Which best demonstrates the basic principle of cephalocaudal development?
|A)||an infant first producing an endogenous smile, then an exogenous smile, then a laugh|
|B)||an infant first being able to raise the head, then sit up, then stand up|
|C)||an infant obtaining visual skills, then olfactory skills, then auditory skills|
|D)||an infant cooing, then babbling, then the first word, then language|
The proximodistal progression pattern is seen in children's:
|A)||drawings, which are first done using the entire arm, and eventually using only the wrist and fingers.|
|B)||toileting behaviour, which proceeds from urine control to bowel control.|
|C)||head size, which originally comprises about one-fourth of the body, and eventually only one-eighth of the body.|
|D)||memory, which proceeds from sensory store to short-term to long-term store.|
Which statement most accurately describes height and weight changes during infancy?
|A)||Both increase more rapidly during the second year than during the first year.|
|B)||Girls increase in height and weight faster than boys do during infancy.|
|C)||The sexes grow at the same rate during infancy.|
|D)||Both height and weight increase more rapidly during the first year than during the second year.|
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of the infant brain?
|A)||Increasing experience increases the number of neurons.|
|B)||Increasing experience increases the number of connections between neurons.|
|C)||The dendrites branch out with increasing age.|
|D)||Neurotransmitters change with increasing age.|
The process of encasing axons with fat cells, which protects nerve cells and helps nerve impulses travel faster, is referred to as:
Charles Nelson has made great strides in finding out about the brain's development in infancy by using:
The most extensive research on brain lateralization has focused on:
Research on language processing in the brain has found that:
|A)||virtually all language is carried out in the left hemisphere.|
|B)||virtually all language is carried out in the right hemisphere.|
|C)||in normal people, the complex thinking required to produce language results from communication between both hemispheres.|
|D)||in normal people, tasks involving logical thinking are carried out in the left hemisphere and those involving creative thinking occur in the right hemisphere.|
Neuroscientists believe that what wires the brain is:
|D)||a delicate balance of proteins and amino acids.|
If an alien randomly dropped in on ten newborns, it might conclude that humans spend their entire first months of life:
Which statement most accurately portrays the sleep-wake cycle of infants?
|A)||Infants sleep less as they grow older.|
|B)||Newborn sleep is reflexive, whereas infant sleep is intentional.|
|C)||Infants eventually sleep more during the day than they do at night.|
|D)||Infants spend less time sleeping than do adults.|
Cross-cultural research demonstrates that infant sleep patterns around the world:
|A)||are the same.|
|B)||differ for each culture.|
|C)||may relate to mother-child contact.|
|D)||have been steadily changing as humans evolve.|
Sleep researchers have found that:
|A)||infants and adults exhibit very similar patterns of REM sleep.|
|B)||infants engage in more REM sleep than adults.|
|C)||adults engage in more REM sleep than infants.|
|D)||adults enter REM sleep earlier in the sleep cycle than infants do.|
Since child-health experts began recommending that infants __________, the frequency of SIDS has decreased.
|A)||sleep on their stomachs|
|B)||sleep on their backs|
|C)||sleep on their sides|
|D)||do not sleep with their mothers|
Juan was a low-birthweight infant, while Serge was a premature infant. Which statement applies to them?
|A)||Neither is vulnerable to SIDS.|
|B)||Juan is less vulnerable to SIDS than Serge.|
|C)||Juan is more vulnerable to SIDS than Serge.|
|D)||Both are vulnerable to SIDS.|
Infants require about ____ joules a day for each kilogram they weigh.
The Canadian Paediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada, and Health Canada all recommend exclusive breast-feeding for AT LEAST:
|A)||the first month|
|B)||the first four months|
|C)||the first year|
|D)||the first and second year|
Which statement best characterizes infant reflexes?
|A)||Reflexes are vestigial remnants of early evolutionary processes.|
|B)||Reflexes are genetically carried survival mechanisms.|
|C)||Modern infants rely more on learning than on reflexes.|
|D)||All reflexes disappear by the end of infancy.|
Charlie turns his head, opens his mouth, and begins sucking when his cheek is stroked. Charlie is demonstrating which reflex?
Which infant motor event typically occurs first?
|A)||stands with support|
|B)||cruises around furniture|
|D)||sits without support|
Most pediatricians recommend that parents:
|A)||slowly ease their babies into structured exercise regimes.|
|B)||enroll their babies in exercise classes.|
|C)||use exercise sessions as a way to bond with their babies.|
|D)||avoid structured exercise classes for babies.|
As a researcher who uses the developmental biodynamics perspective, Dr. Sandee would:
|A)||describe the ages at which various motor achievements are reached.|
|B)||describe universal milestones (e.g., crawling, walking) as a process of adaptation.|
|C)||explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of brain maturation.|
|D)||explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of maturation of the central nervous system.|
_________ occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors.
Was William James right when he proclaimed that newborns experience a "blooming, buzzing" world of confusion?
|A)||No, because infants' perception of visual information is more advanced than previously thought.|
|B)||Yes, because infants' visual acuity is less than that of adults.|
|C)||Yes, because infants sense the world but do not perceive it.|
|D)||No, because infants' reflexes allow for organization into perceptual categories.|
Robert Fantz (1963) found that infants as young as 2 days old:
|A)||were able to focus on their mothers' eyes.|
|B)||were able to distinguish contour.|
|C)||showed a preference for patterned stimuli over plain stimuli.|
|D)||began to perceive the oval shape of the head.|
In Gibson and Walk's (1960) experiment, infants placed on one side of a visual cliff refused to go to their mothers who were coaxing them from the other side. This result was cited as evidence for:
|B)||failure of visual acuity.|
|C)||inability to hear at a distance.|
|D)||inability to crawl.|
What evidence indicates that a fetus can hear?
|A)||A fetus moves when a loud noise occurs.|
|B)||Newborns prefer their mother's voice to strangers' voices.|
|C)||Hearing is more sensitive and better developed among newborns who have been experimentally stimulated before birth|
|D)||Newborns prefer to hear stories that were read to them in their mother's womb.|
One current controversy concerning the medical treatment of infants involves:
|A)||the use of small amounts of cocaine to stimulate the heart rate of sluggish neonates.|
|B)||the rule of now allowing mothers to hold their at-risk low-birthweight neonate immediately after birth.|
|C)||not using any anesthetics when performing surgery on young infants.|
|D)||the fact that a mother's opinion outweighs a father's when it comes to a decision of whether a child should be given a heart transplant.|
Which of the following smells do infants like the LEAST?
|C)||their mother's milk|
Jessica turned her head when she heard footsteps in the hall, then she smiled when she saw her mother come into the room. This demonstrates ________ perception.
Jean Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by:
|A)||reviewing the literature on cognitive development.|
|B)||surveying thousands of parents.|
|C)||observing his own children.|
|D)||testing hundreds of children in his laboratory.|
In a Piagetian model, __________ is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize and understand their experiences.
Piaget's theory is a qualitative theory of cognitive development, which means that it:
|A)||uses standardized tests to measure and describe thought.|
|B)||explains what kinds of knowledge are typical of children at different ages.|
|C)||identifies different kinds of thinking children perform at different ages.|
|D)||provides ways to determine how well children think at different stages.|
According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants' behaviours are:
By chance, Abigail shook her rattle. She then began to repeat this action of shaking her rattle. As a normal infant, Abigail is in which substage?
|B)||first habits and primary circular reactions|
|C)||secondary circular reactions|
|D)||coordination of secondary circular reactions|
Laurent has problems retrieving a ball that rolled out of reach, so he uses a Tinkertoy stick to hit it. He is in which substage?
|A)||primary circular reactions|
|B)||secondary circular reactions|
|C)||coordination of secondary circular reactions|
|D)||tertiary circular reactions|
When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old he does look for it, reflecting the presence of:
Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that:
|A)||Piaget's view was accurate.|
|B)||Piaget's view was wrong.|
|C)||Piaget's view needs to be modified.|
|D)||it is impossible to replicate Piaget's research because it was done primarily on his three children.|
Research by Renée Baillargeon has found that:
|A)||infants as young as 4 months of age have intermodal perception.|
|B)||infants as young as 4 months of age expect objects to be substantial and permanent.|
|C)||equipment for testing children under 4 months of age is not yet sophisticated enough to provide useful information about perception.|
|D)||infants are not able to see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background until they are at least 4 months old.|
Carolyn Rovee-Collier (1987) has demonstrated:
|A)||young infants' inability to learn from classical conditioning.|
|B)||young infants' inability to learn from operant conditioning.|
|C)||how infants can retain information through classical conditioning.|
|D)||how infants can retain information through operant conditioning.|
________ occurs when repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in a reduced reaction to that stimulus.
Canadian psychologist Megan Easterbrook and her colleagues (1999) examined newborns' ability to perceive images of normal and scrambled faces. They found that:
|A)||newborns habituated quicker to normal faces.|
|B)||newborns habituated quicker to scrambled faces.|
|C)||newborns showed a preference for both normal and scrambled faces over a blank card.|
|D)||it was impossible to study habituation in newborns.|
Research by Andrew Meltzoff (1992, 1999) showing the infant's ability to imitate adult facial expressions shortly after birth demonstrates that:
|A)||imitative abilities are learned quickly.|
|B)||imitation has a biological base.|
|C)||infants have a full range of emotional expression at birth.|
|D)||imitation is a form of emotional expression.|
Meltzoff has found that infants demonstrate the ability to engage in deferred imitation by age ____ months.
Lorenzo is a normal 4-month-old infant. Thus we would expect him to have _________ memory.
|A)||both implicit and explicit|
|B)||neither implicit nor explicit|
|C)||implicit but not explicit|
|D)||explicit but not implicit|
Sarula is 18 years old. She finds it frustrating that she cannot remember anything prior to the time she was 3 years old. According to the research on memory:
|A)||she is "normal," since most adults cannot remember anything from the first 3 years of their life.|
|B)||her memory is deficient, since it is common for adults to remember back to the time when they were at least 2 years old.|
|C)||she should be concerned, because it appears she is suffering from a loss of memory called infantile amnesia.|
|D)||her inability to remember before age 3 may be an indicator that she was sexually molested as an infant.|
The developmental quotient (DQ) is a global developmental score that combines subscores in all of the following domains EXCEPT:
The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence:
|A)||estimates intelligence by comparing the amount of time a baby looks at a new object and the amount of time spent looking at a familiar object.|
|B)||assesses infants' overall development in terms of motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains.|
|C)||has been successful at measuring infant intelligence in industrialized nations, but not in third-world countries.|
|D)||was the first measure of infant intelligence.|
The _________ has been predictive of academic achievement at 6 or 8 years of age.
|A)||Piagetian Sensorimotor Scales|
|B)||Bayley Scales of Infant Development|
|C)||Gesell Developmental Schedules|
|D)||Brazelton Neonatal Behaviour Assessment Scales|
Infant intelligence scales are useful for all of the following EXCEPT:
|A)||assessing the effects of malnutrition.|
|B)||predicting childhood intelligence.|
|C)||determining developmental effects of environmental stimulation.|
|D)||measuring detrimental effects of a mother's prenatal drug-taking habits.|
Language is most accurately defined as a system of __________ that allows for communication with others.
The child's first word is typically uttered at around __________ months.
|A)||3 to 6|
|B)||6 to 9|
|C)||9 to 10|
|D)||10 to 15|
Which statement about the two-word utterances of 18- to 24-month old children is NOT correct?
|A)||The child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context to help convey meaning.|
|B)||They are used by children around the world.|
|C)||They are difficult for adults to understand.|
|D)||They can communicate a wealth of meaning.|
The strongest evidence for the biological basis of language is that:
|A)||a language acquisition device (LAD) has been located in the brain's temporal lobe.|
|B)||children all over the world reach language milestones at about the same time and in the same order.|
|C)||language represents chains of responses and imitation.|
|D)||children from middle-income professional and welfare backgrounds develop normally in terms of language.|
Language acquisition researchers believe children acquire their native language:
|A)||with systematic reinforcement.|
|B)||with a great deal of encouragement.|
|C)||with much assistance.|
|D)||without explicit teaching.|
In their study of language development in children, Hart and Risley (1995) found that:
|A)||middle-income professional parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the welfare parents did.|
|B)||welfare parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the middle-income professional parents did.|
|C)||there were few differences between the amount of time middle-income professional parents and welfare parents spent communicating with their children.|
|D)||the amount of time that parents spent communicating with their children made little difference in terms of the children's later language abilities.|
Dr. Jones claims Marie can make a negative statement because that use was reinforced. Dr. Jones most likely takes which view?
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about infant-directed speech?
|A)||It is sometimes called "parentese."|
|B)||It involves the use of simple words and sentences.|
|C)||Much of it is automatic when an adult is talking to a baby.|
|D)||It has a lower than normal pitch.|
When Jennifer said, "The deer was running," Mother asked, "Where was the deer running?" Mother's strategy is: