It would be good if we could give you an extensive
an encyclopedia) of all spine-related things, so you would just browse
and find there whatever you would like to know. However, science does
not work that way. Science is built up on fundamental principles, then
evolves gradually and logically to greater complexity. This page
(spine dictionary) is just for quick indexing of entire content of
the website. We recommend you follow the links inside each item,
Anatomy is a branch of biology and Medicine which studies primarily the
internal structure and design of the structure of living things. The
word comes from from the Greek ana: separate, apart from, and temnein,
to cut up, cut open. It is a general term that includes human anatomy ,
animal anatomy (zootomy) and plant anatomy (phytotomy). Anatomy is
divided into various sub specialties in some of its facets anatomy is
closely related to Embryology, Histology, comparative anatomy and
comparative embryology, through common roots in evolution .
Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy) and
microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy,
regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical
structures that can be seen by unaided vision with the naked eye.
Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures
assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the
organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).
Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology (also called
morbid anatomy or histopathology), which is the study of the gross and
microscopic appearances of diseased organs.
Superficial anatomy: Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is
important in anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can
be readily seen from the contours or the surface of the body. With
knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians or veterinary surgeons
gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.
Human anatomy: Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and
histology, is primarily the scientific study of the mor phology of the
adult human body. Human anatomy , physiology and biochemistry are
complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to
medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy
can be taught regionally or systemically; that is, respectively,
studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or
studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory
systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray’s Anatomy, has recently
been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format, in line
with modern teaching methods. A thorough working knowledge of anatomy
is required by all medical doctors, especially surgeons, and doctors
working in some diagnostic specialities, such as histopathology and
Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical
schools or teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching
anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.
Comparative anatomy: Relates to the comparison of anatomical structures
(both gross and microscopic) in different animals.
Anthropological anatomy or physical anthropology: Relates to the
comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans.
Artistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons.
Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen = Association for
of Internal Fixation). Is a non profit organization dedicated to
improving the care of patients with musculoskeletal injuries and their
sequelae through research, development, education and quality assurance
in the principles, practice, and result of fracture treatment.
Distribution and sales of all AO products is done through Synthes via a
subsidiary. From March 2006, Synthes acquired existing
"Synthes"-branded products from the AO Foundation. The foundation was
founded in Switzerland in 1958 and runs training courses on methods of
bone plating and fracture surgical treatment in many countries. AO
regularly hold courses worldwide for Orthopedic Surgeons and other
health professionals. These include hands on experience of using the
latest implants, as well as lectures from expert surgeons and
discussions. The foundation has a large impact in the field of
Maxillofacial surgery and many of the foundation recommendations are
used in that field.
PARALYSIS: As a result of cervicomedullary lesion,
bilateral paresis of the upper extremities without significant
involvement of the lower extremities. For more information, visit: Bell's
A term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control
and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other
parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.
is the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced as /kaɪ/ in English. In statistics,
the term chi-squared or χ² has various uses, including the chi-squared
distribution, the chi-squared test, and chi-squared target models. In
neurology, the optic chiasm is named for the letter Chi because of its
CLAUDICATON: Limping. From the Latin claudicare, which means 'to limp.' For more information click: Neurogenic Claudication.
CONED DOWN VIEW:
(=spot view, =cone view, =coned-down magnification view, =cone-down
view) A radiological technique consisting of narrowing the
field-of-view, for example, a specific vertebra. These views are used
to examine an area of concern more closely.
Epidemiology is the study and science of the distribution, causes and
effects of health-related conditions. For more information,
Electrocauterization is the process of destroying tissue using heat
conduction from a metal probe heated by electric current. For more information,
Upper cervical instability due to infection of the upper respiratory
tract. For more information, visit: Grisel's
An increased performance or productivity caused by the evident
observation of that process. For more information, visit: Hawthorne effect.
An hypothesis stating bone growth in the period of skeletal immaturity
is retarded by mechanical compression on the growth plate and
accelerated by growth plate tension.For more information, visit: Hueter-Volkmannn Law.
Index for clinical estimate of a patient’s physical state, performance,
and prognosis after a therapeutic procedure, and for determining a
patient's suitability for therapy. The Karnofsky scale was
developed in the 1940s by David A. Karnofsky
and Joseph H. Burchenal as an attempt to measure the more 'subjective'
side of the outcome of cancer treatment. For more information, visit: Karnofsky
(= Modic endplate changes). Degenerative vertebral
endplate and subchondral bone marrow changes visible on magnetic
resonance imaging. They were first classified by American radiologist
Dr. Modic and his colleagues. For more information, visit: Modic changes.
Stands for Open Reduction Internal Fixation. Open reduction
internal fixation is a method of surgically repairing a fractured bone.
Rigid fixation prevents micromotion across lines of fracture to enable
healing and prevent infection. This generally requires use ofbone
plates, screws, and intramedullar (IM) rod to rigidly
RADIOFREQUENCY (RF): A
form of electrical energy oscillating in the frequency range of 300
kilohertz (kHz) to 1 megahertz (MHz). For more information, visit: Radiofrequency.
The presence of one or more lateral curves of the vertebral column in
the coronal plane, although abnormal curves may affect spinal alignment
in all three dimensions.
(=Tanner Stages, =Tanner Rating, = Tanner Developmental Stages). A
scale of physical development in children, adolescents and adults. The
scale defines physical measurements of development based on external
primary and secondary sex characteristics, including the size of the
breasts, genitalia, and development of pubic hair. Visit: Tanner Scale.
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