|Publication number||US8209612 B2|
|Application number||US 12/762,747|
|Publication date||Jun 26, 2012|
|Filing date||Apr 19, 2010|
|Priority date||Oct 15, 2003|
|Also published as||US7725828, US20100275121, US20120301114|
|Publication number||12762747, 762747, US 8209612 B2, US 8209612B2, US-B2-8209612, US8209612 B2, US8209612B2|
|Original Assignee||Apple Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (75), Non-Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (4), Classifications (18), Legal Events (1)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/686,990, filed Oct. 15, 2003 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,725,828 on May 25, 2010. U.S. Pat. No. 7,725,828 is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention is directed towards the application of speed effects to a video presentation.
In recent years, there has been a proliferation of video editing applications. These applications allow a user to create video presentations by combining one or more video and audio tracks, and applying one or more video and/or audio effects to these tracks. Speed effects are one type of effects that are commonly employed by video editing applications. Speed effects allow a user to specify different speeds for playing different sections of the presentation. For instance, by using speed effects, an editor can divide a video presentation into three parts, where the first part plays at twice its created rate (e.g., at 60 frames per second (fps) for a content rate of 30 fps), the second part plays at half its created rate (e.g., at 15 fps for a content rate of 30 fps), and the third part plays at 3 times its content rate (e.g., at 90 fps for a content rate of 30 fps).
Applying speed effects with prior video editing applications is often difficult and time consuming. Specifically, prior video editing applications do not apply speed effects to presentations in real-time. For instance, each time a user (also referred to below as an editor) specifies a new set of speed effects, some prior editing applications render a new media file with the speed effect. This rendering is quite time consuming. Also, if the editor is not happy with the rendered results, the editor would have to re-specify the speed effects, and re-render the media file once again. In addition, while the user is specifying new speed effects, this editing application does not provide adequate feedback regarding the frames on which the speed effects are being defined.
Therefore, there is a need for a method that can apply speed effects to a presentation and display the results of this application in real-time. Ideally, this method can apply the speed effects and display the results without having to render the presentation. Furthermore, ideally, this method would use an intuitive interface that allows the editor to easily specify speed effects and to discern the result of these effects.
Some embodiments provide a method of specifying speed effects for playing a video clip. The method defines a set of speed effects for the video clip. It then displays in real-time a presentation of the video clip that accounts for the set of speed effects defined for the video clip. In some embodiments, this method represents the playback speed of a video clip in terms of a graph that is part of a graphical user interface (“GUI”). This graph is defined along two axes, with one axis representing the playback time, and the other axis representing the content-time (i.e., the time within the video clip). In these embodiments, a user can change the playback speed of the video clip by using a set of GUI operations to select and modify the graph. For instance, a user can select and adjust the graph at different instances in time in order to change the playback speed of the video clip at these instances. Different embodiments use different types of graphs to represent playback speed. For instance, some embodiments use a deformable line bar that is superimposed on a rectangle that represents the video clip.
The novel features of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. However, for purpose of explanation, several embodiments of the invention are set forth in the following figures.
In the following description, numerous details are set forth for purpose of explanation. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will realize that the invention may be practiced without the use of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order not to obscure the description of the invention with unnecessary detail.
Some embodiments of the invention provide a method of specifying speed effects for playing a video clip. A video clip can be a composite of one or more video clips, one or more audio tracks, and one or more video and audio effects. A video clip includes a number of frames, which are typically presented at a particular frame rate (e.g., at 25 fps, 30 fps, 60 fps). At times, each frame is presented in terms of two consecutive fields (e.g., is presented at 50 or 60 fields per second for a 25 or 30 fps video clip).
The method of some embodiments defines a set of speed effects for the video clip. It then displays in real-time a presentation of the video clip that accounts for the set of speed effects defined for the video clip. In some embodiments, this method represents the playback speed of a video clip in terms of a graph that is part of a graphical user interface (“GUI”). This graph is defined along two axes, with one axis representing the playback time, and the other axis representing the content-time (i.e., the time within the video clip). In these embodiments, a user can change the playback speed of the video clip by using a set of GUI operations to select and modify the graph. For instance, a user can select and adjust the graph at different instances in time in order to change the playback speed of the video clip at these instances.
I. Graphical User Interface
Different embodiments use different types of graphs to represent playback speed. For instance, some embodiments described below use a deformable line bar to represent the playback speed. Specifically,
On the other hand, when the editor specifies one or more speed effects for the video clip, the clip's playback duration will be different than the clip's content duration. For instance,
The time marker 125 identifies the portion of the video clip that is displayed at each instance in time. Specifically, when the video clip is playing, the time marker 125 moves along the timeline 115 at a particular playback rate (e.g., 25, 30, or 60 fps). The intersection of this marker at a particular playback time with the speed bar 105 identifies the video frame that is to be displayed at the particular time. For example, in
The GUI of some embodiments of the invention have a preview window that displays the frame at the intersection of the time marker 125 and the speed bar 105.
As illustrated in
Also, displaying the playback time values on top of the video-clip box 110 frees up the bottom side of these boxes for placing speed indicators 150. Speed indicators are marks placed along the playback time line 115 to indicate how the video clip's frames are extended or condensed by the speed effects specified by the editor. The speed indicators 150 move closer and further as the frames are set to appear closer and further apart. In other words, the distance between the speed indicators illustrates the speed effects that are being achieved. In some cases, an editor might forego viewing the speed bar and instead perform speed adjustments by simply relying on the speed indicators. As further described below, the speed indicators in some embodiments have one color (e.g., black) when the edited presentation traverses forward through a video clip and have another color (e.g., red) when the presentation traverses backwards through the clip.
Through the speed bar 105, an editor can easily add or modify speed effects to a video clip. Specifically, the editor can change the playback speed at any point in the playback time by deforming the speed bar 105 at that point in time. For instance, in some embodiments, a user can deform the speed bar 105 through a simple click-and-drag operation.
A keyframe along the speed bar specifies the exact playback time for a frame that is within a video clip at a particular content time. This specification, in turn, allows an editor to specify any arbitrary traversal and speed for this traversal through the video clip. The editor can add or edit speed-effects by adding, deleting, and moving keyframes on the speed bar.
More specifically, as shown in
Some embodiments display in a preview window the frame that is set to appear at the playback-time value of a newly defined keyframe or of a selected, previously defined keyframe. For instance,
As shown in
In addition, after the user clicks on the speed-effect icon 425, the user can create a keyframe at a particular playback time, by clicking the cursor somewhere in the video track 205 b and dragging the cursor to the particular playback time. This click-and-drag operation, in some embodiments, initially directs the application to display a playhead and a keyframe at the intersection of this playhead and the speed bar (assuming no keyframe was previously defined at this intersection; if such a keyframe was previously defined, the operation selects the previously defined keyframe instead of creating a new one). Subsequently, as the editor drags the cursor, the playhead scrolls across the speed bar and the keyframe moves across this graph, until reaching the particular playback time.
Some embodiments also allow an editor to create a keyframe at a particular playback time and a particular content time by simply clicking on the speed bar at the intersection of the particular playback and content times. The editor can direct the application to display the speed bar through a variety of ways. One way is to press the control key and click within the video track 205 b. This operation directs the application to display a menu window, which has one option that the editor can select to view the speed bar.
When the keyframe moves along the content timeline (e.g., when it is dragged from 310 to 505 or to 605), the frames that appear in a preview window 215 change in some embodiments. In other words, whenever a keyframe makes a transition along the content timeline that corresponds to a transition from a first frame to a second frame, the display in the preview window 215 changes from the first frame to the second. The frames in the preview window change with the movement of the keyframe along the content timeline in order to help the editor associate a particular frame with a particular keyframe (i.e., to select a particular frame to appear at a particular playback time).
In some embodiments, the movement of the keyframe and the video-clip rectangle can be modified during a click-and-drag operation by pressing a particular key. For instance, some embodiments scroll through the frames one frame at a time when the command key is pressed during a click-and-drag operation that moves a keyframe along the content timeline. In addition, some embodiments scroll through the frames by jumping along the content timeline at 10% speed intervals, when the shift key is pressed during a click-and-drag operation that moves a keyframe along the content timeline.
Also, when the option is key pressed during a click-and-drag operation that drags the cursor left or right, some embodiments move the keyframe left or right instead of scrolling through the frames. In other words, during such a click-and-drag operation, these embodiments keep the keyframe tied to the frame that the keyframe was associated with at the start of the click-and-drag operation, and just translate the cursor movement to the motion of the keyframe along the playback timeline. In essence, this motion moves the keyframe's associated frame to an earlier or later point in the playback timeline.
Although a set of operations have been described above for modifying the position of keyframes and video-clip rectangles, one of ordinary skill will realize that other embodiments might use a different set of operations to change the position of keyframes and video-clip rectangles. For instance, without requiring the pressing of any keyboard key, some embodiments might move the keyframe left or right when the click-and-drag operation moves the cursor left or right. These embodiments might then move the keyframe up or down when a particular key (e.g., the option key) is pressed and a click-and-drag operation moves the cursor left or right.
As illustrated in
On the other hand, when in
Once the editor positions a keyframe at a desired location, the editor terminates the click-and-drag operation (e.g., releases the mouse button). At this point, the playback and content timeline values of the keyframe are set.
This figure also illustrates that the data structure includes two other attributes, which are the coordinates of an inbez knob and the coordinates of an outbez knob. These coordinates are defined in the coordinate system that is specified by the playback and content timelines 115 and 120. The inbez and outbez knobs are two additional points that are associated with each keyframe. These two knobs are used to draw a smooth curve through each keyframe.
Specifically, some embodiments allow an editor to specify a speed bar that is a smooth spline curve, instead of one or more line segments. For instance,
Every keyframe has inbez and outbez knobs. However, the inbez knob of the keyframe at the start of the playback time, and the outbez knob of the keyframe at the end of the playback time are set to default values, which are not changeable by the editor. Also, when the speed bar is a straight line, the values of these knobs are set to default values that are ignored, as these knobs are not moveable by the editor when the speed bar is a straight line. An editor can direct the application to create and display the inbez and outbez knobs of a keyframe by pressing the control key, performing a click-and-hold operation on the keyframe, and then choosing a “smooth” option in a menu that appears after the click.
The inbez and outbez knobs of the keyframes are used to generate a speed bar with smooth curves. In other words, the inbez and outbez values along with the coordinates of the keyframes are plugged into a standard mathematical expression for drawing a bezier curve, and the solution for this expression provides the smooth shape of the speed bar. See, e.g., Pages 489-497 of Foley, J. D., Dam, A. v., Feiner, S. K., and Hughes, J. F.: Computer Graphics, Addison Wesley Publishing Company, Second Edition, 1990.
Keyframes can also be used to specify a playback presentation that traverses forwards and backwards through a video clip.
As shown in
II. Software Architecture
The video editing application 1510 retrieves video clips and audio tracks from the data storage 1505. It also uses this data storage to store the presentations that it creates and renders. During the editing process, this application 1510 uses the effects manager 1515 to apply its effects in real-time. Specifically, each time the editor enters a new speed effect or modifies an existing, effect the editing application 1510 submits the speed effect additions or modifications to the effects manager 1515. During the real-time playback preview of the speed effects, the effects manager 1515 then retrieves frames individually from the data storage 1505, and provides frames individually to the editing application 1510, based on the speed effects that it previously received from the editing application 1510. The editing application then decompresses and, when needed, blends the frames that it receives from the effects manager. This application then stores the decompressed and potentially frame-blended data in the frame buffer for display in a preview window of its GUI. The operation of the editing application 1510 and the effects manager 1515 will be further described below by reference to
As shown in
Next, the process displays (at 1615) the video-clip rectangle 330 about the selected keyframe. The process then determines (at 1620) whether any cursor drag has been detected (by the computer systems I/O drivers) for the click event that started this process. If so, the process then determines (at 1625) whether the option key has been pressed and the cursor movement is in the right or left direction. As mentioned above, some embodiments move the keyframe up or down in response to a right or left click-and-drag operation when the option key is not pressed, but move the keyframe left or right in response to a left or right click-and-drag operation when the option key is pressed.
When the process determines (at 1625) that the option key has not been pressed or that the cursor movement is not in the left or right direction, it transitions to 1630. At 1630, the process derives the new position of the video-clip rectangle 330 based on the keyboard input and the cursor movement. As mentioned above, some embodiments move the video-clip rectangle by 10% intervals when the shift key is pressed during a click-and-drag operation, while scrolling through the frames one frame at a time when the command key is pressed during a click-and-drag operation. This is the reason why the process 1600 identifies (at 1630) the video-clip rectangle's new position based not only on the cursor movement but also on the keyboard input.
Next, the process identifies (at 1635) a new position of the selected keyframe based on the keyboard input and the cursor movement. The identification at 1635 of the keyframe position is analogous to the identification at 1630 of the video-clip rectangles new position. In fact, in some embodiments, the process 1600 derives (at 1635) the new keyframe location from the new video-clip rectangle position identified at 1630. Conversely, some embodiments first identify the new keyframe position, and then based on this position identify the new position of the video-clip rectangle at 1635.
At 1635, the process records the identified new position of the keyframe (i.e., the keyframe's playback and content time values) in the keyframe's data structure. At this stage, the process does not need to record new inbez and outbez values in this data structure as these values have not changed. (These values change when the editor manually moves one or both of the knobs, and at that time, the application records these new values and modifies the speed bar.) After 1635, the process identifies (at 1640) the frame that appears in the video clip at the selected keyframe's content time value, which was just set at 1635. The process displays (at 1640) this frame in the preview window of the GUI. Next, the process (at 1645) redraws the speed bar based on the attributes of this bar's keyframes and known mathematical expressions for drawing straight lines and/or bezier curves based on such attributes. At 1645, the process also redraws the speed indicators based on the slope of the newly drawn speed bar. From 1645, the process transitions back to 1620. This backward transition will be described further below.
If the process determines (at 1625) that the option key is pressed and that the cursor movement is in the left or right direction, the process derives (at 1650) a new position for the keyframe based on the cursor movement. It then records (at 1650) the identified new position of the keyframe (i.e., the keyframe's playback and content time values) in the keyframe's data structure. The process does not need to record (at 1650) new inbez and outbez values in this data structure since these values do not change by such a drag operation; as mentioned above, in some embodiments, these values change only when the editor manually moves one or both knobs associated with a keyframe. From 1650, the process transitions to 1645, which was described above.
When the process transitions from 1645 to 1620, the process determines whether the cursor is still being dragged. If so, it repeats operations 1625-1650 to modify the speed bar again based on the dragging since the last iteration through 1625-1650. On the other hand, when the process determines (at 1620) that the cursor is no longer being dragged, it determines (at 1655) whether the click event that started this process has terminated (e.g., whether the mouse button has been released). If not, the process returns to 1620, which was described above. Otherwise, the process sends (at 1660) the specified speed effects to the effects manager 1515, and then ends. The setting of the speed effects with the effect manager will be further described below by reference to
If the process 1600 determines (at 1605) that the click event that started the process 1600 does not select a previously specified keyframe, the process creates (at 1665) a new keyframe at the speed bar location corresponding to the location of the click. At 1665, the process also sets the attributes of the new keyframe in a new data structure for this keyframe. The playback and content time values for this keyframe are the coordinates of the click, while its inbez and outbez values are set to default values. From 1665, the process transitions to 1610, where it displays in the GUI preview window the frame currently associated with the keyframe created at 1665. This frame is the frame that appears in the video clip at the current content time value of the created keyframe. From 1610, the process transitions to 1615, which was described above.
As shown in
At 1725, the process determines whether Playback_Time corresponds to the playback interval. If so, the process ends. If not, the process increments the variables Playback_Time and Duration by the Playback_Interval. It then identifies (at 1735) the content-time value of the speed bar at the current Playback_Time. Next, the process determines (at 1740) whether the content time identified at 1735 when rounded down is different than the rounded down value of the Content_Time variable. If not, the process returns back to 1725.
If so, the process calls (at 1745) the effects manager with the values for the variables Current_Frame_Id and the Duration. The process then sets (at 1750) Duration to zero. It then sets (at 1755) Current_Frame_Id to a value that identifies the frame that appears in the video clip at the content-time value identified at 1735. From 1755, the process transitions back to 1725, which was described above.
When the editor selects the frame blending option for a set of speed effects that are specified by a speed bar, the video-editing application performs the process 1700 twice. The first time is exactly as described above. The second time, however, is slightly different in that in this iteration the process initializes (at 1710) the Playback_Time to the Playback_Interval (which, as mentioned above, equals one integer value along the content timeline) instead of 0. In this manner, the two iterations of the process 1700 direct the effects manager to provide two sets of frame data for the video clip, where the second set is ahead of the first set by one content time integer.
More specifically, for each iteration of the process 1700 that is performed, the effects manager uses the information received through this iteration to supply a stream of frames to the video-editing application. The effects manager can provide its stream of frames at a higher rate than the frame change rate of the playback presentation, if the duration of the Playback_Interval is less than one integer value along the content timeline.
One example of the operation of the operation of the effects manager 1515 and the video editing application 1510 will now be described. Assume that an editor has not selected the frame blending option and that the editor has applied the simple constant speed effect illustrated in
Now, assume that in the example above the editor had selected the frame-blending option. In this case, the video-editing application would perform the process 1700 twice, once as described above and once with the Playback_Time initialized (at 1710) to the Playback_Interval. In this case,
When the video-editing application receives a frame from the effects manager, it decompresses the frame. If frame blending has not been selected, the video-editing application receives only one frame at a time. Hence, after decompressing this frame, it writes the decompressed frame into the frame buffer 1520. On the other hand, when frame blending is selected, the video-editing application receives two frames at a time. It decompresses both these frames, and then uses standard frame blending techniques to blend the two frames. The application then writes the result of the blending into the frame buffer.
For instance, as mentioned above, the effects manager provides two different frames to the video-editing application each one-ninth of a second in the example illustrated in
From these various memory units, the processor 1910 retrieves instructions to execute and data to process in order to execute the processes of the invention. The read-only-memory (ROM) 1920 stores static data and instructions that are needed by the processor 1910 and other modules of the computer system.
The permanent storage device 1925, on the other hand, is read-and-write memory device. This device is a non-volatile memory unit that stores instruction and data even when the computer system 1900 is off. Some embodiments of the invention use a mass-storage device (such as a magnetic or optical disk and its corresponding disk drive) as the permanent storage device 1925.
Other embodiments use a removable storage device (such as a floppy disk or Zip® disk, and its corresponding disk drive) as the permanent storage device. Like the permanent storage device 1925, the system memory 1915 is a read-and-write memory device. However, unlike storage device 1925, the system memory is a volatile read-and-write memory, such as a random access memory. The system memory stores some of the instructions and data that the processor needs at runtime. In some embodiments, the invention's processes are stored in the system memory 1915, the permanent storage device 1925, and/or the read-only memory 1920.
The bus 1905 also connects to the input and output devices 1930 and 1935. The input devices enable the user to communicate information and select commands to the computer system. The input devices 1930 include alphanumeric keyboards and cursor-controllers. The output devices 1935 display images generated by the computer system. For instance, these devices display IC design layouts. The output devices include printers and display devices, such as cathode ray tubes (CRT) or liquid crystal displays (LCD).
Finally, as shown in
The invention described above allows an editor to add or modify speed effects to a video clip quickly and intuitively. It also provides the editor with an immediate feedback of the changes by displaying the affected frames in a preview window. Moreover, the invention's ability to apply speed effects in real-time makes the editing process much faster. When the editor completes editing speed effects and viewing real-time application of these speed effects, the video-editing application can then perform the more time-consuming rendering operation that renders the video clip to file. To perform this rendering operation, the video editing application uses standard rendering techniques.
While the invention has been described with reference to numerous specific details, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit of the invention. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that the invention is not to be limited by the foregoing illustrative details, but rather is to be defined by the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification||715/726, 715/722, 345/442, 345/475, 715/719, 345/473, 345/441, 715/723|
|International Classification||G06F3/048, G06F3/00|
|Cooperative Classification||G11B27/005, G11B27/34, G11B27/034, G11B27/036|
|European Classification||G11B27/036, G11B27/34, G11B27/00V, G11B27/034|