEL VICTOR;WOLF, KENNETH DAVID;KIZER, GEOFFREY M.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:021080/0771;SIGNING DATES FROM 20080325 TO 20080417
Owner name: MICROSOFT CORPORATION, WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:PINTO, EDMUND SAMUEL VICTOR;WOLF, KENNETH DAVID;KIZER, GEOFFREY M.;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20080325 TO 20080417;REEL/FRAME:021080/0771
|Dec 9, 2014||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MICROSOFT TECHNOLOGY LICENSING, LLC, WASHINGTON
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MICROSOFT CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:034542/0001
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Year of fee payment: 4