|Publication number||US7820040 B2|
|Application number||US 11/862,771|
|Publication date||Oct 26, 2010|
|Priority date||Sep 27, 2006|
|Also published as||US20080073295, WO2008039913A2, WO2008039913A3|
|Publication number||11862771, 862771, US 7820040 B2, US 7820040B2, US-B2-7820040, US7820040 B2, US7820040B2|
|Inventors||John Sebastian Moll, Clark Joseph Use|
|Original Assignee||John Sebastian Moll, Clark Joseph Use|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (15), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (2), Classifications (13), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/827,144, filed Sep. 27, 2006. This application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all of its teachings.
The present invention relates generally to water pollution traps and, more particularly, to oil/grit separators for separating and collecting various pollutants from storm-water runoff.
During rainstorms, water that is not absorbed into the ground runs off into storm sewer systems for delivery into freshwater systems such as streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands. While flowing across parking lots, landscaped areas, and other surfaces, the storm-water runoff picks up debris and pollutants and carries them into the storm sewer systems. Particularly large amounts of pollutants are picked up at shopping centers with large parking lots, oil-change and auto-repair shops, gas stations, and so forth. These pollutants include motor oil and other hydrocarbons, particulate matter such as sand and grit, and miscellaneous debris such as vegetative matter, paper, plastic, and foam cups. For example, about 200 pounds of miscellaneous debris and 1,500 pounds of sand and grit are commonly carried off by storm-water runoff from some one-acre parking lots in 90 days.
To maintain freshwater systems, most cities and counties have regulations requiring that some of the pollutants be removed from the storm-water runoff before entering their storm sewer systems. In order to meet these regulations, facilities typically install on-site pollution traps to filter the storm-water runoff. These pollution traps are referred to as “water quality vaults,” which target multiple pollutants.
Most conventional pollution traps provide only “first flush” filtration during the typical local storm event, but permit bypassing the filtration stage for larger storms. In fact, many jurisdictions require bypassing, some even at typical storm-water flows. Bypassing filtration is a problem because most pollutants are more easily picked up and transported by storm-water during higher flow periods. Unfortunately, just when the traps are needed most, a lot of pollutants bypass them and are delivered into the storm sewer systems. Moreover, most pollution traps that do not provide for bypassing accommodate the larger flows because they are oversized, which adds significantly to the cost to build, install, and maintain them.
Another problem with many pollution traps is they simply filter the storm-water at the natural flow rate of the storm-water passing through it. The faster the storm-water flows through the trap, the less particulate matter pollutants can settle in the trap. Some other traps detain the storm-water for a brief time to allow some of the particulate matter to settle; however, these traps only detain the water for a few minutes at most, and even a small water flow will cause the particles to be re-suspended in the water. Therefore, these pollution traps permit significant amounts of particulate matter pollutants to pass though them, even before bypass occurs.
In addition, the filtering systems of some pollution traps include screens for capturing miscellaneous debris. These screens are typically partially submerged in the water in the middle of the trap so that the debris is always floating in the water. Because the debris is always floating, it does not block the screen. The problem with this configuration is that vegetation, paper, and other absorbent miscellaneous debris tend to become waterlogged, rot, and deteriorate into smaller parts. These small parts then pass through the screen, are re-suspended in the water, and are carried out of the trap. Moreover, vegetative matter contains nitrogen and phosphorus and carries other pollutants such as fertilizer, pesticides, and oils. Additionally, paper products carry inks and other surface adherents. Thus, these additional pollutants also pass through the screen with the deteriorated debris and out of the trap.
Although pollutants in storm-water are generally larger articles and particles, smaller particles and dissolved materials are also present in the water. For example, dissolved metals and living organisms harmful to humans if consumed are present. Current filtration devices are limited with respect to removing this type of pollutants.
Accordingly, there is a need for a pollution trap that stays on-line and filters all the storm-water runoff from a parcel of land, without bypassing filtration or overflowing during larger-than-typical storms. In addition, a pollution trap is needed that better induces settling of particulate matter and reduces waterlogging of absorbent miscellaneous debris, to provide improved filtration of pollutants from the storm-water. Furthermore, a need exists for a pollution trap that is cost-efficient to build, install, and maintain. Finally, there is a need not only to remove gross pollutants such as debris, there is also a need to remove micro-pollutants (i.e., particles in the range from 20 μm to 4,000 μm) and dissolved pollutants. The pollution traps described herein address these needs.
Described herein is a filtration device for removing pollutants from fluids such as storm-water, and methods of use thereof. The filtration device has a chamber including a series of pivotal filtration assemblies each including a weir and a filter extending therefrom. The filters are selected and positioned for sequentially filtering larger then smaller pollutant particles from the water flowing through the device. The weirs are configured and positioned for sequentially permitting water overflow of (and thereby taking off-line) the smaller-particle size filters then the larger-particle size filters from the water flowing through the device. And the filtration assemblies are pivotally mounted to the chamber walls and configured so that, when one of the filters becomes clogged, the water pressure against it causes that filter assembly to pivot into a bypass position permitting water to flow under it.
The advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the aspects described below. The advantages described below will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive.
Before the present devices and methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific compounds, synthetic methods, or uses, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a filter” includes two or more filters.
Referring now to the drawing figures, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts throughout the several views, the device described herein provides for separating pollutants from water such as, for example, storm-water runoff, and retaining the pollutants in the device. The device is well suited for filtering and removing gross pollutants including floatable matter such as motor oil, other hydrocarbons, and detergents; particulate matter such as sand, dirt, and grit; and miscellaneous debris such as vegetative matter from trees, shrubberies, etc., paper and plastic trash, aluminum foil wrappers, foam cups, and so forth. In addition, a person of ordinary skill in the art could adapt the device described herein in order to separate other types of pollution or other types of matter from liquids other than storm-water, if so desired. The filtration devices described herein are also useful in removing micro-pollutants and dissolved pollutants. In one aspect, the pollutants have a particle size from 20 μm to 4,000 μm, 20 μm to 3,000 μm, 20 μm to 2,000 μm, 20 μm to 1,000 μm, 20 μm to 500 μm, 20 μm to 250 μm, or 20 μm to 125 μm. These pollutants include metals and microorganisms harmful to humans.
In general, the filtration device comprises a chamber with an inlet, an outlet, and one or more filtration assemblies such as a screen, a plurality of pivotal filter assemblies, or both, which are disposed in the chamber between the inlet and outlet.
In the depicted embodiment, the chamber 12 is rectangular and is formed by sidewalls 13 and 15, endwalls 14 and 16, a floor 18, and a lid 19. The chamber sidewalls 13 and 15, endwalls 14 and 16, and floor 19 can be made of reinforced concrete, and may be sealed with a coating such as a bituminous material for making the chamber watertight. The concrete chamber 12 can be pre-cast and hauled to the installation location, though it could be cast on-site if so desired.
For convenience in constructing, hauling, and installing the chamber 12, it can be formed into two or more sections. For example, a base section can be made with a standard size, and one or more riser sections can be made in a variety of heights or custom-made per job. In this way, the height of the riser section is selected so that the lid 19 can be at about ground level given the depth at which the base section will be installed. In installations where the top of the base section is at grade, no riser section would be used. Alternatively, the chamber 12 can be integrally made as a single piece.
The lid 19 covers the open top of the chamber 12, and can be at least partially removable in order to provide ready access to the inside of the chamber for maintenance of the device 10. For example, the lid 19 can be made of three aluminum panels, with a fixed middle panel and two end panels pivotally coupled to the middle one. Alternatively, the lid 19 can be made of concrete and include a manhole ring or hatch and a cover. In the embodiment depicted in
It is contemplated that the lid 19 and the chamber walls 13-16 can be made in other regular or irregular shapes and configurations, and can be made of other strong and durable materials, as may be desirable in a given application. For example, the chamber walls 13-16 could be made of fiberglass, hard plastic, or a composite, and/or the chamber 12 could be generally L-shaped or triangular with two inlets and one outlet.
Additionally, the chamber 12 has an inlet 22 in one of the end walls 14 through which the water flows into the chamber and an outlet 24 in the other end wall 16 through which the water flows out. The inlet 22 and the outlet 24 are sized and shaped to receive or otherwise connect to the pipes of conventional storm sewer systems. If desired, the inlet 22 and the outlet 24 can include stub-outs for connecting to the conventional storm sewer pipes. The stub-outs can be provided by, for example, sections of metal or PVC pipe.
The inlet 22 and the outlet 24 are sized to handle a predetermined maximum flow rate. For example, the maximum flow rate can be based on the 25-year storm (the worst storm over a 25-year period for the geographic location, on average), or for an otherwise-defined catastrophic or larger-than-normal storm. Of course, during most storms, the inlet 26 and the outlet 28 are not exposed to the water flow intensity of the 25-year storm.
It will be understood that many variations in the dimensions, shapes, and materials may be suitably used, depending on the use of the device. For example, when the device is used to remove pollutants from storm-water, the size, grade, ground covering, and use of the tributary area to be drained, the typical and maximum rainfall during the design worst storm event, and the local restrictions on flow rates are considered when preparing the design of the chamber.
As shown in
In one aspect, the screen basket 30 has an opening that is adjacent the inlet 22 for allowing the debris into the chamber 12. The screen basket 30 can be supported by a rigid frame that holds a liner. The frame can be made of aluminum grating and has a bottom, a side, and ends. In one aspect, the liner can be made of aluminum ¼ inch mesh. In another aspect, polymers such as, for example, polyacrylamide, can be included in the liner to remove small solid particles. Alternatively, the screen basket 30 can be made in other shapes, sizes, and materials. For example, the liner can be made of 1/16 or ⅛ inch mesh, perforated panels, lattice structures, or other structures with filtering spaces, made of stainless steel, plastic, a composite, or another material. In one aspect, the frame bottom and the liner bottom can be positioned at or above the at-rest water level.
For ease of removing the trapped debris and particles from the screen basket 30, the screen basket can have handles for grasping and easily removing it from the chamber 12. In addition, the screen basket 30 can be supported on mounting structures such as mounting brackets, pins, bolts, or other mounting structures. The mounting structures support the screen basket 30 and restrain it from lateral or downward movement, but permit removal of the screen by lifting it from the brackets. Thus, the screen basket 30 does not have to be decoupled from the mounting structures for its removal from the chamber 12.
In the embodiment depicted in
Referring now to
In one aspect, the weir 52 and filter 60 of each pivotal filter assembly 50 extend the full width of the chamber 12 between the sidewalls 13 and 15, which prevents water from bypassing the filter 60 by going around its side edges. This is best seen in
The weir 52 of each pivotal filter assembly 50 is pivotally attached to the sidewalls 13 and 15 of the chamber 12. The pivotal filter assemblies 50 can be pivotally attached to the sidewalls 13 and 15 (directly or indirectly with interposed brackets) by pins, dowels, screws, or other pivotal attachment structures. As shown in
In an alternative embodiment, each pivotal filter assembly 50 rests at an angle (with its bottom tilted away from the inlet) on support members such as pins extending inwardly from the sidewalls 13 and 15, instead of the filters 60 or extension braces 49 supporting the pivotal filter assemblies at the angle. In another alternative embodiment, the weirs 52 are fixed in place to the chamber walls and do not pivot, and the filters 60 are pivotally mounted to the fixed weirs. And in still other embodiments, the filter assemblies 50 are in a generally vertical orientation at rest.
When the filter 60 is inserted into the weir 52, the bottom of the filter assembly 50 is free to pivot away from the inlet 22. As depicted in
In order to prevent incoming water from leaking past the sides and the bottom of the filter 60, a seal such as a gasket can either be attached to the sidewalls 13 and 15 and bottom 18 of chamber 12 or, in the alternative, they can be attached to side edges of the weir frame 70 and the sides and bottom of the filter 60. The gasket can be made of any durable material such as, for example, rubber that is resistant to constant exposure to water.
The opening 64 at the top of filter frame 62 permits the insertion of one or more different filter media into the filter frame. The selection of the filter medium material can vary from one pivotal filter assembly 50 to the next. In one aspect, the filter material in the pivotal filter assembly nearest the inlet 22 can be a very porous material that permits water to readily pass through the filter. An example of such a material includes, but is not limited to, ¾ inch coconut fiber. Thus, in one aspect, the filter material in the pivotal filter assembly nearest the outlet 24 is less porous than the filter material of the pivotal filter assembly nearest the inlet 22. In another aspect, the porosity of each filter material decreases sequentially when going from the pivotal filter assembly nearest the inlet 22 to the pivotal filter assembly nearest the outlet 24. In one aspect, when the filter material is granular, the filter material is placed into a fibrous chamber, and the fibrous chamber is inserted in the filter frame 62 and held in place by the mesh liner 66.
It is contemplated that two or more different filter materials can be combined prior to insertion into the filter frame 62. In one aspect, the filter material is composed of woven or non-woven materials derived from polymers such as, example, polyesters and nylons. Additional compounds can also be used with the filter material to facilitate the removal of pollutants. For example, materials that adsorb dissolved chemicals (e.g., metals) can be combined with the filter materials. Examples of such materials include, but are not limited to, fuller's earth, activated charcoal, or mulch. In other aspects, the filter material can be impregnated with microbicides for killing harmful organisms or oil trapping chemicals. One of ordinary skill in the art will be able to select particular filter materials and additives depending upon the pollutants to be removed.
Examples of filter materials useful herein include, but are not limited to, X-TEX-B12, which is a blend of recycled lipophilic fibers; X-TEX-B12-AM, which is X-TEX-B12 treated on both sides with an antimicrobial; X-TEX-AC-100, which is X-TEX-B12 embedded with activated carbon; X-TEX-Z-200, which is X-TEX-B12 embedded with zeolite; X-TEX-CIAgent, which is X-TEX-B12 embedded with a blend of petroleum-based polymers; X-TEX-B12-SS, which is X-TEX-B12 bonded with a felted polyester rayon blended textile; X-TEX-B12-PE, which is X-TEX-B12 bonded to a polyethylene film. These materials are manufactured by The Xextex Corp. In another aspect, MYCELX, a curable polymeric surfactant technology manufactured by MYCELX Technologies Corporation, can be used herein. In a further aspect, the filter material is Smart Sponge manufactured by Ab Tech Industries, Inc. In other aspects, the filter material can be coconut fiber, a 10 micron filter cloth, activated charcoal, or perlite.
It is contemplated that the filtration devices described herein can be used alone or in combination with other filtration devices to enhance water purification. For example, a chamber can be configured with baffles and/or collection reservoirs to remove oil from the incoming water prior to entering the filtration device 10. In this example, the first chamber is used as a pre-filtration system and is connected to the inlet 22 of device 10. Alternatively, a post-filtration device can be attached to the outlet 24 to further purify the outgoing water. U.S. Pat. No. 6,797,161, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses suitable pre- and post-filtration devices that can be attached to the filtration devices described herein. It is also contemplated that two or more of the filtration devices described herein can be used in series or in tandem for water purification.
To install the filtration device 10 for operation, the chamber 12 is hauled to the installation site and lowered into a pit in the ground using conventional construction equipment. Then the inlet 22 and the outlet 24 are connected to the storm sewer system pipes. For retrofit installations, the existing storm sewer pipes are cut into and the filtration device 10 installed in-line. For new installations, the new storm sewer pipes are cut to length and connected to the filtration device 10. After installation, the pit is backfilled and the filtration device 10 is now ready for use.
Storage chambers can be installed to hold particular pollutants (e.g., hydrocarbons, detergents, and/or other floating matter). This is typically done when a larger volume of floating matter needs to be stored than can be retained. For example, if a pre-filtration chamber with a collection reservoir is employed, one or more chambers can be lowered into a pit beside or some distance from the pre-filtration device and a drainpipe can be connected between it and the collection reservoir.
As shown in
In addition, if the pressure of the water becomes great enough and/or the second filter 60 b becomes blocked with enough pollutant, the filter assembly 50 b pivots from its filtering position (as shown) back and up (as indicated by the directional arrow) about its pivotal point 46 b to its bypass position (not shown) to permit water to pass underneath (i.e., bypass) that filter. But water continues to be filtered through the first filter 84 of filter assembly 50 a, which remains in its filtering position. This is advantageous when, for example, there is an unanticipated influx of pollutants of a size too small to be filtered by the first filter 60 a and too large to pass through the second filter 60 b. This can happen on a season basis, for example, due to road salt in the winter in northern regions, fertilizer runoff during a rainy season, etc., or this can happen due to a change in the conditions of the area from which the water runs off. Regardless, the smaller-sized pollutants will flow through the first filter 60 a and be filtered by the second filter 60 b, but the larger volume of the pollutants will then clog up the second filter and restrict (and eventually completely block) waterflow through it. As this occurs, the water level rises, but before it gets to the level of the weir opening bottom 78 b, the water pressure against the increasingly clogged filter 60 b increases until it forces the filter assembly 50 b to pivot from the filtering position to the bypass position. This prevents the polluted water from backing up from that filter assembly 50 b back to the inlet 22 and instead allows that filter assembly to drop off-line while the remaining on-line filters clean the water. If all of the filters become clogged and all of the pivotal filter assemblies are in the bypass position, then the incoming water will not be filtered.
In an alternative embodiment, the pivot point is at a higher position on the weir frame so that the filter assembly pivots sooner (when the filter is only partially clogged), if so desired. In another alternative embodiment, the filters have a height such that, when they are extended from the weirs to the floor of the chamber, there remains a portion of the filter still within the weir frame. As one of the filter assemblies pivots due to its filter becoming clogged, the portion of the filter still within the weir frame slides downward so that it is now exposed to provide additional clean filtration surface area. As that becomes clogged, the filter assembly pivots further to allow more of the filter to slide down out of the weir. Once the filter has slid down all the way and all the available filtration surface area becomes clogged, the filter assembly pivots to the bypass position.
The number of pivotal filter assemblies and the position of the weir opening bottom for each pivotal filter assembly can vary depending upon the type and size of the pollutants to be removed as well as the flowrate of the incoming water. By varying certain parameters such as, for example, the size of the chamber, the diameter of the inlet/outlet, the weir opening bottom height/position, and the porosity of the filter material, it is possible to control the amount of water to be treated. One of the many advantages of the devices described herein is that if one filter is blocked by debris or pollutants, that filter assembly will pivot to a bypass position and not adversely affect the flowrate and overall performance of the device. As described above, the use of a series of pivotal filter assemblies with sequentially decreasing weir opening bottom heights from the inlet to the outlet permits a steady flowrate of water even if the water is very contaminated with pollutants. For example, if a single filter became clogged and could not pivot, it would cause the flow to become blocked, and the water level would rise to the level of its overflow weir. The result would impact the flow patterns along the base of the device, and the nature of a sharp-crested weir at higher flows can produce excess water levels upstream due to flow resistance. The pivoting feature of the pivotal filter assemblies assures that a single clogged or blocked filter will not impact the remainder of the filters in the system.
Periodic inspections can be conducted to determine if individual filters 60 in the pivotal filter assemblies 50 need to be replaced, or if sediment in the chamber 12 has reached a level where pumping out the chamber is indicated. The individual filters 60 can readily slide out the top of the weirs 52 for cleaning or replacement. Similarly, the screen basket 30 is removable for cleaning or for replacement of the mesh lining.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to this invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention, and that the above-described embodiments are merely intended to be exemplary and not limiting of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification||210/131, 210/155, 210/132, 210/335, 210/522, 210/314, 210/354|
|Cooperative Classification||B01D36/04, B01D29/01, B01D2201/48|
|European Classification||B01D36/04, B01D29/01|
|Jun 6, 2014||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|Sep 2, 2014||SULP||Surcharge for late payment|
|Sep 2, 2014||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4