____ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.
The ___ division tends to prepare the body for action
___ are examples of effectors of the nervous system.
visceral motor division.
The autonomic nervous system is also called the
Nerves are ___ of the nervous system.
Some ___ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas ____ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system.
About 90% of the neurons in the nervous system are ___ neurons.
___ neurons are the most common type of neurons.
Nerve fiber refers to
Most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen at the
This image shows a representative neuron. What does "5" represent?
This image shows a representative neuron. What does "1" represent?
____ are the primary site for receiving signals from other neurons.
___ form myelin in the spinal cord.
Most of the myelin sheath is composed of
The myelin sheath is formed by
large myelinated fiber
Conduction speed of a nerve fiber would be the fastest in a
the soma and at least some neurilemma intact.
In order for a peripheral nerve fiber to regenerate it must have
___ has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential
Most local potentials happen at the
depolarization of the plasma membrane.
Opening of sodium gates typically leads to
inflow of chloride
Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP?
Local potentials are _____, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus.
hyperpolarizes the plasma membrane.
An inhibitory local potential
sodium gates are fully open
While the membrane is depolarizing its
a rising local potential
This image shows an action potential. What does "1" represent?
hyperpolarization of the membrane
This image shows an action potential. What does "6" represent?
Local potentials are ___, whereas action potential are ___.
potassium ions are leaving the cell.
During hyperpolarization (or afterpotential
When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35mV towards 0 mV, we say the cell is
no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
During the absolute refractory period
a nerve signal.
A traveling wave of excitation is what we know as
There are no internodes in unmyelinated fibers.
What would be the best explanation for why myelinated fibers conduct signals faster than unmyelinated fibers?
they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell.
All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except
A cholinergic synapse employs ___ as its neurotransmitter.
-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
___ binds to ligand-regulated gates, and is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
synaptic vesicles release ACh
Which of these happens first in an cholinergic synaptic transmission?
G protein dissociates from the NE receptor
Which of these happens first in an adrenergic synaptic transmission?
that breaks down monoamines.
Some antidepressant drugs act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO), which is an enzyme
synaptic vesicles secrete neurotransmitter by exocytosis
All of these contribute to the cessation of the signal in a synaptic transmission except
___ excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle.
hyperpolarization of the cell membrane.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with
Opening of __ gates produces an ___.
a voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron?
A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called
Presynaptic inhibition is the opposite of
a reverberating circuit
The best type of neural pool for producing a prolonged output is
Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity. The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural
Parkinson disease is a progressive loss of motor function due to the degeneration of specific neurons. These neurons secrete an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prevents excessive activity in motor centers of the brain. This neurotransmitter is
synaptic facilitation; short-term memory
Accumulation of Ca2+ in the synaptic knob is called ___, and probably plays an important role in ___.
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