An in silicoanalysis of dynamic changes in microRNA expression profiles in stepwise development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
© Luo et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2012
Received: 9 August 2011
Accepted: 19 January 2012
Published: 19 January 2012
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that participate in the spatiotemporal regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein synthesis. Recent studies have shown that some miRNAs are involved in the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the aberrant miRNAs implicated in different clinical stages of NPC remain unknown and their functions have not been systematically studied.
In this study, miRNA microarray assay was performed on biopsies from different clinical stages of NPC. TargetScan was used to predict the target genes of the miRNAs. The target gene list was narrowed down by searching the data from the UniGene database to identify the nasopharyngeal-specific genes. The data reduction strategy was used to overlay with nasopharyngeal-specifically expressed miRNA target genes and complementary DNA (cDNA) expression data. The selected target genes were analyzed in the Gene Ontology (GO) biological process and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) biological pathway. The microRNA-Gene-Network was build based on the interactions of miRNAs and target genes. miRNA promoters were analyzed for the transcription factor (TF) binding sites. UCSC Genome database was used to construct the TF-miRNAs interaction networks.
Forty-eight miRNAs with significant change were obtained by Multi-Class Dif. The most enriched GO terms in the predicted target genes of miRNA were cell proliferation, cell migration and cell matrix adhesion. KEGG analysis showed that target genes were significantly involved in adherens junction, cell adhesion molecules, p53 signalling pathway et al. Comprehensive analysis of the coordinate expression of miRNAs and mRNAs reveals that miR-29a/c, miR-34b, miR-34c-3p, miR-34c-5p, miR-429, miR-203, miR-222, miR-1/206, miR-141, miR-18a/b, miR-544, miR-205 and miR-149 may play important roles on the development of NPC. We proposed an integrative strategy for identifying the miRNA-mRNA regulatory modules and TF-miRNA regulatory networks. TF including ETS2, MYB, Sp1, KLF6, NFE2, PCBP1 and TMEM54 exert regulatory functions on the miRNA expression.
This study provides perspective on the microRNA expression during the development of NPC. It revealed the global trends in miRNA interactome in NPC. It concluded that miRNAs might play important regulatory roles through the target genes and transcription factors in the stepwise development of NPC.
Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the tumorigenesis and development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC is commonly diagnosed late due to vague early symptoms . At first consultation, 70% of cases were diagnosed as cervical lymph node metastasis and 20-35% were diagnosed as long distant metastasis [2–4]. It is important to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of dynamic development of NPC. It is extremely necessary to identify the biomarkers and detect the high-risk factors in the progression of NPC.
microRNAs (or 'miRNAs', which are small noncoding RNA molecules) as post-transcriptional regulators have been a hotspot in research for their involvement in biological processes and tumour development [5, 6]. They have been found to regulate genes involved in diverse biological functions, including development, differentiation, proliferation, and stress response. The dysregulation of miRNAs appears to play a crucial role in cancer pathogenesis where they exert their effect as oncogenes or as tumour suppressors . A growing number of miRNAs have been implicated in carcinogenic process. A significant number of miRNAs have been mapped to cancer-associated genomic regions. Expression of the miRNA let-7 has been correlated with prognosis in lung cancer and found to regulate Ras in the same tumor . Very recently, miR-10b has been shown to contribute to metastasis in breast cancer .
To date, several miRNAs have been shown to target specific mRNAs to regulate the progression of NPC. miR-216b , miR-218 , miR-26a/b [12, 13], miR-10b , let-7 , miR-141 , miR-200a  have been shown to have tumor suppressive functions in NPC. Not surprisingly, Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miRNAs have oncogenic properties [18–20]. It is well known that EBV infection has been identified as an essential factor in the carcinogenesis of NPC . EBV-infection severely deregulates the miRNA profile of the host cell . Several EBV encoded miRNAs were expressed at levels similar to highly abundant human miRNAs. EBV-encoded miRNAs such as miR-BART1-5p, miR-BART16, and miRBART17-5p, are intimately involved in processes leading to NPC [23, 24]. The microRNA array has been performed by independent labs, identifying several differentially-expressed miRNAs in NPC [25–27]. The development of NPC is a multistage process, depending on spatial and temporal control of gene expression. Thus, it is unclear whether dysregulation of microRNA expression is an aberrant event that occurs during NPC progression. The dynamic regulatory roles of miRNA need to be explored. A key to understanding the role of miRNA is to determine when and where they are expressed . Here, we studied the miRNA dynamic expression profiles in different clinical stages of NPC and NPC lymph node metastasis. The predicted miRNA target genes were compared to the cDNA expression in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (GSE12452). We found that a series of genes and miRNAs play an important role in the stepwise development of NPC.
Similar to protein-coding genes, the transcription of miRNAs is also regulated by transcription factors (TFs) [29, 30], an important class of gene regulators that act at the transcriptional level. The normal regulation of miRNAs by TFs is critical, and aberrant regulation of miRNAs by TFs can cause phenotypic variations and diseases . Therefore, a TF-miRNA regulation database would be helpful for understanding the mechanisms by which TFs regulate miRNAs and then understanding their contribution to diseases.
In this study, the miRNA-gene interaction and transcription factor-miRNA interaction network were also described. Our study gives perspective on miRNAs expression in the stepwise development of NPC. It revealed the global trends in miRNA interactome in NPC.
Patient samples and laser-capture microdissection
Snap-frozen NPC biopsies were obtained from NPC patients and normal, healthy nasopharyngeal epithelial samples from biopsy-negative cases were used as control. The criteria of clinical staging of NPC samples was based on the 2008 staging system of NPC, which was established in 2008 according to NPC 92 and AJCC staging system [32, 33]. NPC samples in clinical staging I-IV were used (numbers I to IV, with IV having greater progression). Samples were collected from Xiangya Second Hospital, Central South University. The patients were informed about the sample collection and had signed informed consent forms. Collections and use of tissue samples were approved by the ethical review committees of Xiangya Second Hospital (Additional file 1). Laser capture microdissection was used to separate the cancer tissues from the normal tissues. Samples were first frozen-sectioned by using a LEICA CM 1900 cryomicrotome. Phase contrast images were acquired using LEICA CTR 6500 microscope.
Total RNA was extracted using Trizol® reagent (Invitrogen) from samples. Two hundred nanograms (200 ng) of total RNA from each sample were used for the follow-up microarray. Poly(A) polymerase (PAP) was used to add a stretch of Poly-A tail to the 3' end of each sequence in total RNA. The Ambion Illumina TotalPrep RNA Amplification Kit was used to synthesize biotinylated cDNA. MicroRNA expression profiling kit contains primers for 1146 human miRNAs. The biotinylated cDNAs were hybridized with microRNA-specific oligonucleotides. The unbinding oligos were washed away and followed by the extension and ligation reaction. Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) were performed with fluorescently labelled universal primers, followed by hybridizing of the fluorescently labelled, single-stranded PCR products to capture beads. The fluorescent signals were then detected by Illumina's iScan System. All steps were performed according to Illumina's instructions manual.
1. Multi-Class Dif (RVM-F test)
Raw data from each array were analyzed using Multi-Class Dif (RVM-F test) which is applicable to small sample size analysis for multiple groups. The RVM F-test was applied to screen the dynamic differentially-expressed genes. The detailed methods were applied as previously described [34–36].
2. Gene Ontology (GO)
The TargetScan database was used to predict the target gene of miRNAs. To understand the functions of predicted target genes, we used the ontology classification of genes based on gene annotation and summary information available through DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery). The predicted target genes were assigned to functional groups based on molecular function, biological processes and specific pathways.
miRNAs sequence was mapped to the genome in the Sanger database. The Jemboss software was used to examine the alignment of sequences of pre-miRs and putative transcription factor binding sequences. A genome browser database was used to build the relationship of transcription factors and miRNAs network. An adjacency matrix was implemented in Java (programming language) according to the binding of pre-miRNAs and transcription factors. The network's core transcription factor is the most important centre with the biggest degree [37, 38]. The Pearson correlation analysis  is used to measure the regulatory ability of transcription factors by calculating the correlation between transcription factors and the miRNAs.
The MicroRNA-Gene-Network was based on the interactions of miRNAs and target genes . Twenty miRNAs of interest were built determined by pathways extracted from KEGG as primary nodes-networks. The significance of relationship of the miRNAs and target genes network was evaluated by the number of nodes in the network with degree greater than 10. In the MicroRNA-Gene-Network, the circle represents gene and the square represents MicroRNA, and their relationship was represented by one edge.
Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis
Total RNA was extracted using Trizol® reagent (Invitrogen) from samples. The primers for RT-PCR to detect miRNA were designed based on the miRNA sequences provided by the Sanger Center miRNA Registry. The primers were synthesized and purified by the Shanghai Gene-Pharma Co. (Shanghai, China). RT reactions were performed by means of the iScript cDNA synthesis kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Real-time PCR was performed on the BIO-RAD IQTM5 Multicolor Real-Time PCR detection System (Bio-Rad). The qPCR cycle was 98°C for 2 min., 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 sec., 60°C for 30 sec. Final melt-curve analysis (60°-95°C) was included. The standard curve was produced with slopes at approximately -3.32 (~100% efficiency); miRNA PCR quantification used 2ΔΔct method against the U6 for normalization. mRNA PCR quantification used 2ΔΔct method against the GAPDH for normalization. The data are representative of the means of three experiments.
1. miRNA expression profile in the stepwise development of NPC
The aberrantly expressed miRNAs in the different multi-stages of NPC
hsa-miR-449a, hsa-miR-34c-3p, hsa-miR-32, hsa-miR-34b, hsa-miR-625, hsa-miR-34b* hsa-miR-34c-5p
hsa-miR-455-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-411, hsa-miR-107
hsa-miR-34b, hsa-miR-34c-3p, hsa-miR-34b*, hsa-miR-449a, hsa-miR-34c-5p
hsa-miR-17-5p:9.1, hsa-miR-107, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-18a, hsa-miR-339-5p, hsa-miR-99a, hsa-miR-34a*, hsa-miR-411, hsa-miR-455-5p, hsa-miR-149
hsa-miR-99a, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-99b, hsa-miR-339-5p, hsa-miR-708, hsa-miR-200a*, hsa-miR-18b, hsa-miR-20a*, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-107, hsa-miR-18a*, hsa-miR-17-5p:9.1, hsa-miR-34a*, hsa-miR-503, hsa-miR-455-5p, hsa-miR-411, hsa-miR-18a, hsa-miR-149
hsa-miR-449a, hsa-miR-32, hsa-miR-34b*, hsa-miR-34c-5p, hsa-miR-186, hsa-miR-130b, hsa-miR-34c-3p, hsa-miR-34b, hsa-miR-181c, hsa-miR-361-3p, hsa-miR-429, hsa-miR-625, hsa-miR-335, hsa-let-7c, hsa-miR-29c, hsa-miR-421, hsa-miR-141, hsa-miR-29a
hsa-miR-708, hsa-miR-149, hsa-miR-20a*, hsa-miR-34a*, hsa-miR-99a, hsa-miR-107, hsa-let-7d*, hsa-miR-483-3p, hsa-miR-18b, hsa-miR-455-5p, hsa-miR-199b-5p, hsa-miR-193a-5p, hsa-miR-99b, hsa-miR-503, hsa-miR-18a, hsa-miR-409-3p, hsa-miR-411, hsa-miR-1, hsa-miR-206
These results suggested that these miRNAs might play important roles in the stepwise development of NPC.
2. Target gene prediction of miRNAs and gene function analysis
Putative target genes of 48 differentially expressed miRNAs were searched with online algorithms for miRNA target prediction (TargetScan). More than a thousand target genes were predicted for the 48 miRNAs. The predicted target gene lists were narrowed down by searching the data from ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/repository/UniGene/ to find the nasopharyngeal- specific genes.
Putative target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs in NPC biopsies, which was consistent with the mRNA expression
API5, PCDH17, SMAD2, MTSS1, PDCD10, PDCD4, SMAD4
PDCD4, MTSS1, ARHGAP24, SIAH1, PTEN
TP63, SMAD2, CNTNAP2
DICER1, GIGYF2, STK4, RABGAP1, NOTCH2, NEDD9, ATM, SMAD2, NAV1, FOSL2, CAMKK2, STK4, BTG3, UBE2Z, IRF2, LIN54, HIF1A, RABGAP1, CCDC88A, ETV6, CCND2
CADM1, MORF4L2, PTEN, SMAD1, SMAD4, TP53BP2
AKT2, CADM1, CDH1, SMAD4
BMPR2, IGF1R, THAP2
BCL2L2, ESR1, HBEGF, HBP1, HSPB8, IGFBP5, ITGA2, LPP, MAP3K1 MKL2, MLLT4, SOCS3
ESR1, ITGB8, MBD2, MIA3, MLL, SOCS3, TET2
BCL2L2, HBEGF, HBP1, HSPG2, ITGB1, LAMC2, LTBR, MIB1, MLF1, MMP2, NDST1, SVEP1
BTRC, CTNNA1, CUL3, CYLD, ESR1, HIPK1, ITGA2, ITM2B, MKL2, MXD1, PAPD5, PPP1CB, SMAD3
DCBLD2, FOXN3, IKZF1, NPTN PAFAH1B1, USP10, YY1
ARHGAP1, ARHGEF3, BCL11B, C16orf5, CNTNAP1, FOXN3, FUT8, IL6R, ITGB8, ITSN1, JAG1, MLL2, NDST1, NOTCH2, NPNT, PPFIA1, PTPRM, PVRL1, SERPINE1, VCL, YY1
MIB1, MLL5, NDST1, RHOA, RND3
GO Functional Annotation of the target genes
up-regulated target gene GO functional annotation
GO:0010941~regulation of cell death
GO:0043067~regulation of programmed cell death
GO:0042981~regulation of apoptosis
GO:0042127~regulation of cell proliferation
GO:0051270~regulation of cell motion
GO:0040012~regulation of locomotion
GO:0030334~regulation of cell migration
down-regulated target gene GO functional annotation
GO:0042127~regulation of cell proliferation
GO:0012501~programmed cell death
The KEGG-PATHWAY analysis of the target genes
up-regulated target gene KEGG-PATHWAY
hsa04514:Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
hsa04810:Regulation of actin cytoskeleton
hsa05200:Pathways in cancer
hsa04120:Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis
down-regulated target gene KEGG-PATHWAY
hsa05200:Pathways in cancer
hsa04115:p53 signaling pathway
hsa04350:TGF-beta signaling pathway
hsa04310:Wnt signaling pathway
3. Validation of expression of microRNA and their target genes
4. The miRNA transcriptional network for NPC development
The predicted transcription factors binding to the 48 aberrant miRNAs with the degree bigger than 10
degree ≥ 10
ETS2, MYB, Sp1, KLF6, NFE2, PCBP1, TMEM54
ETS2, MYB, KLF6, Sp1, PCBP1, TMEM54, YY1, NFE2
ETS2, MYB, NFE2, PCBP1, APP, KLF6, Sp1, TMEM54, YY1, RUNX2, TFCP2, TEAD2, NR3C1, TFAP2A
Lymph node metastasis
ETS2, MYB, NFE2, Sp1, YY1, KLF6, TMEM54, ESR1, PCBP1, APP, TEAD2, RUNX2, TFCP2, TFAP2A, MAZ, NR3C1, TBP, WT1, MYC, AP1S1, USF1
TF-miRNAs-target genes feedback loop
While the process events that result in NPC remain unclear, global transcriptome analysis, including miRNAome [40, 41], is a useful tool to investigate dynamic change of molecular networks between different clinical stages. Although the microRNA array has been performed by two independent labs [25, 26], the dynamic miRNA expression during the development of NPC remains unknown. NPC is a multistage process that usually takes decades to develop. It is necessary to investigate the molecular events during the process. In our study, samples from different clinical stages of NPC were analyzed by the microRNA array. Microdissection was performed to ensure the purity of cancer tissues. Usually microarray techniques provide a valuable way of characterizing the molecular nature of disease but the expense and limited specimen availability often lead to studies with small sample sizes. This makes accurate estimation of variability difficult. Since variance estimates made on a gene-by-gene basis will have few degrees of freedom, the assumption that all genes share equal variance is unlikely to be true. To solve this problem, in this study, Multi-Class Dif was used which is applicable to the small sample sizes and we found that 48 miRNAs were differentially expressed in the four development stages and lymph node metastasis.
In our study, we present a global relative expression analysis of miRNAs in NPC. miRNAs with similar expression profiles are clustered together in 6 patterns by cluster 3.0. In pattern 1, miRNA expressions gradually decreased during the development of NPC, which may function as a tumor suppressor gene, such as miR-29 [42, 43]. In pattern 5, miRNA expressions gradually increased during the development of NPC, such as miR-18a/b. miR-18a/b was clustered together with miR-17-92 [44, 45] according to the similar expression profiles, which were induced by c-myc and reported to promote cell differentiation and proliferation. In pattern 6, such as miR-206  and miR-1 , miRNA expressions dramatically increased in the lymph node metastasis. It indicated that these miRNAs may play an important role in the metastasis and may be a special biomarker for the lymph node metastasis.
Bioinformatic algorithms have played a key role in the discovery of miRNAs, prediction of target genes and miRNAome. TargetScan, PicTar and miRanda were commonly used to predict miRNA target genes. We identified thousands of target genes in which only a small fraction of miRNA are actually involved in the biological process. The algorithms mentioned above showed limited consistency among predicted targets. It is necessary to identify the confirmed target genes which are actually related to the miRNA regulation function. In this study, the thousands of target genes were refined by screening with the nasopharyngeal- specifically expressed genes. Another data reduction strategy is to compare the miRNA expression and cDNA expression data and select the miRNA which is consistent with the cDNA expression . The cDNA expression data (GSE12452) were downloaded from the publicly-accessible National Center for Biotechnology Information-Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The data reduction strategies narrowed down the target miRNA list and promoted the accuracy of high-throughput technology and bioinformatics. Using these data reduction strategy, we narrowed down the miRNAs list, showing that miR-29a/c, miR-34b/c, miR-429, miR-203, miR-222, miR-1/206, miR-141, miR-18a/b, miR-544, miR-205 and miR-149 may be the most important modulator during the development of NPC. The expressions of these miRNAs were also validated using real-time RT-PCR.
It is estimated that 1-4% of genes in the human genome encode miRNAs and a single miRNA can regulate as many as 200 mRNAs . The expression of miRNAs can be activated or repressed by transcription factors (TFs), which therefore can serve as upstream regulators of miRNAs. In recent years, many researchers have attempted to understand how miRNAs act to regulate target genes and what their roles are in various diseases. However, the study of miRNAs regulation by TFs (TF-miRNA regulation) has been relatively limited. We reported previously that miRNAs and TFs may cooperate to regulate target gene expression. In addition, miRNAs and TFs can form feedback or feed-forward loops, which play critical roles in various biological processes. For example, ETS2 induces expression of miR-7 which, in turn, suppresses the expression of ETS2 activity. Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant regulation of miRNAs by TFs can cause diseases. Therefore, TF-miRNA regulation is one of the most important aspects of the study of both miRNAs and TFs. In this study, we bioinformatically predicted twenty-one TFs, seven of which may be the key regulator of the miRNA expression. This study provides an initial valuable data set for the miRNA regulation and its function.
The goal of profiling miRNA expression in this study is to discover the specific miRNAs in which influence the development of NPC. We found that miR-29a/c, miR-34b, miR-34c-3p, miR-34c-5p, miR-429, miR-203, miR-222, miR-1/206, miR-141, miR-18a/b, miR-544, miR-205 and miR-149 may play important roles in this respect. Merging the mRNA expression array and building an integrated molecular net-work associated with NPC enables us to gain a better understanding of the overall pathology. The transcription factors that including ETS2, MYB, Sp1, KLF6, NFE2, PCBP1 and TMEM54 exert regulatory functions on the miRNA expression. Three of them were predicted to repress their own translation through a TF-miRNAs-gene feedback loop. Bioinformatics and data filtering strategy were combined to screen the miRNAs which may be the key modulator in the process of tumorigenesis.
This work was supported by national natural science foundation of China (project number 81000882); the National Training and Research Base for Talents of principles of carcinogenesis foundation (111 project: 111-2-12);Hunan Natural Science Foundation (10JJ7003) and Facilities Sharing Fund of Central South University (ZKJ2010006).
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