- About this Journal ·
- Abstracting and Indexing ·
- Aims and Scope ·
- Article Processing Charges ·
- Articles in Press ·
- Author Guidelines ·
- Bibliographic Information ·
- Citations to this Journal ·
- Contact Information ·
- Editorial Board ·
- Editorial Workflow ·
- Free eTOC Alerts ·
- Publication Ethics ·
- Reviewers Acknowledgment ·
- Submit a Manuscript ·
- Subscription Information ·
- Table of Contents
International Journal of Molecular Imaging
Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 921260, 12 pages
Comparison of Five Parathyroid Scintigraphic Protocols
1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Sairaalantie 3, 28500 Pori, Finland
2Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, P.O. Box 340, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
3HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
4Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
5Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, P.O. Box 527, 33101 Tampere, Finland
6Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, P.O. Box 52, 20521 Turku, Finland
Received 25 October 2012; Revised 23 December 2012; Accepted 27 December 2012
Academic Editor: Francesca Pons
Copyright © 2013 Virpi Tunninen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Objectives. We compared five parathyroid scintigraphy protocols in patients with primary (pHPT) and secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) and studied the interobserver agreement. The dual-tracer method (c-sestamibi/123I) was used with three acquisition techniques (parallel-hole planar, pinhole planar, and SPECT/CT). The single-tracer method (c-sestamibi) was used with two acquisition techniques (double-phase parallel-hole planar, and SPECT/CT). Thus five protocols were used, resulting in five sets of images. Materials and Methods. Image sets of 51 patients were retrospectively graded by four experienced nuclear medicine physicians. The final study group consisted of 24 patients (21 pHPT, 3 sHPT) who had been operated upon. Surgical and histopathologic findings were used as the standard of comparison. Results. Thirty abnormal parathyroid glands were found in 24 patients. The sensitivities of the dual-tracer method (76.7–80.0%) were similar (). The sensitivities of the single-tracer method (13.3–31.6%) were similar (). All differences in sensitivity between these two methods were statistically significant (). The interobserver agreement was good. Conclusion. This study indicates that any dual-tracer protocol with c-sestamibi and 123I is superior for enlarged parathyroid gland localization when compared with single-tracer protocols using c-sestamibi alone. The parathyroid scintigraphy was found to be independent of the reporter.
c-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (c-sestamibi), first introduced by Coakley and coworkers as a parathyroid imaging agent in 1989 , is the imaging agent of choice for parathyroid scintigraphy (PS) . Unfortunately, c-sestamibi is not a specific tracer for parathyroid tissue but is taken up by adjacent thyroid tissue. This problem can be overcome by using either a single-tracer (double phase) or a dual-tracer method.
In the single tracer method, it is assumed that thyroid and parathyroid tissues have different washout kinetics for c-sestamibi . By acquiring images in the early and late phases, the focally increasing uptake will reveal hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue. In the dual-tracer method, c-sestamibi is used combined with 123I or c-pertechnetate, which are taken up by the thyroid gland only. Subtracting the thyroid image from the c-sestamibi image provides visualization of the parathyroid tissue alone .
With both single-tracer and dual-tracer methods, several acquisition techniques can be used (i.e., planar acquisitions with parallel-hole or pinhole collimators and SPECT or SPECT/CT), and several choices can be made about the settings used for each technique (e.g., matrix size, energy settings, and acquisition time). There are several studies that provide comparisons between the different imaging methods or techniques, although there is little evidence supporting the superiority of one over another, resulting in the use of various study protocols today [5, 6].
We have previously shown that there is significant variability in the current practice of PS in Finland . This is also true in other countries, with reported sensitivities for localizing abnormal parathyroid tissue ranging from 34% to 100% .
As a result of our previous study, the clinical protocol of parathyroid scintigraphy in Satakunta central hospital was changed in June 2010. Pinhole and SPECT/CT acquisition techniques were included to increase the sensitivity of the study. Additional late phase imaging was also included to benefit from the double phase method as well.
The goal of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of a single-tracer method and a dual-tracer method with various acquisition techniques. The dual-tracer method (c-sestamibi/123I) was used with three acquisition techniques (parallel-hole planar, pinhole planar, and SPECT/CT). The single-tracer method (c-sestamibi) was used with two acquisition techniques (double phase parallel-hole planar, and SPECT/CT). In addition, the agreement between the findings of four experienced nuclear medicine physicians was studied.
This was a retrospective single-center study of fifty-one patients referred for PS between June 2010 and February 2011 in Satakunta Central Hospital, Finland. Patient data were included if there was biochemical evidence of hyperparathyroidism, if scintigraphy was requested for preoperative tumor localization, and if the patient proceeded to surgery. Histopathological finding was used as the gold standard. The final study group consisted of 6 men and 18 women with a mean age of 62.3 years (range, 32.1–86.8 years). Twenty-one patients had pHPT. Preoperative plasma intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) values ranged from 69 ng/L to 277 ng/L (mean 190 ng/L, normal values 10–65 ng/L), and values for preoperative serum calcium (Ca) ranged from 1.37 mmol/L to 1.73 mmol/L (mean 1.48 mmol/L, normal values 1.16–1.3 mmol/L). Three patients had sHPT due to renal failure. Preoperative iPTH values ranged from 210 ng/L to 400 ng/L (mean 380 ng/L), values for preoperative Ca ranged from 1.21 mmol/L to 1.8 mmol/L (mean 1.45 mmol/L). Twenty-seven patients did not proceed to surgery for a variety of reasons (patient condition, death, and other illnesses). This study was exempt from institutional review board approval according to Finnish legislation. Informed consent was waived.
2.2. Imaging: Doses and Acquisition
Patients received 20 MBq of 123I (MAP Medical Technologies) intravenously. Two hours later, 550 MBq of c-sestamibi (Mallinckrodt Medical B.V.) was injected intravenously. Ten minutes after the c-sestamibi administration, imaging was started. Five different image sets were acquired. The order and the timing (after the injection or c-sestamibi) of the acquisitions and the resulting image sets are presented in Figure 1.
First, a static 10-minute anterior image of the neck and chest was acquired using a low-energy, high-resolution, parallel-hole collimator (LEHR) (256 × 256 matrix; 1.85x zoom). Next, a static 10-minute anterior image of the neck was acquired from a distance of 10 cm from the patient’s skin using a 5 mm diameter pinhole collimator (256 × 256 matrix; 2.19x zoom). Acquisitions were performed with the same dual-head gamma camera (Skylight; Philips). All data were collected in dual-energy windows. The c window was centered at 140 keV and had a 10% width (range, 133–147 keV). The 123I window was centered at 159 keV and had a 10% width (range, 151–167 keV). Narrow windows were used to minimize crosstalk between isotopes.
One hour after the c-sestamibi injection, the SPECT/CT acquisition was started (Symbia T; Siemens). SPECT data were acquired in a step-and-shoot sequence with a noncircular orbit (180° detector configuration; low-energy, parallel-hole, high-resolution collimators; 128 × 128 matrix; 4.8 mm pixel size; 48 views for each detector (3,75° per projection); 33 s/projection; total scan time, 32 min). All data were collected in dual-energy windows. The c window was centered at 140 keV and had a 15% width (range, 129.5–150.5 keV). The 123I window was placed with a 4% offset above 159 keV and had a 15% width (range, 153.4–177.3 keV). The 4% offset was used to minimize the spillover of the c photopeak into the 123I photopeak. After the SPECT acquisition was complete, the patient remained still on the table for the CT acquisition. A topogram scout scan (130 kVp, 30 mA, anterior view) was performed first, and limits for the CT acquisition were set (from the neck to the diaphragm). Then, a helical CT scan was performed (130 kVp, 2 × 2.5 mm collimation, 0.8 s rotation time, 1.5 pitch). The dose was controlled by tube-current modulation (CARE Dose AEC+DOM; Siemens), with the reference exposure set to 30 mAs.
Finally, a static 10-minute anterior image of the neck and chest was acquired using a low-energy, high-resolution collimator with a Siemens Symbia T-gamma camera (256 × 256 matrix; 1.85x zoom (32.2 cm field)). The same energy settings as those in the SPECT acquisition were used. Eleven of the patients did not complete this final image due to limited camera time or patient-related reasons. A c intrinsic flood was used for both energy windows in both cameras. It was verified that the image-field uniformity was acceptable for all energy windows used.
2.3. Image Processing
All planar images were analyzed in a Hermes workstation (Hermes Medical Solutions). For dual-tracer images, a normalization factor (NF) was defined as the ratio of the thyroid maximum pixel counts in the 123I and c-sestamibi images. Gradient subtraction images were created by multiplying the c-sestamibi image with 10 successive NFs (with 20% steps from 20% to 200% of the original NF), and the 123I image was subtracted from each normalized c-sestamibi image, resulting in 10 subtraction images to avoid oversubtraction [9, 10]. The final image sets consisted of c-sestamibi and 123I images and gradient subtraction images (image set 1 acquired with LEHR, image set 2 with pinhole). c-sestamibi early- and late-phase images were displayed side-by-side on the Hermes workstation (image set 3).
SPECT images were reconstructed on the Siemens Syngo workstation (Siemens) using the FLASH 3D algorithm (8 iterations, 8 subsets, Gaussian 9.00 filter). No scatter correction was used. The initial NF was defined as the ratio of the corresponding thyroid maximum voxel counts in c-sestamibi and 123I SPECT data. 123I SPECT data were multiplied by NF to create normalized 123I SPECT data, which were then subtracted from c-sestamibi SPECT data to create the subtraction SPECT dataset, as described by Neumann and coworkers . The NF was adjusted until the subtraction SPECT images were subjectively satisfactory. CT data were reconstructed on the Siemens Syngo workstation (Siemens) for attenuation correction using the B08s kernel, and for fusion display purposes with a B40s medium kernel. The CT images were downsampled to match the SPECT image matrix and converted from Hounsfield units into effective attenuation values at 140 keV (c) and 159 keV (123I). The final image sets consisted of c-sestamibi SPECT/CT data (image set 4) and 123I, c-sestamibi, and subtraction SPECT/CT data (image set 5). The accuracy of the SPECT/CT data coregistration was checked. All image processing was performed by an experienced medical physicist.
2.4. Image Interpretation
All patient image datasets were anonymized before review by four experienced nuclear medicine physicians, who were blinded to all patient-related information. Five image sets (Figure 1) were reviewed. Datasets 1, 2, and 3 were read in separate reading sessions. Image sets 4 and 5 were reviewed in a single session in this order, with the physician being aware that the datasets belonged to the same patient.
Each quadrant in relation to the thyroid gland (right upper, right lower, left upper, and left lower) was classified on a 3-point scale (0 = negative, 1 = uncertain, and 2 = positive). The image review criteria for positive finding were as follows: (a) for image sets 1 and 2: clear abnormal residual activity on the planar subtraction images, (b) for image set 3: focally increased uptake that persisted or increased in intensity from early to late images, (c) for image set 4: focally increased uptake outside the normal c-sestamibi biodistribution that had an anatomic correlation in the CT images, and (d) for image set 5: clear abnormal residual activity on the subtraction SPECT images that had an anatomic correlation in the CT images.
2.5. Surgery and Histologic Analysis
All patients were operated upon by an endocrine surgeon using an open technique. The surgeon was aware of all initial scintigraphic results prior to surgery. All glands were not identified for all patients. Postoperative iPTH and Ca values were reviewed to confirm surgery success. The mean interval between scintigraphy and surgery was 181 days (range, 29–457 days). A histopathological analysis was performed for all excised tissue.
2.6. Data Analysis
To estimate the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the localization for each image set, scores of 0-1 were considered negative and scores of 2 were considered positive. Findings were classified as true positive, false positive, true negative, or false negative with histologic analysis as the reference standard. For each patient, four scores, one for each quadrant, were assigned. The false-positive image rate was defined as the ratio of false positives to the sum of true positives plus false positives .
2.7. Statistical Methods
The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each image set were calculated for each physician separately. A McNemar test was performed to compare the sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies between the image sets. The results from physician 1 were chosen when comparing the image sets, as he had the most experience with the imaging methods and techniques used. The Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used to compare the size of the visualized and nonvisualized glands. A McNemar test was also used to analyze the accuracy of the different physicians. The differences for each method/technique were analyzed separately. coefficients were used to quantify the agreement between the results from the four physicians. Positive kappa values within the ranges of 0.01–0.20, 0.21–0.4, 0.41–0.60, 0.61–0.80, and 0.81–1.00 were interpreted as “very weak,” “weak,” “medium,” “good,” and “very good” agreement, respectively . A value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and SPSS statistical analysis software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
3.1. Histological Findings
Altogether, 30 enlarged glands were found in 24 patients. Twenty patients had a solitary parathyroid adenoma, two patients had double adenomas, and two patients had multiglandular disease. The mean weight of the abnormal parathyroid glands was 677 mg (weight information was not available for four glands).
The postoperative serum Ca values were normalized for all patients. The postoperative iPTH values were normalized for 17 patients. For 7 patients, these values were slightly elevated (ranged from 80 ng/L to 134 ng/L (mean 90 ng/L), but decreased from the preoperative values (ranged from 138 ng/L to 400 ng/L (mean 165 ng/L)). Four glands were visualized in the operation for these patients.
The pathological findings together with the image findings for physician 1 are listed in Table 1.
3.2. c-Sestamibi versus 123I/c-Sestamibi
All image sets with 123I/c-sestamibi were significantly more sensitive than any image set with c-sestamibi, regardless of the acquisition technique (Tables 2 and 3). c-sestamibi SPECT/CT (image set 4) had the highest specificity (100%), as there were no false-positive readings (Table 2).
3.3. Planar AP with LEHR versus Planar AP with Pinhole versus SPECT/CT
There was no difference in the sensitivity, specificity, or accuracy between the acquisition techniques using c-sestamibi alone. There was also no difference in the sensitivity, specificity, or accuracy between the acquisition techniques using 123I/c-sestamibi (Tables 2 and 3).
Although there was no difference in the sensitivity, SPECT/CT may offer invaluable three-dimensional information about the location of the enlarged parathyroid adenomas together with anatomical information (Figure 3).
3.4. False-Positive Findings
Ten patients had 12 different false-positive findings (40 false-positive findings if all physicians and image sets are summed up). The false-positive findings are presented in Table 4.
Four of these were due to cold thyroid nodules in 123I images, causing erroneous interpretation in the subtraction image (Figure 4). Uneven 123I uptake caused thus 55% of all false-positive findings.
One patient had clear uptake in the c-sestamibi image below the thyroid as seen in planar images. All physicians interpreted this as a positive finding in the planar images. In the SPECT/CT images, it was revealed that the uptake was in the cervical vertebra (Figure 5). This bone uptake caused 20% of all false-positive findings.
Three false positive findings were due to the “edge effect” in 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction SPECT/CT images (residual activity around the thyroid lobes after subtraction). This artefact caused 10% of all false-positive findings.
Four positive findings were caused by an error in image interpretation, mainly in double phase c-sestamibi images. Difficulty in setting the line between the positive and the negative findings caused 15% of all false-positive findings.
As seen in Table 4, 123I/c-sestamibi dual-tracer method with various acquisition techniques produced 90% of all false-positive findings. Subtraction SPECT/CT yielded the lowest percentage of false positives when compared to the other subtraction methods. The double phase c-sestamibi method produced only 10% of all false-positive findings. The false-positive image rate (%) is presented in Table 5.
3.5. False-Negative Findings
There was only one abnormal parathyroid gland (number 10, Table 1) that was visualized in all image sets and by all of the physicians. Thus 23 patients had 29 different false-negative findings (267 false-negative findings if all physicians and image sets are summed up). c-sestamibi/123I subtraction planar images with parallel-hole collimator produced 13.9% of all false-negative findings, c-sestamibi/123I subtraction planar images with pinhole collimator produced 9.7% of all false-negative findings, c-sestamibi double phase images with parallel-hole collimator produced 22.8% of all false-negative findings, c-sestamibi SPECT/CT produced 39.3% of all false-negative findings, and c-sestamibi/123I subtraction SPECT/CT produced 14.2% of all false-negative findings (all physicians and all image sets are summed up).
The smallest gland located in this series was 260 mg. There were three smaller abnormal parathyroid glands (160 mg, 170 mg, and 200 mg) that could not be located with any method or imaging technique by any of the physicians. The mean gland size of false-negative and true-positive findings for all physicians and image sets are presented in Table 6 together with the statistical significance.
3.6. Interobserver Variability
The coefficient for the agreement of the results between the four physicians for the five study readings are shown in Table 7.
The highest agreement for accuracy was found for c-sestamibi SPECT/CT, which did not have any false-positive findings for any physician. The highest agreement for sensitivity was found for the planar subtraction images of 123I/c-sestamibi with the pinhole collimator.
Our results clearly show that a dual-tracer method with c-sestamibi and 123I is superior to a single-tracer method with c-sestamibi for PS, regardless of the acquisition technique used. This has been proposed by other authors as well [4, 9, 13, 14].
To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing planar imaging with parallel-hole and pinhole collimators using the 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction method with patients. We could not demonstrate the improved sensitivity from the use of the pinhole collimator that has been shown by several authors when using c-sestamibi [15–20].
SPECT alone has been shown to improve sensitivity compared with planar imaging with parallel-hole collimators [6, 21–24]. SPECT/CT has been shown to offer precise anatomical localization and an improvement in diagnostic specificity and accuracy over conventional SPECT, especially for patients with previous neck surgery or multiglandular disease [5, 25–32]. The use of SPECT/CT also shortens surgical times (when compared with SPECT alone) and eventually lowers costs [33, 34]. Opposite opinions have also been presented, and the use of SPECT/CT has been found to be important only for locating ectopic parathyroid adenomas [35, 36].
We could not demonstrate an increased sensitivity for 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction SPECT/CT when compared with planar c-sestamibi/123I subtraction image sets. However, the use of 123I/c-sestamibi SPECT/CT decreased the false-positive rate for three observers when compared with planar 123I/c-sestamibi image sets.
The low sensitivity of double phase planar c-sestamibi or c-sestamibi SPECT/CT cannot be explained by the rapid washout of c-sestamibi, as 19 enlarged parathyroid glands were visible in 123I/c-sestamibi SPECT/CT images that could not be visualized with c-sestamibi SPECT/CT. A low sensitivity for a single tracer or the double phase protocols has also been reported by other authors [3, 37].
The low sensitivity of the c-sestamibi SPECT/CT in this study could not be linked to the timing of the acquisition. SPECT acquisition was started approximately one hour after c-sestamibi injection. Lavely and coworkers were able to demonstrate much better sensitivity for early-phase SPECT/CT (62%) and also for early planar/delayed planar imaging (56,5%) . The timing of their early planar and SPECT/CT acquisitions was almost identical to ours.
Our results for the 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction SPECT/CT are comparable to the results of Neumann and coworkers , who demonstrated a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 96% in a group of 61 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The increase of specificity (when compared with SPECT alone) was explained by reducing the number of false positives.
There were three abnormal parathyroid glands that were visible in 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction planar images (with a parallel-hole or a pinhole collimator) but not visible in 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction SPECT/CT. This could be due to rapid washout  as SPECT/CT was performed one hour later than the planar images were acquired. Thus, the timing of the various acquisitions should be considered carefully, and SPECT/CT should be performed in the early phase so as not to miss abnormal parathyroid gland(s) with rapid washout .
The average false-positive rate was comparable to previous reports [6, 11]. In this retrospective study, the five image sets were not reviewed together, which is normally done in our clinical scenario. With careful observation of the 123I images of the thyroid, it should be possible to decrease the false-positive rate in subtraction images.
It seems that a major factor influencing detection of abnormal parathyroid glands is their size. The difference of mean gland size of false-negative and true-positive findings was statistically significant for all protocols used in this study.
There was lower number of ectopic glands in this patient group than could be expected . There might have been small ectopic glands which were not recognized in scintigraphy or in surgery. This might explain the slightly elevated iPTH values for 7 patients.
Several imaging protocols for PS with c-sestamibi are in use, with a wide range of sensitivities (34–100%) reported . No large study exists that compares the accuracy of each . We have shown the superiority of the 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction method of PS. The high popularity of the single-tracer method with c-sestamibi alone can only be explained by its technical simplicity. It is true that the 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction method, especially SPECT/CT, is technically demanding. There are several possible sources of artifacts, such as scaling and the subtraction process. In our opinion, the data processing should be performed by an experienced medical physicist.
Even optimal processing of identical c and 123I targets does not give flawless subtraction image, some activity is always left around the edges. In this series, it was in few cases interpreted as a positive finding. To our knowledge, this artefact has not been described earlier concerning parathyroid scintigraphy .
One of the main limitations of this study is the number of patients in the image set 3 (c-sestamibi double phase images). Another limitation of our study relates to the fact that the delay phase was acquired with another gamma camera. However, quality assurance measurements are routinely performed for both cameras. There are no differences in important parameters regarding image quality.
The clinical PS protocol presented in this study, which included various acquisitions, is quite time consuming. The discomfort for the patient should be decreased by rejecting unnecessary acquisitions. This study indicates that the 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction method combined with any imaging technique is adequate to locate abnormal parathyroid glands. However, 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction SPECT/CT is recommended because it provides accurate three-dimensional information about the location of enlarged parathyroid adenomas together with anatomical information (Figure 3) and may influence the surgical approach . With SPECT/CT, it is also possible to avoid some false-positive findings resulting from the c-sestamibi uptake in bone structures. The additional use of anterior pinhole images may be useful for recognizing cold thyroid nodules and thus further reducing the false-positive rate. Determining the optimal technical aspects (acquisition and processing parameters, various physical corrections) still requires further study.
The results of this study show that the 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction method combined with any imaging technique is superior for enlarged parathyroid gland localization when compared with c-sestamibi alone with any acquisition technique. 123I/c-sestamibi subtraction SPECT/CT is recommended because it provides accurate three-dimensional information about the location of enlarged parathyroid adenomas. The use of anterior pinhole images may be useful for recognizing cold thyroid nodules and thus reducing the false-positive rate. The overall interobserver agreement for accuracy and for sensitivity in this study was good. Thus the parathyroid scintigraphy is independent of the reporter.
There are two limitations that need to be acknowledged regarding this study. The first limitation is the number of patients in the c-sestamibi double phase group. Another limitation relates to the fact that the delay phase was acquired with another gamma camera.
The authors thank the staff of the Department of Nuclear Medicine at Satakunta Central Hospital. This study was supported by a grant from the Research Funding of Satakunta Central Hospital (Erityisvaltionosuus). No other potential conflict of interests is reported.
- A. J. Coakley, A. G. Kettle, C. P. Wells, M. J. O'Doherty, and R. E. C. Collins, “99Tcm sestamibi—a new agent for parathyroid imaging,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 791–794, 1989.
- F. Lumachi, M. Ermani, S. Basso, P. Zucchetta, N. Borsato, and G. Favia, “Localization of parathyroid tumours in the minimally invasive era: Which technique should be chosen? Population-based analysis of 253 patients undergoing parathyroidectomy and factors affecting parathyroid gland detection,” Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 63–69, 2001.
- R. Taillefer, Y. Boucher, C. Potvin, and R. Lambert, “Detection and localization of parathyroid adenomas in patients with hyperparathyroidism using a single radionuclide imaging procedure with technetium-99m-sestamibi (double-phase study),” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1801–1807, 1992.
- D. R. Neumann, C. B. Esselstyn Jr., R. T. Go, C. O. Wong, T. W. Rice, and N. A. Obuchowski, “Comparison of double-phase 99mTc-sestamibi with 123I-99mTc-sestamibi subtraction SPECT in hyperparathyroidism,” American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 169, no. 6, pp. 1671–1674, 1997.
- W. C. Lavely, S. Goetze, K. P. Friedman et al., “Comparison of SPECT/CT, SPECT, and planar imaging with single- and dual-phase 99mTc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 48, no. 7, pp. 1084–1089, 2007.
- J. Sharma, P. Mazzaglia, M. Milas et al., “Radionuclide imaging for hyperparathyroidism (HPT): Which is the best technetium-99m sestamibi modality?” Surgery, vol. 140, no. 6, pp. 856–865, 2006.
- V. Tunninen, T. Kauppinen, H. Eskola, and M. O. Koskinen, “Parathyroid scintigraphy protocols in Finland in 2010: Results of the query and current status,” NuklearMedizin, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 187–194, 2010.
- R. Mihai, D. Simon, and P. Hellman, “Imaging for primary hyperparathyroidism-an evidence-based analysis,” Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, vol. 394, no. 5, pp. 765–784, 2009.
- S. Ceyssens and L. Mortelmans, “Parathyroid imaging: basic principles and KU Leuven experience: MIBI-dual phase versus MIBI/I-123,” Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica Belgica, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 103–117, 2001.
- E. Hindie, O. Ugur, D. Fuster et al., “2009 EANM parathyroid guidelines,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1201–1216, 2009.
- E. Hindié, D. Mellière, C. Jeanguillaume, L. Perlemuter, F. Chéhadé, and P. Galle, “Parathyroid imaging using simultaneous double-window recording of technetium-99m-sestamibi and iodine-123,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1100–1105, 1998.
- C. Dalar, O. Ozdogan, M. G. Durak, et al., “Inter-observer and intra-observer agreement in parathyroid scintigraphy; what can be done for making parathyroid scintigraphy more reliable?” Endocrine Practice, pp. 1–32, 2012.
- M. J. O'Doherty and A. G. Kettle, “Parathyroid imaging: preoperative localization,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 125–131, 2003.
- D. Taieb, E. Hindie, G. Grassetto, P. M. Colletti, and D. Rubello, “Parathyroid scintigraphy: when, how, and why? A concise systematic review,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 37, pp. 568–574, 2012.
- A. K. Arveschoug, H. Bertelsen, and B. Vammen, “Presurgical localization of abnormal parathyroid glands using a single injection of Tc-99m sestamibi comparison of high-resolution parallel-hole and pinhole collimators, and interobserver and intraobserver variation,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 249–254, 2002.
- A. K. Arveschoug, H. Bertelsen, B. Vammen, and J. Brøchner-Mortensen, “Preoperative dual-phase parathyroid imaging with Tc-99m-sestamibi: accuracy and reproducibility of the pinhole collimator with and without oblique images,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 9–12, 2007.
- V. S. Dontu, A. G. Kettle, M. J. O'Doherty, and A. J. Coakley, “Optimization of parathyroid imaging by simultaneous dual energy planar and single photon emission tomography,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 1089–1093, 2004.
- I. A. Ho Shon, W. Yan, P. J. Roach et al., “Comparison of pinhole and SPECT99mTc-MIBI imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 949–955, 2008.
- I. A. Ho Shon, E. J. Bernard, P. J. Roach, and L. W. Delbridge, “The value of oblique pinhole images in pre-operative localisation with 99mTc-MIBI for primary hyperparathyroidism,” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 736–742, 2001.
- M. B. Tomas, P. V. Pugliese, G. G. Tronco, C. Love, C. J. Palestro, and K. J. Nichols, “Pinhole versus parallel-hole collimators for parathyroid imaging: an intraindividual comparison,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 189–194, 2008.
- M. Lorberboym, I. Minski, S. Macadziob, G. Nikolov, and P. Schachter, “Incremental diagnostic value of preoperative 99mTc-MIBI SPECT in patients with a parathyroid adenoma,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 904–908, 2003.
- D. Moka, E. Voth, M. Dietlein, A. Larena-Avellaneda, and H. Schicha, “Technetium 99m-MIBI-SPECT: a highly sensitive diagnostic tool for localization of parathyroid adenomas,” Surgery, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 29–35, 2000.
- A. Slater and F. V. Gleeson, “Increased sensitivity and confidence of SPECT over planar imaging in dual-phase sestamibi for parathyroid adenoma detection,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 1–3, 2005.
- D. L. Thomas, T. Bartel, Y. Menda, J. Howe, M. M. Graham, and M. E. Juweid, “Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) should be routinely performed for the detection of parathyroid abnormalities utilizing technetium-99m sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 651–655, 2009.
- L. Harris, J. Yoo, A. Driedger et al., “Accuracy of technetium-99M SPECT-CT hybrid images in predicting the precise intraoperative anatomical location of parathyroid adenomas,” Head and Neck, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 509–517, 2008.
- D. R. Neumann, N. A. Obuchowski, and F. P. DiFilippo, “Preoperative 123I/99mTc-sestamibi subtraction SPECT and SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 49, no. 12, pp. 2012–2017, 2008.
- D. Papathanassiou, J. B. Flament, J. M. Pochart et al., “SPECT/CT in localization of parathyroid adenoma or hyperplasia in patients with previous neck surgery,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 394–397, 2008.
- R. Prommegger, G. Wimmer, C. Profanter et al., “Virtual neck exploration: a new method for localizing abnormal parathyroid glands,” Annals of Surgery, vol. 250, no. 5, pp. 761–765, 2009.
- P. J. Roach, G. P. Schembri, I. A. Ho Shon, E. A. Bailey, and D. L. Bailey, “SPECT/CT imaging using a spiral CT scanner for anatomical localization: impact on diagnostic accuracy and reporter confidence in clinical practice,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 977–987, 2006.
- A. Serra, P. Bolasco, L. Satta, A. Nicolosi, A. Uccheddu, and M. Piga, “Role of SPECT/CT in the preoperative assessment of hyperparathyroid patients,” Radiologia Medica, vol. 111, no. 7, pp. 999–1008, 2006.
- M. L. Taubman, M. Goldfarb, and J. I. Lew, “Role of SPECT and SPECT/CT in the surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism,” International Journal of Molecular Imaging, vol. 2011, Article ID 141593, 2011.
- G. Wimmer, C. Profanter, P. Kovacs et al., “CT-MIBI-SPECT image fusion predicts multiglandular disease in hyperparathyroidism,” Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, vol. 395, no. 1, pp. 73–80, 2010.
- G. Pata, C. Casella, S. Besuzio, F. Mittempergher, and B. Salerni, “Clinical appraisal of 99mTechnetium-sestamibi SPECT/CT compared to conventional SPECT in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and concomitant nodular goiter,” Thyroid, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1121–1127, 2010.
- G. Pata, C. Casella, G. C. Magri, S. Lucchini, M. B. Panarotto, N. Crea, et al., “Financial and clinical implications of low-energy CT combined with 99m Technetium-sestamibi SPECT for primary hyperparathyroidism,” Annals of Surgical Oncology, vol. 18, pp. 2555–2563, 2011.
- I. W. Gayed, E. E. Kim, W. F. Broussard et al., “The value of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT over conventional SPECT in the evaluation of parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasia,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 248–252, 2005.
- J. Ruf, D. Seehofer, T. Denecke et al., “Impact of image fusion and attenuation correction by SPECT-CT on the scintigraphic detection of parathyroid adenomas,” NuklearMedizin, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 2007.
- C. Billotey, A. Aurengo, Y. Najean et al., “Identifying abnormal parathyroid glands in the thyroid uptake area using technetium-99m-sestamibi and factor analysis of dynamic structures,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1631–1636, 1994.
- Y. Krausz, E. Shiloni, M. Bocher, S. Agranovicz, B. Manos, and R. Chisin, “Diagnostic dilemmas in parathyroid scintigraphy,” Clinical Nuclear Medicine, vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 997–1001, 2001.
- R. Phitayakorn and C. R. McHenry, “Incidence and location of ectopic abnormal parathyroid glands,” American Journal of Surgery, vol. 191, no. 3, pp. 418–423, 2006.
- A. C. Perkins, D. R. Whalley, and J. G. Hardy, “Physical approach for the reduction of dual radionuclide image subtraction artefacts in immunoscintigraphy,” Nuclear Medicine Communications, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 501–512, 1984.