|Numéro de publication||US5815417 A|
|Type de publication||Octroi|
|Numéro de demande||US 08/900,177|
|Date de publication||29 sept. 1998|
|Date de dépôt||25 juil. 1997|
|Date de priorité||4 août 1994|
|État de paiement des frais||Caduc|
|Numéro de publication||08900177, 900177, US 5815417 A, US 5815417A, US-A-5815417, US5815417 A, US5815417A|
|Inventeurs||Wilson W. Orr, Raymond M. P. Miller|
|Cessionnaire d'origine||City Of Scottsdale|
|Exporter la citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Citations de brevets (12), Citations hors brevets (12), Référencé par (140), Classifications (5), Événements juridiques (6)|
|Liens externes: USPTO, Cession USPTO, Espacenet|
The present application is a continuation-in-part application of an application entitled "APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR COLLECTING, ANALYZING AND PRESENTING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION", filed Oct. 22, 1996 and assigned Ser. No. 08/735,336, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,717 issued Jul. 29, 1997, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/285,830, filed Aug. 4, 1994, now abandoned, and describing an invention of the present inventors.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the collection, integration, manipulation, modeling, and presentation of various local, regional, and/or global data and, more particularly, to acquisition and presentation of data relevant to an emergency incident requiring expeditious resolution to save lives and property.
2. Description of Related Art
Data acquisition and ingestion in support of an emergency event is normally performed manually and updated on white boards at a command center; although computers may be used to provide relational database information, such as names and addresses of affected citizens (who may need evacuation, for instance), there is no automatic acquisition of relevant and needed data. Multiple sources of relevant and needed data are neither combined nor integrated to provide robust information for use in resolving the incident. The command center is usually established at a specific location with all decisions made being based on the integration of data there present. The command center may be a commercial vehicle, such as a van or recreational vehicle specially equipped with desks, seating, computers, maps, white boards, phone lines, cellular phones, rest and sleeping areas, etc. Personnel to staff the command center are dispatched with the vehicle or otherwise to the specific location of the command center. To support such an operation, tremendous centralization of human and technical resources are necessary.
The present invention is directed to an advanced remote data sensing capability coupled with an emergency incident support system which can access remote sensed data to automatically acquire event related data in real time. The data may be processed for immediate presentation or stored for later use. The system includes the capability for simulating a variety of outcomes based upon the development of the emergency incident and attendant dynamic factors. Risks to public safety and attendant costs can be balanced against a variety of projected outcomes. Furthermore, the current situation can be presented as an image using real time data or other renderings on any of a plurality of presentation screens. Three-dimensional imagery can be portrayed on a further screen to represent a predicted outcome based on each of a variety of simulated event scenarios. The ability to move in real time within a three-dimensional environment and to view each of the different incident scenarios provides an extremely realistic presentation to each decisionmaker at the command center. Further imagery may be provided to present a two-dimensional map of the area involved with a zoom capability to permit regional or detailed views on command. Various local regional and global data sources permit acquisition on command of accurate data relevant to each query made that will enhance and clarify presentation of the factual situation to each decisionmaker. The tremendous amount of real time data available coupled with the capability for developing simulated scenarios will simplify the decisions that must be made to resolve complex inter-related problems attendant an emergency incident and thereby mitigate public risk.
It is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide a method for making available to a command center during an emergency incident real time data and capability for simulating various scenarios based upon such data to make complex decisions with minimal public risk.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for assisting a command center to resolve an emergency incident.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method for making available real time data from a multiplicity of sources at a command center addressing resolution of an emergency incident.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method for assisting the decisionmaking process at a command center addressing an emergency incident with the capability for simulating scenarios based upon potential decisions to be made.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for manipulating real time data attendant an emergency incident to assist decisionmakers at a command center in making each of a plurality of decisions to minimize the public risk.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a method for presenting forecastable effects of each of a plurality of decisions that may be made at a command center handling an emergency incident to assist in the making of complex decisions to resolve the incident.
A yet further object of the present invention is to provide a method for expeditiously and effectively resolving an emergency incident with minimal loss of life and property.
These and other objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art as the description thereof proceeds.
The present invention will be described with greater specificity and clarity with reference to the following drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically representing the information gathering and routing system;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting subsystems of the system shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an information center;
FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of the process for acquiring data, simulating scenarios and presenting images of an emergency incident resulting from the scenarios proposed; and
FIG. 5 illustrates a representative setting at a command center for reviewing, discussing, and approving each decision to be made to resolve an emergency incident.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown a block diagram schematically illustrating an enhanced geographical information system 10. In particular, it illustrates the gathering of the information to be processed and the flow of the information after the gathering, including the processing and distribution of the information to ultimate users. FIG. 2 illustrates some of the hardware and software modules embodied in and broadly shown in FIG. 1. Information in any of various formats may be received by a data reception ground station 20 from several different sources. These sources may include an earth circling satellite 12, an aircraft 14, and a helicopter 16. The helicopter represents a local aircraft or an earth bound fixed sensor, such as a sensor atop a mountain or a tall building, etc., which gathers essentially local information. Aircraft 14 may be a type of reconnaissance aircraft that may cover a relatively large area for data gathering purposes. For example, aircraft 14 may provide multispectral radar, and lidar information, infrared data, photographs, and/or other information and helicopter 16 may provide primarily photographic and video information of a local area or some part or parts thereof. Satellite 12 may provide multispectral radar data, radar data, photographic information, infrared data, lidar data, sidar data and the like. There are many kinds or sources of data that are now available, and more types of sources of data will be available in the future, which are representatively depicted by satellite 12, aircraft 14, and helicopter 16. With contemporary technology, data from any of these sources may be transmitted to one or more earth stations 20.
With respect to terminology, it will be noted that multispectral data or information is generally considered as passive systems for deriving information. Radar, lidar, and sidar are typically considered active systems for deriving information from a transmitted signal reflected by an object of interest and received at a receiving station. Global remote sensed information/data, including global positioning system (GPS) and global climate change models, may be received by ground station 20. A block 18 represents the source(s) for such information/data.
The information/data gathered is transmitted from ground station 20 through appropriate transmission elements 22, such as wireless, fiberoptics, or cable elements to a central location 40. The central location includes the software and hardware necessary for processing the received information incorporated in three primary systems. These primary systems are an acquisition system 50, an operations system 60, and a vision system 70. The acquisition system includes an interface module 52 for receiving information from an Internet and a NREN station 30 through transmission line 32 and from GIS station 34 through transmission line 36. These stations provide regional and global information, respectively. The information available from Internet and NREN station 30 may come from any number of centers or sources. The data is transmitted to the interface module 52 from stations 30,34 by appropriate communications channels or transmission lines, as depicted.
Data may be received from numerous sources, as indicated above, such as from land based, airborne or space based sensor platforms, or from data libraries of various types. The data may be fed directly to central location 40 in real time or near real time. Remote sensed data, such as multi-spectral radar, lidar, and sidar, is routed to central location 40 where it is processed, manipulated, and archived. At the central station, data is routed to the appropriate hardware and software elements, as desired or required. The information represented by the data is analyzed, collated, and processed appropriately for use. The "use" may be multiple uses, depending on the users. That is, different users may desire different information, and the information is processed to provide single or multiple users with virtually any type of information from the data. The data may be retrieved, further manipulated, and presented through use of software and hardware elements in an interactive venue, such as might be designed for group decision support in a setting, such as an information center 90 illustrated in FIG. 3.
Three primary systems are integrated, as best shown in FIG. 2. One system is acquisition system 50, the second system is operations system 60, and the third system is vision or visioning system 70. Acquisition system 50 includes an interface module 52 which may interface with a generic geographic information system (GIS) station 34. Module 52 provides the interface software for subroutines with the generic GIS and the communications software for direct linkage with remote sensors. It may link continuously with several different sensor instruments on satellites or aircraft that provide selective hyperspectral scanning of the electromagnetic spectrum, radar imagery, which may be multi-polarized, and laser imagery (lidar), which may be similarly polarized. The module may then provide instantaneous or prerecorded information of value to the users. Initial processing of raw multi-spectral, real time data from aerial and space based platforms is performed within this module and it includes the hardware necessary to run the software and to facilitate data movement. After initial processing of the Internet and NREN data received from station 30 by interface module 52, the module communicates with a module 54 that provides various functions, such as data ingestion and storage, archive and retrieval, command and control, and communications relevant to the processed data.
A plurality of direct display screens 92 may be used in information center 90 and controlled by interactive keyboards/LCD displays (consoles 100), as shown in FIG. 3. For example, a user may wish to see the aerial photography for a one mile buffer around a specific land address. The information is passed to the database query and interface engine 56 (FIG. 2) which locates the appropriate records. A unique identifier and task request is sent to block 80 wherein a graphics engine expands the geometry of the subject parcel of land for the one mile radius. Finally, the geometry of the buffer is passed to an image display engine and a data display engine which extracts only the portion of the image needed and sends the results on a transmission line 82 to a display screen 92 for display at information center 90.
Operations system 60 provides for remote sensed data transfer, manipulation, and display for current operations and user functions through software. Some of the functions include auto registration, spectral signature library, classification, and masking, as illustrated in block 62. The essential functions or sub modules for operations system 60, as listed in abbreviated form in block 62, include:
1. Automatic registration of multi-spectral, hyperspectral, radar, or lidar imagery:
a) This module contains the subroutines necessary to automatically identify the data imagery type and to auto register, or align, this imagery or attribute information with the GIS database; and
b) The GIS database provides known ground features to provide overall control points for rectification of the imagery. Only features with pronounced active or passive signatures, static physical characteristics and appropriate geographic locations will be identified, such as a canal, tree, vehicle, or building, etc. An algorithm then analyzes the imagery and matches the known ground control shapes, transferring the coordinate geometry of the GIS database features to the given image. This operation may be done through several correcting iterative processes by increasing the number of ground control features each time until an acceptable deviation is achieved.
2. High resolution multi-spectral, radar, and lidar imaging signature libraries:
a) This library provides reference data for atmospheric, land surface, and subsurface features, vegetation, life forms, conditions, and attributes within any desired region, such as, for example, the southwestern United States region. This is a reference library for comparison with new remote sensed data, permitting feature identification, whether atmospheric, land surface, or subsurface;
b) GIS registered, high resolution, multi spectral, and radar or lidar imagery is ground truthed and synthesized to build an optimal signature library. The imagery is superimposed with known features within the GIS database, such as pavement, roof tops, etc., to determine the most common signature return for the given feature;
c) Since many factors can affect the signature return of any given feature, such as angle or pitch of the camera, shadows, etc., variances in the signature library occur. These variances are mathematically calculated to determine allowable tolerances within the signature band for each feature. Each spectral band within the spectral range for a given feature is examined for return values and optimally predictive values are calculated. This depicts the most common spectral return for the given band; and
d) Next, tolerances are calculated by finding the minimum and maximum values in which a certain percentage of the returns for a given band belong. Finally, the signature library elements are tested and verified against or with known signatures for the region's known imagery to insure the classification accuracy of the data.
3. Classification module:
a) This module interprets the data stream and is equipped to recognize atmospheric, surface, and subsurface constituent features and attributes by spectral signature or reflected image comparison with reference to the signature library discussed above.
4. Masking module:
a) This module scans the data to produce an image which will present special features, such as a roof type or hydrant location, for example, and search for a given signature or indication, such as a particular pollutant, vegetation type, land characteristic, attribute, or object, or for a given coordinate set with a listing of selected attributes; and
b) Following classification and/or masking, data are sent to the vision system or to an integrated user interface module, discussed below, for display and dissemination to a user. Data may be returned to vision system 70 repeatedly for additional processing, as desired. Geographical addressing, coordinate selection, attribute queuing, and zoom or magnification features are contained within this module.
General applications developed using vision system 70 include:
1. Environmental change monitoring, compliance, and enforcement;
2. Transportation monitoring, analysis, and planning;
3. General planning, growth assessment, and management;
4. Zoning and building code enforcement; and
5. Public protection and emergency/disaster response services.
Sample applications of this vision system include: hazardous materials dumping by type, location, and time; police (law enforcement) transit, service, utility, or other vehicle location and status; watershed status; impending weather related events; regionally coordinated disaster incident management; traffic vehicle counts by time of day and location; tracking of vehicles, biological and nonbiological objects, or other entities; transportation planning; zoning monitoring and enforcement; crime evidence gathering; development plan review and tracking; air quality analysis; sources and movement of pollutants; long term trends of various types; construction progress monitoring; and permit and other violations.
Visioning system 70 may provide dynamic visual and financial simulations of a region's future, given an assumption set and a predetermined series of development or policy decisions. It is intended to project into a long range time frame and incorporate global change data through a high speed data channel. Global data is regionalized, utilizing special subprogram software to combine emerging local climatic models with larger data sets. This subprogram accesses global environmental information data and modeling to assist a municipality in developing long term strategies which integrate with global environmental trends and emerging guidelines for sustainable development.
The following subroutines, depicted in block 72, are a part of vision system 70:
a) Digital image manipulation and simulation capability utilizes advanced processing capabilities applied to environmental, economic, and social models developed as part of the module subroutines; and
b) Optical image manipulation and simulation also utilizes advanced processing, but filters the image of elements not requiring update for the next image. An image library is established for a local community to use for fly through/bys and "what if" scenario generations.
2. Assumption Set and Database:
Simulation scenarios derive from a set of assumptions, regarding, in part:
a) Global/regional/local environmental factors (climate change, costs assigned to pollutants, new pollutants, totally internalized resource costs);
b) Global/regional/local economic factors (rate of inflation, interest rates, sources of GNP and local incomes, new products and specification, existing material and product performance specifications, areas, tax rates); and
c) Global/regional/local social, cultural, demographic factors (population forecasts, health costs, educational levels and provisions).
3. Decision Support Module:
a) Simulation scenarios depend on the policy and development decisions made by a community, government, or user organization. These are categorized in this module to include likely outcomes for a variety of policies, development alternatives, and infrastructure projections with regard to cost, usage rates, and life cycle costing of materials.
This module includes group decision support software which may be user confidential and individually interactive at each user's console 100, (see FIG. 3), and at remote locations. A typical facility is depicted in FIG. 3 as information center 90 that may serve citizens, council commissions, senior management/planning meetings, etc. Obviously, this facility may be adapted to various user groups or organizations requiring the integration of multiple data sets, imagery, and group decision support software.
The entire system is appropriately interconnected, such as by fiber optics, to all appropriate user departments and offices to create a virtual network that integrates across user groups. As a national "Information Highway" is developed, the system may be connected to include other, or more, remote locations.
Information center 90 includes a plurality of interactive consoles 100 connected to the central location 40 by appropriate elements. A plurality of communications lines 130, 140, 150, and 160 are illustrated in FIG. 1 as extending to different centers 132, 142, 152, and 162, respectively, where the gathered and processed information may be used by users. One such user may be information center 90, connected to the central location 40 by an appropriate transmission line 82 from data/image/graphics display engines depicted in block 80. Block 80 represents the software and hardware which interfaces with the information center 90 and the central location 40. It will be understood that the various modules, engines, etc., within the central location 40 communicate with each other as required to analyze, retrieve, etc., the data as requested by users at consoles 100 . . . 106, etc.
At the front of the information center 90, and in front of the consoles 100, may be a large display screen 92. By use of the consoles 100, the users may call up and have displayed desired information on the display screen. Moreover, the information displayed on display screen 92 may be manipulated and otherwise used or varied as desired. A master control console or facilitator console 110 is shown in FIG. 3.
Some examples of the applications available are set out below. The examples are illustrative only, and not exclusive. Different users may sit at consoles 100. Facilitator console 110 may provide assistance for the users at the consoles. Hard copies of data may be provided by a plotter or printer 98 or similar image/data rendering device, or transmitted to a playback device for later usage, as desired.
On opposite sides of the display screen 92 are an assumption screen 94 and a decision screen 96. The purpose of these screens is to aid the users in making decisions based on provided data. The assumptions may include resource, pollutant costs as a minimum in arriving at proper decisions. Decision screen 96 will display the chosen decision tree, generally regarding changes to the natural environment. The display screen 92 will display visually and dynamically the long term results of the proposed changes.
Remote centers 132, 142, 152, and 162 are shown in FIG. 1. These remote centers may represent departments, agencies, private individuals or entities, schools and universities, federal agencies, other political units, etc., tied into or part of system 10.
The following examples set forth various and representative uses that may be accommodated by system 10:
An "old" map shows water meters and sewer manholes at specific locations on a given street. With a hand held GPS transmitter, a person may walk along the street and activate the GPS transmitter at the water meters and manholes. GIS satellites receive the transmissions and relay the coordinates of the exact locations from where the transmissions were sent. The information is processed and is used to verify the "old" information and to correct any errors. The "new" information thus received and processed provides correct location information for the various water meter and sewer manholes.
A new subdivision is planned for a section of land which includes hills, dry water courses and certain types of desired vegetation. The section of land has been photographed, etc., and the information is in the system memory. The information on the desired section is brought up on a computer screen and the information is analyzed. Appropriate printouts may be made for detailed analysis. The information provided includes details on the vegetation so that lot lines, roads, etc., may be plotted to have minimum adverse effect on the vegetation and on the natural water courses, etc.
Aerial photographs of an area are processed with maps to show correct lot boundaries, misaligned walls and fences, and other desired information.
Radar imagery is preprocessed and auto registered to a GIS mapping system which overlays parcel property lines. The resulting image can be automatically interpreted or "read" to determine the surface area and percent slope on any given ownership parcel. This yields buildable/unbuildable percentages and ultimately derives a slope analysis for the parcel. These parcels, and their attributes, can be aggregated to provide a basis for transaction negotiations, tax assessment, and other values which are slope dependent. The radar data provides highly accurate elevation data from the which the slope composite imagery is constructed.
An agency responsible for reviewing, revising, approving, monitoring construction progress, and otherwise dealing with land use and architectural plans may require these to be submitted in computer assisted design (CAD) format on magnetic or optical media. Plans thus digitized may be merged into the GIS resident, remote sensed imagery to create dynamic, three-dimensional and realistic presentations of the finished development of a capital improvement project. The simulation software merges the digitized plan with change models and simulates visually how the project will look in the distant future. Plan check submodules approve, or disapprove the project based on its long term impacts as determined by this simulation capability.
The visual simulations set forth in Example 5, above, may be integrated with economic, social, and environmental cost forecasts to determine a project's impact on the sustainability of the community, or ability to function without negatively impacting the future wellbeing of the community.
A developer's plans are submitted on electronic optical or magnetic media and integrated with existing regulatory data and video of the proposed area to 1) verify plan compliance with city/state/federal codes, and 2) simulate how the proposed project, if built, would appear and impact the community in the distant future.
City planners utilize the system to design and update the city's land use plan. Transportation planners, storm water planners, etc., will visualize the land use plan concurrently during the design phase and assess impacts of the plan with regard to transportation, storm water, etc. Recommendations and manipulations can be made by the transportation planner and the impact of such recommendations and manipulations can be visualized in three-dimensions. This process allows for group interaction in city planning through the integration of existing city models and the visualization of model inputs and outputs.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a block diagram which depicts the process and components required to acquire and format remote sensed data for combination with other data to provide a presentation to command center personnel handling an emergency incident. Block 170 represents data sensed from remote sources and relevant directly or indirectly to the emergency incident. This data may be acquired as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2. The remote sensed data may be inputted in real time, stored, and retrieved later. Alternatively, the data may be routed directly to incident support software module 180 for processing and use. Block 172 represents data relevant to the incident. This data may be entered manually or automatically from existing data sources. Furthermore, it may be data generated directly by personnel overseeing the emergency incident. Historical and/or ancillary information regarding aspects of the emergency incident may also be included. Block 174 represents data from a geographical information system (GIS) relevant to the emergency incident and related factors. The GIS data represents two-dimensional map information linked to a relational database to generate automatically ownership, tax, criminal, or other data relevant to the emergency incident and/or persons involved. Moreover, the information represented by the data may be relational or spatial (raster or vector). Block 176 represents data available from the Internet which has been filtered to be relevant to the emergency incident and to related or impinging factors. In addition, the data obtained from the Internet may include a two or multiple way exchange of information.
These multiple sources of data and information are integrated by incident support software module 180, which module responds to queries made by members of the team handling the emergency incident. In operation, module 180 determines by design algorithms which data source can provide the requested information. Should the request be for a simulation of an expected outcome based upon certain decisions or occurrences, the module routes the request to simulation module 182. The simulation module can connect and integrate all extant, but heretofore, isolated models descriptive of individual elements related to an emergency incident. Module 182 contains the software necessary to integrate, combine, and simplify the outputs of individual model elements which are representative of or relate to the emergency incident. This is accomplished by integrating and formatting software. It can also add a fourth dimension, time, to two- or three-dimensional models resident in the module. By applying a variety of assumptions and decision options to single or integrated models, the future results of current decisions can be developed. The methods of data simulation conducted include the ability to accept a different set of input factors and produce a simulated situation in a future time period for the emergency incident. The module will be capable of trend extrapolation (using a variety of methodologies, including linear, logarithmic, cross-index, etc.) for the variety of data sets within the module. Possible outcomes of the emergency incident may be generated for a range of alternative actions.
Visualization module 184 includes a user interface function to accommodate access by users, represented by block 186, to respond to queries made and provide responses to such queries, as represented by line 188. The visualization module provides a method of data presentation and includes two primary elements. First, it includes special software to move (give the perception of movement) a viewer in real time through a real or simulated three-dimensional representation of the jurisdiction in either time or future time. The module will also overlay or co-display charted two-dimensional data sets which change to portray data dynamically as the spatial or temporal aspects of the viewer varies. Thus, the visualization module will portray complex data using simple visual media. Second, special features can be viewed by all or selected members of the emergency incident team on one or more computer driven screens. Sufficient visually perceivable information is provided to permit rapid decisions to preserve life and property at the currently perceived risk.
Referring to FIG. 5, there is illustrated a facility 190, which may be similar to information center 90, for providing the information necessary and available to the members of the emergency incident team and permit the decisionmaker(s) to make decisions on an ongoing real time basis to resolve the emergency incident with minimal risk and cost. Block 192 represents an area wherein visual presentations are made and may include a plurality of screens represented by numeral 194 for depicting data in two- or three-dimensional formats along with any commentary or qualifying language pertinent to the depicted images. The support staff may be located in area 196 wherein they have visual access to screens 194. Real time data presentation and technical support available to the supporting staff is represented by block 198. The commander(s) for assessing the emergency incident and for making decisions as necessary may be located in an area proximate line 200. At this location, the commander(s) and the immediate supporting staff have visual access to screens 194 and any queries raised may be addressed to the supporting staff or to technicians represented by the designation technical support in block 198.
While the invention has been described with reference to several particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will be able to make the various modifications to the described embodiments of the invention without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. It is intended that all combinations of elements and steps which perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same result are within the scope of the invention.
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|Classification aux États-Unis||703/5, 340/506|
|25 juil. 1997||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CITY OF SCOTTSDALE, AN ARIZONA MUNICIPAL CORP., AR
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ORR, WILSON W.;MILLER, RAYMOND M.P.;REEL/FRAME:008687/0482
Effective date: 19970725
|1 févr. 2002||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|13 mars 2006||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8
|3 mai 2010||REMI||Maintenance fee reminder mailed|
|29 sept. 2010||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|16 nov. 2010||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 20100929