|Publication number||US3846152 A|
|Publication date||Nov 5, 1974|
|Filing date||May 12, 1972|
|Priority date||May 12, 1972|
|Publication number||US 3846152 A, US 3846152A, US-A-3846152, US3846152 A, US3846152A|
|Original Assignee||Ppg Industries Inc|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Referenced by (59), Classifications (26)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
Nov. 5, 1974 H. FRANZ 3,846,152
SELECTIVE REFLEC'IING METAL/METAL OXIDE commas Filed May 12. 1972 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 H. FRANZ Nov. 5, 1974 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed May 12 TF4 NSMITTANCE Cqwl .3 EQEEQE W mwskmm 9 9 Lu .3 Cu Rd n w m m u u A o M W M T m N H m WW. Mr M E w w m i 2 O A D A W cm .P w m w b w bfiuwmm ANGS 7' 1? (M45 (War/vars 0F ax/as m FIG. 6
3,846,152 SELECTIVE REFLECTING METAL/METAL OXIDE COATINGS Helmut Franz, Pittsburgh, Pa., assignor to PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa.
Filed May 12, 1972, Ser. No. 252,803 Int. Cl. C03c 17/00; G02b 5/20 US. Cl. 117-333 5 Claims ABSTRACT on THE DISCLOSURE CROSS-REFERENOEITO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is related to the applicants copending application Angled Crossfire Rinses, filed July 6, 1971, Ser. No. 159,746, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,793,054, and is related to the commonly assigned applications of R. G. Miller, filed July-23, 1970, Nos. 57,451, 57,575 and 57,754. Application No. 57,575 .is now abandoned; ap plication No. '57,451 is now US. Pat. No. 3,723,158 issued Mar. 27, 1973; application No. 57,754 is now US. Pat. No. 3,674,571 issued July 4, 1972.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to multiple coated articles exhibiting, selective reflectance and transmittance of radiation over an extended spectral range, and more particularly relates to visibly transparent articles having such selective reflectance. In another embodimennthis invention relates to an electroless coating method for producing such articles.
In the past, multiple layer coatings have been employed which provide particular reflectance and transmittance characteristics for the composite film. Exemplary of this prior art is the basic work of G. L. Dimmick, for example, US. Pats. 2,379,790, 2,412,496, 2,422,954 and 2,624,238. Particular coating materials employed in the prior art and disclosed in these references are a relatively high index refraction material selected from'lead molybdate, lead tungstate, lead chromate, titanium dioxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, bismuth oxide and preferably zinc sulfide and a low index of refraction material selected from magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, calcium silicate, lithium fluoride, aluminum fluoride, aluminum oxide and preferably thorium oxyfluoride' (cryolite). In the application of such layers according to the prior art, it is necessary to employ vaporization techniques or other techniques requiring a vacuum. The techniques of this prior art are not particularly effective for the production of coatings on large substrates, such as those intended for viewing closures in buildings or vehicles.
Otherworkers in the art have modified the basic concepts of Dimmick to include metal films or foil and semimetal films in combination with the particular high index ofrefraction materials taught by Dimmick. Exemplary of disclosures relating to these modifications is US. PatentNo. 3,516,720 which discloses the use of two metal films in combination with layers of high index of refractionmaterial according to Dimmick'where the particular metal films are a nickel film anda gold or copper film separated by a layer of zinc sulfide. As with the articles and techniques of Dimmick, the. preparation of these com- Unitcd States Patent O 7 3,846,152 Patented Nov. 5, 1974 bination films or coatings are practically limited to their preparation on small substrates such as the sunglasses which are prepared according to thisreference.
In the preparation of metallic films on large substrates, there has been a large body of teaching relating to preparation. of such coatings by electroless techniques which have developed from the art of the preparation of mirrors. Exemplary of such teachings are US. patents to Richard G. Miller for the preparation of copper films, No. 3,457,138, and copending applications for the preparation of iron, cobalt and nickel films, Ser. No. 57,451 and Ser. No. 57,754, filed July 23, 1970, which are herein incorporated by reference.
It has also been known in the past to prepare copper coatings on large substrates with the outer or :exposed portion of the film oxidized so that a composite copper oxide/copper film results; see US. Pat. No. 3,537,944. The copper oxide coatings so produced are not found to provide for a variety of products having different characteristics which may be modified at'will by simple control of the process for forming such coatings. Such coatings do not appear to have a sharp plane of demarcation between the copper oxide and the copper, but instead appear to have a gradual change from copper oxide to copper through their thickness and are not found adaptable for providing specific interference colors.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, substrates, in particular transparent substrates glass, have been provided with multipl'efcjditih gisi to provide the articles with selec-.
- ing. Other impurities may also be present depending upon the particular method employed to apply the principal metal to the substrate or to the surface to which it is attached. Typically, tin 'or palladium may be present in small quantities within the metal coating.
A second coating or film layer comprising the oxide of at least one metal, preferably copper or iron, is affixed to the described metal coating. Copper has been found to be vastly superior to any other metal for the preparation of the oxide coatings of this invention. While it is preferred that the metal coating be affixed to the substrate and the metal oxide coating disposed over the metal coating, it is also possible to have the metal oxide layer adjacent to the substrate and the metallic coating disposed over the metal oxide layer. Further, more than two layers may be employed in some instances with alternate layers of metal oxide and metal films preferred but with the possibility of metal/metal oxide combinations in accordance with the preferred embodiments of this invention also being conveniently used in combination with other metal or metal oxide films, such as protective silica coatings covering the exposed face, whether metal or metal oxide, in accordance with the preferred embodiments of this invention. t t
The articles of this invention may be prepared using any convenient material as a substrate which is or may he made receptive to the deposition of the "contemplated films. Substrates which may be useful for particular purposes include metals, porcelain, porcelain and enamel coated metals, refractory materials, glass and organic polymeric materials, such as plastics. Particularly useful articles are prepared for use as viewing closures utilizing glass as a substrate. While any known glass may be employed in this invention, the articles are preferably prepared utilizingcommon soda-lime-silica glasses. In particular, clear glass may be used as a substrate, although tinted and heat absorbing glasses may also be used to advantage.
Articles produced according to this invention for employment as windows in buildings and the like, preferably are prepared having two layers of film with the metal film adjacent the substrate. The thickness of the metal film may range from 20 to 1000 angstroms, and preferably will be from about 50 to 200 angstroms. The metal oxide coating will generally have a thickness of from 50 to 1500 angstroms, and preferably will have a thickness from 200 to 900 angstroms.
While the articles of this invention, if prepared having the metal oxide layer as the exposed coated surface, have been found to be relatively durable, in some applications, it is preferred to employ the coated glass in a multiple glazed window unit with the coated surface facing the interior space between adjacent panels of such multiple glazed units. When employing such multiple glazed units ing the wall of a building, it is preferred to position such units so that the coated glass is disposed towards the exterior of the building, for such an arrangement enhances the thermal isolation of the interior of the building from the external environment under general weather conditrons.
' In order to obtain articles having particular reflectance and transmittance characteristics and in particular exhibiting desired color characteristics when viewed either in reflection or transmittance, the relative thickness of metal and metal oxide films is controlled. A wide variety of color characteristics are possible utilizing the principles of this invention. 'For example, whenviewed from the coated side, articles of this invention may be observed to have colors which appear. as greenish-silver, bronze, gold and gray. Reflectance of such articles from the glass side, when employing clear soda-lime-silica glass as a substrate, may vary from blue to violet to blue-green and the apparent color of such articles viewed in transmission may be silver, gold, brass, yellowish-bronze, or yellow-brown. Quantitatively, the colors of articles according to this invention may be expressed using the conventions of the conventional C.I.E. color system and using the parameters of reflectance, dominant wavelength, excitation ptn'ity and tristimulus values.
The preferred two-layer coated articles according to this invention have the following quantitative color characteristics: preferably articles having two layers of film, one metal and one metal oxide, on a glass substrate have a visible light or luminous transmittance of from 85 to 95 percent. Most preferably, such articles will be prepared using a clear soda-lime-silica glass, and the article will have in addition to the aforementioned characteristics a luminous reflectance from the glass substrate side of from to .35 percent, and a color reflectance from the glass substrate side of from 560 to 580 nanometers dominant wavelength, from 5 to 35 Y tristimulus value, and from 2 to 20 percent excitation purity. I
. Measurement of the characteristics of the articles of this invention is accomplished using a Beckman Model DK- 2A Spectrometer. The total solar reflectance and transmit'tance are integrated values for response over the spectral range from 300 nanometers to 2100 nanometers. The luminous reflectance and transmittance are integrated values for response over the. spectral range from 380 nanometers to 760 nanometers. Transmittance is expressed as the percent of'light transmitted through the specimen tested compared with the light transmitted through air. Reflectance is expressed 'as the percent of light reflected from the specimen tested compared with 4 the light reflected from a flat, white, magnesium oxide block. t
Characteristics are determined according to responses calculated for illumination by standard Illuminants B and C. Tristimulus Y or reflectance, dominant wavethe preparation of coated articles having large surface areas, for example, greater than 12 inches by 12 inches and even greater than 10 feet by 10 feet; T he'method for preparing such articles in accordance with this invention does not suffer from the problems attendant to the preparation of narrow band filters, such as taught in the prior:
art according to Dimmick and others, which-require the: deposition of fiims in a vacuum and require the close mom-- toling of deposition during the preparation of such arti-. cles. Such problems are also common to the method of preparing a copper/copper oxide composite film which is described above.
The metallic film or coating on which a metal oxide coating is to be formed may be applied by electroless plating, electrolytic plating, vapor deposition, sputtering or any other known technique. For example, a metalliccoating of chromium may beconveniently applied by vapor deposition, while a silver coating may more cork; veniently be applied by electroless-coating. The following description indicates a preferred method for forming the metallic coating of particular metals by electroless plating.
The metal coating comprising nickel, cobalt, iron orsome mixture thereof along with other materials in rela-:
tively minor amounts isapplied to the substrate by contacting it with a mixture comprised of two compositions which are held separate from one another until immediately before or at the time of contacting the substrate. One composition is a solution containing the metal to be deposited, preferably as a reducible metal salt, soluble,-
or easily dispersible in the medium, preferably water, for
supplying the reactant; and a second composition, pr'ef-' erably containinga boron-containing reducing agent for the metal, though other reducing agents will lie-apparent to those skilled in the art. Prior to contacting the substrate with such a composition mixture, the substrate will preferably be cleaned in order to enhance the uniformity of the resultantcoating. Substrates, which. are not metallic and are not receptive to the deposition of an adherent film, are then contacted with a composition to make the surface receptive to coating. Such so-called sensitizing compositions customarily contain a tin compound such asa tin halide or sulfate, and stannous chloride is the preferred material: for sensitizing glass surfaces. A further sensitizing step utilizing a noble metal, preferably palladium, may also be employed, and, while palladium may be suppliedas any palladium halide, palladious chloride in combination with an equal amount of hydrochloric acid in an aqueous solution is preferred for preparing glass surfaces.
Following one or more contacting steps to providea film of iron, cobalt, or nickel on a glass substrate, the
glass substrate is coated with copper or iron, preferably copper, by contacting it with a copper-containing comor cobalt is preferably present as a soluble salt with particularly preferred salts being sulfates and 'tartrates. The
method includes contacting the glass with a- Rochelle 'saltat a controlled pH to reduce the copper, depositing it on a copper film overthe metallic silver',,i.'r .on,,
or nickel film. Prior to the second coating application the first coating is preferably activated by contacting it with a palladium salt as before.
Following such treatment, the coated article is subjected to heat, preferably above about 400 F. and below a temperature at which the substrate becomes distorted in an oxidizing atmosphere to convert the copper layer to copper oxide. As disclosed and claimed herein, the best mode for practicing the method of the present invention contemplates contacting the film to be oxidized with an adsorbing surfactant prior to heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere in order to enhance the uniformity of oxidation and the apparent uniformity of the resulting film as visually observed.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for preparing a thin metal oxide film on a substrate with the resulting film having superior uniformity. Also provided for in this invention is a method of oxidizing the surface of the metal article to a controlled depth in a manner which provides for uniform oxidation over the surface.
- It has been found that uniformity of oxidation of a metal is enhanced by treating the metallic surface to be oxidized with a surfactant material which is strongly adsorbed at the metal surface so that the surface is made hydrophobic, that is, non-wetting. It has been found that metal surfaces which have been so treated, when heated to 200 F. to 800 F. and preferably 300 F. to 500 F., in the presence of air, are oxidized uniformly over the surface. While it is not fully understood why the presence of an adsorbing surfactant promotes the uniformity of oxidation, it is thought that the presence of an adsorbing surfactant provides a uniformly thin layer of surfactant over the metal surface and that the rate of oxidation is thus controlled by the rate of oxygen diffusion through the surfactant to the metal surface which is thought to be relatively uniform compared to the contact of oxygen with the metal surface directly. It is thought that when the bare metal surface is exposed to air that inherently some air turbulence exists which causes the oxidation rate to be non-uniform over the surfaces. It has been observed that metal surfaces treated with an effective adsorbing surfactant are hydrophobic even after heat treatment for 20 minutes at about 500 F. This indicates that the surfactant is maintained on the surface during the oxidation of the underlying metal.
This method is applicable to the oxidation of metals, such as copper, aluminum, zinc, iron, cobalt, nickel, tin, indium and the like, Whether in solid form or as relatively thin films disposed on other materials. Thin metallic films such as films over other articles prepared by either plating over opaque articles or prepared by various techniques as thin transparent films on transparent substrates may be oxidized in place according to this invention.
The following surfactants are exemplary of those found to be useful in the practice of this invention: sorbiten monolaurate, and acetylene glycol 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5- decyne-4,7 diol in ethylene glycol sold under the name Surfinol by Airco Chemical. Any surfactant which is strongly adsorbed at a metal surface and which is stable 'at temperatures high enough to promote oxidation of the metal in air may be employed in the present invention. Non-ionic surfactants which have been tested have been found to be useful. Sorbitan monolaurate has been found to be particularly useful as a surfactant to be employed in the oxidation of copper. In the practice of this invention the adsorbing surfactants are applied to the metal surface from solution. Either aqueous or organic solutions may be employed. While useful surfactants may be applied in full strength, itvis preferable to apply the surfactants from solution. It is preferred that such solutions contain from 0.001 to 20 percent in weight surfactant, and solutions containing 0.05\ to .5 percent by weight surfactant are more preferred, with the concentrations indicated in the examples, which follow, being particularly desirable.
In addition to the surfactants employed in the inven tion, solutions may contain alkali metal salts, for example, alkali metal carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates and the like are contemplated. In particular the sodium salts may be effectively used. Preferably the alkali metals are present as sodium carbonate, tetra sodium pyrophosphite and the like.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a simplified article produced in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative em-= bodiment of the article of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative mul tiple layer embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a broken perspective view of an insulating glass unit employing a multiple coated glass plate in ac cordance with this invention;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a laminated glass article in accordance with this invention; and
FIGS. 6 and 7 are plots of transmittance and reflectance characteristics of coatings versus metal oxide coating thicknesses for articles comprising the preferred embodiments according to this invention, particularly monolithic articles including the color characteristics of preferred embodiments according to this invention.
In the drawings, where like reference numbers indicate similar elements, the articles of this invention are shown. A preferred embodiment of a monolithic article according to this invention is shown in cross-section in FIG. 1. A substrate, 1, preferably transparent and more preferably glass, has disposed thereon a coating or film layer, 5, which is substantially metallic, which, in turn, has dis-= posed thereon a coating or film layer, 7, which is substantially a metal oxide. The relationship of the metal layer, 5, and the oxide layer, 7, may be altered with re spect to the substrate, 1, as illustrated in FIG. 2. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the number of metal and metal oxide layers may be increased for particular effect. An overlayer, 9, may be provided which is metallic or oxide for particular optical performance or an overlayer, 9, of silica may be provided for protection of the principal coating layers, 5 and 7. A preferred article incorporating the combinations of coatings disclosed is a multiple glazed unit such as shown in FIG. 4. One panel of glass, 1, having coatings according to this invention is mounted in sub stantially parallel relationship and spaced from another glass panel, 3, with a marginal frame member, 11, holding the panels, which are held in spaced relation by a spacer member, 15, and sealed with material, 13. Laminated articles, as shown in FIG. 5 may be prepared utilizing this invention. A coated glass piece, 1, is laminated to another piece, 3, and adhered with interlayer material, 17, such as polyvinyl butyral or polyurethane.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The preferred embodiment of this invention comprises a glass substrate having one metal coating deposited thereon and one metal oxide coating disposed over the metal coating. The preferred metal for the metal coating is nickel. The nickel coating contains boron in a minor amount. The metal oxide coating is copper oxide. The thickness of each coating varies depending upon the particular reflectance and transmittance characteristics desired.
The best method contemplated for preparing the articles of this invention follows. Prior to applying any coating to the glass surface, the glass surface is cleaned. If the glass to be coated has an imperfect coating which must be re moved the initial cleaning step comprises contacting the glass surface with a strong cleansing agent such as those silica or other common light abrasive materials. The glass is then again washed with water and rinsed clear.
The cleaned glass is then contacted with a sensitizing agent to make the glass surface receptive to the deposition of metal and to insure that deposited metal will adhere to the glass surface. The preferred method for sensitizing a glass surface comprises contacting the surface with a dilute aqueous solution of a tin salt. While any soluble or water-dispersible tin salt such as stannous bromide, stannous iodide or stannous sulfate may be employed, stannous chloride is a preferred source of tin. A stannous chloride solution having a preferred concentration of stannous chloride of from 0.01 to 0.1 grams per liter is employed, and a solution having a stannous chlo ride concentration of from 0.06 to 0.09 grams per liter has been found to be particularly useful.
The tin solution may be sprayed or permitted to drip onto the glass surface or may be applied using any conventional contacting technique. Applying the solution from a pipe having orifices disposed along its length and allowing the solution to drip onto the glass has been found to be particularly simple and troublefree. Following con tact of the glass with a tin solution, the glass is again rinsed with water. A variety of conventional techniques may be employed for spraying rinse water against the glass, although it has been found particularly beneficial to employ crossfire rinse applicators to direct the spray generally against the direction of glass travel on a con= veyor while traversing the glass perpendicular to its direction of travel. Such an arrangement is the subject of applicants copending application Ser. No. 159,746, filed July 6, 1971, now US. Pat. No. 3,793,054, issued Feb. 19, 1974, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Following rinsing, the glass surface is contacted with a noble metal solution to further prepare the surface for receiving a coating. The preferred solution for employment in this step is a palladious chloride solution having a concentration of palladious chloride of from 0.005 to about 1.0 grams palladium chloride per liter of solution together with an equal amount of hydrochloric acid. This solution may be applied to the glass by techniques similar to those for application of the tin solution, such as spraying or dripping. Following contact of the glass with a palladium solution, the glass is again rinsed with a rinse Water preferably applied using crossfire rinse applicators as before indicated.
Following the palladium treatment and its accompany ing rinse, the glass is then contacted with a composition suitable for depositing a nickel coating onto the glass surface. The preferred method for depositing nickel is that disclosed in the commonly assigned copending applica tion entitled Wet Chemical Method of Producing Trans= parent Metal Films to R. G. Miller, application Ser. No. 57, 754, filed June 23, 1970, now US. Pat. No. 3,674,- 571. Briefly, the nickel deposition step involves intermixing two separate solutions, one a nickel-containing solution, and another, a reducing solution containing a boroncontaining reducing agent, and contacting the glass with the intermixed solution so that the reducing agent reduces the nickel, depositing it onto the glass. The preferred separate solutions are formulated as follows:
Nickel solution 1 i Nickelous acetate: 0.5 to granisjperlite r Boric acid: 0.5 to 35 grams per liter Sodium gluconate: 1.0 to 75 grams per liter Hydrazine sulfate: 0.1 to 5.0 grams per liter Ammonium hydroxide: to adjust pH to 7.0 to 10.5
Wetting agentEthomeen C20*: 0.01 to 1.0 grams per liter *Sold by Armour & Co. and consisting of )CHzCHzOhH R-N Where R is derived from cocoamine and x+y: 10.
Reducing solution Sodium borohydride: 0.1 to 25 grams per liter Sodium hydroxide: to adjust pH to 10 to 12.5
Wetting agent-Ethomeen C-20*; 0.01 to 1.0 grams per liter *Sold by Armour & Co.
Preferably the two solutions are sprayed at equal rates so that the spray fans intersect at or near the surface of glass to be coated. After spraying the two solutions to intermix at the glass surface, the glass is conveyed from under the spray applicators and the reacting composition is allowed to remain as a puddle or pool on the top surface of the glass while deposition continues. The glass is then rinsed with water as before. The nickel deposition step may be repeated until the desired nickel-boron film thickness is attained as indicated by visible light trans mittance or by any other convenient technique. Follow ing a final rinse, the nickel-containing coating may be air dried but preferably is allowed to remain wet. The nickel surface is then treated with a palladium salt solution as described before. It is then rinsed with water.
The nickel coating surface is then contacted with an aqueous alkaline copper filming solution containing a water-soluble or water-dispersible copper salt, a reducing agent and an alkaline pH control agent, the salt of the metal selected from the group consisting of nickel and cobalt. The preferred copper solution comprises two solutions, which are described as concentrates which are di-= luted with water immediately before application. The first concentrate is a copper salt solution comprising a copper salt such as copper sulfate in an amount of from about 50 to grams per liter. The second metal salt is nickel sulfate in an amount from about 15 to 30 grams per liter, along with a reducing agent, such as formaldehyde, in an amount of from about 400 to 550 cc. per liter. The second concentrate comprises a pH control agent, such as sodium hydroxide, in an amount from about 70 to grams per liter and a Rochelle salt in an amount from about 250 to 350 grams per liter. These concentrates are diluted with water in ratios from about 1 part of copper solution to 1 part of Rochelle salt solution to 4 parts of water to about 1 part copper solution to 1 part Rochelle salt solution to 10 parts of water to provide relatively thick copper coatings suitable for oxidation. The preferred dilution ratio is from about 1:1:5 to about 1:1:8 and a dilution ratio of 1:1:6 is most preferred. The copper solution is applied by dripping from a drip pipe as described above for tin application, although other application techniques, such as spraying, pouring or brushing, for example, might also be conveniently employed. Following contact of the article with this copper filming composition, the article is again rinsed with water and may be dried by air.
Following this, the copper film is contacted with an aqueous solution containing an adsorbing surfactant. This surfactant solution preferably contains from about 0.05 to 5 percent by weight of surfactant and sorbitan mono laurate is the preferred surfactant. The surfactant solution is applied by pouring, spraying or dripping, and may, after a short contact time, be rinsed from the plate with a water rinse. The article is then dried.
The coated article is then heated in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature above about 300 F., preferablybetween about 400 to 600 F., and most preferably about 450 F. The coated article is maintained at that temperature for a period from about to 20 minutes, preferably about minutes. This treatment results in a copper oxide coating over a metallic nickel coating disposed on a glass substrate. The resulting article observed to selectively reflect and transmit light as evidenced by its apparent difference in reflected and transmitted color.
The preferred embodiments of this invention may be more fully understood from the examples described below.
EXAMPLE I Plates of clear soda-lime-silica glass, /1 inch thick and 10 diamine tetraacetic acid, fatty acid-ethoxylated adducts, ethylene glycol and a sulfated quaternary ammonium compound. The dried surface was observed to be water repellent. Twelve (12) inch by 12 inch samples were cut. from the plates for further treatment.
The 12 inch by 12 inch samples were placed in a small furnace and heated in air for minutes at 450 F. to convert the copper layer on the nickel film into a trans parent film of copper oxide. The resulting film combina tions appeared bright bronze to a deep bronze in reflectance from the glass side of each of the combinations and bluishgreen to green in reflectance from the coated side of the combination. The samples were bronze in transmittance. The copper oxide layer was determined to be about 700 and 900 Angstroms in thickness. The copper layer prior to oxidation was determined to be about 230 to 300 Angstroms in thickness. The overlaid layer of copper oxide was stripped from some of the samples by contacting the samples with an aqueous solution of ammonia (5% to Preferred Range Tin solution:
Sternnous chloride 0.2 gram. .02-.4 gram. Hydrochloric acid (12 N) 0.04 milliliter .04-.06 milliliter. Water Added to 1 liter Added to 1 liter. Palladium solution:
Palladious chloride- Hydrochloric acid (12 N)- Water Nickel'solution:
Nickelous acetate 5 grams 4-10 grams Bdric acid 2.5 grams 25 grams. Sodium glucona 9.0 grams. 7-18 grams. Hydrazine sulfate. 0.5 gram. .41.0 grams. Water Added to 1 l1t Ammonium hydroxide Added to pH 7.2 pH 7.0-7 6 Ethomeen (3-20 1 drop per liter of solution 0-2 drops. Acetone .01 gram O-lOO grams. Reducer solution:
Sodium borohydride 0.5 gram 4-1.0 grams. Water Added to 1 liter Added to 1 llter. Sodium hydroxide. Added to pH 11. pH 11-l1.6. Ethomeen C-ZO 95 drop per liter 0-2 drops.
Sold by Armour dz Co.
The plates were coated with nickel by conveying them along a conveyor while sequentially contacting the upper surface of the plate with reactant solutions" and rinses as described above. The treatment sequence corresponded to the treatment described in copending application entitled Wet Chemical Method for Producing Transparent Metal Films, of R. G. Miller, now US Pat. No. 3,674,571. The thickness of the nickel films was about 225 angstroms, and the nickel film-glass combination had a visible light transmittance of about 19 percent.
Following the nickel coating, the plates were rinsed and conveyed beneath the tin and palladium applicator once again. Stannous chloride sensitization and palladium chloride activation were the same as before. A copper solution prepared from a first concentrate containing 60 grams of copper sulfate per liter, nickel sulfate as 20 grams per liter and formaldehyde in an amount of 470 cc. per liter and a Rochelle salt concentrate containing 88 grams per liter of sodium hydroxide and 290 grams per liter .Qf Rochelle salt were diluted with water in a ratio of 151:6 and applied to the nickel-coated surface from an oscillating drip pipe at a rate of 6,000 milliliters per minute. and allowed to contact the surface for about 5 minutes. This copper solution was then rinsed off with water. Following rinsing, the plate was air dried. At this point in the process, the nickel-copper coating combination on the glass appeared copper color in reflectance from the coated surface and bluish-gray in reflectance from the glass surface. The luminous transmittance was 3 to 4 percent. A solution of surfactant was dripped onto the metal coating and maintained there for one minute. This solution was then rinsed off with water and the plate was dried with air. The surfactant was present in this surfactant solution as 0.1 percent, and the surfactant employed was that sold by Fisher Scientific Company under the name FL-70. This surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant comprising a mixture of sodium carbonate, ethylene 10% by weight). The underlying nickel coating was observed to be unchanged with the glass-nickel coating combination having a visible light transmittance of 19 percent, both before application of the coppering solution and after removal of the copper oxide film after treatment. For stripping metallic copper an aqueous solution of 5% ammonia and 1% hydrogen peroxide was employed.
EXAMPLE II Glass plates were coated with nickel and copper as described in Example I, except that the copper solution was allowed to contact the substrate for 1.25 to 1.5 minutes before being rinsed off. The luminous transmittance of the glass-metallic nickel metallic cep raer (some bination was 16 to 17 percent. The glass plates were contacted with surfactant as in Example I and were dried with air. Four (4) inch by 4 inch samples were cut from the plates and heat treated in air as in Example I for 20 minutes at 450 F. The resulting articles appeared bright greenish-silver in reflectance fi'om the glass side and violet in reflectance from the coated side, while being greenishgray in transmittance. As in Example I, the underlying nickel coating was observed to be unchanged when the copper oxide coating had been stripped from the articles. The samples had a copper oxide layer thickness of about 300 angstroms and the copper film prior to oxidation was about angstroms thick.
EXAMPLE III Plates were coated as in Examples 1 and II except that the copper solution was permitted to contact the nickelcoated glass for three minutes and then rinsed off. The resulting metallic nickel-metallic copper glass combination had a luminous transmittance of 7.4 percent. Four (4) inch by four inch samples cut from the plates and treated with surfactant were heated for 40 minutes at 360 F. The resulting combination appeared golden in reflectance from the glass side, blue in reflectance from the coated side and golden in transmittance. The luminous transmittance was 24.5 percent compared to 19.9 percent for the underlying nickel coating in combination with the glass. In stripping off the copper oxide from the sample as described above indicated that the underlying nickel coating was unchanged by the heat treatment. The reflectance from the glass side was 40.4 percent. The coated samples which appear golden in reflectance from the glass side were samples having copper oxide films of 550 to 700 angstroms in thickness. The copper films corresponding to these copper oxide films had thicknesses of 180 and 230 angstroms, respectively. It was observed that equivalent results could be obtained by heating samples for 15 minutes at 450 F.
flectance from either surface, being blue-green to brown depending upon the length of iron salt contact time.
EXAMPLE V An iron film is deposited on glass in a manner similar to the deposition of nickel in Example I; the iron salt solution is identical to the nickel salt solution except for the substitution of an iron salt for the nickel salt. The iron film is then activated with palladium, and a layer of copper is deposited on the iron film as in Example I. The copper film is then treated with an adsorbing surfactant and heated to oxidize the copper layer. The resulting article exhibits interference colors in reflectance from either surface.
EXAMPLE VI In accordance with this invention monolithic glass artia cles having a variety of colors may be prepared. In four cl'ffomlum film 1S deposlted on glass y Cathod? p particularlydprefegreld embpdimeiits ernlploying nickel filing terfng 111 g o eggqa t i zzlil l gg e z pgg t i gg gt gbigt g gz copper oxi e so a-ime-si ica gass pates are provi e usin a c r a i h a i hil a greenish-gold a l d a bronze 20 The coated article 18 sub ected to palladium activation as appearance in reflection from the glass side. The properties 111 pl A PP film f p q Over the chrome, of these p f rr d b di treated with surfactant and oxidized as in Example I. The
Apparent color Greenish- Greenishsilver gold Gold Bronze Thickness of OuO, A 200-350 350-500 500-700 70 Transmittance:
Luminous transmittance, percent..-" 23-25 21-23 12-21 7. -12
(Tristimulus-Y) Excitation purity, percent; 8-21 21-35 35-40 8- Dominant wavelength, nm 566-570 570-573.5 573.5-576 575-576 Reflectance from glass side:
Luminous reflectance, percent 3235.5 35.5-38.5 3140 25-31 (Tristimulus-Y) Excitation purity, percent 2. 5-8 8-14 14-19 -19 Dominant wavelength, nm 465-515 515-555 555-578 578590 The characteristics of these preferred embodiments resulting article exhibits interference colors when viewed are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 with the properties shown toward either surface. as continuous functions. The dominant wavelengths for EXAMPLE VII these embodiments are expressed in nanometers, the exa citation purities in percent and the luminous transmittance 40 t i h g f p l f l 9 g l i t i fg (or reflectance) or Tristimulus-Y values in percent. The 0 P PP 0 6 1n f p P P of 6 properties are based upon glass substrates onefluarter substitut on of a cobalt salt for the nickel salt in the metalinch thick having a luminous transmittance of 88 percent contalfllng S01 11t10n- Th Cobalt film 1S act vated with and an underlying nickel-boron layer providing a glass- Palladlum as 111 p A pp film 1S P nickel combination transmittance of 19 to 20 percent. The P the cobalt, treated sufiactafltfifld PXldlZed as optical characteristics of the coated articles are expressed 1n Example resultlng ijlftlcle exhlblts Interference according to conventional colorimeteric principles and colors When Vlewed toward elthel' Surfaceare related totthe metal oxide coating thicknesses ex- EXAMPLE VIII presse in angs roms.
In the preparation of the articles of this invention it is gf films are deposlted glass by reducmg sllver preferred that iron, cobalt, or nickel be deposited by elecigg fi to q descgbed 1P E- N troless plating in accordance with the methods described 25 0 z e spwlmens 1g t transnllttances in the related copending applications of R. G. Miller. It h an ig films are acllvated f g is preferred that chromium be applied by vacuum vapor pa a m Xamp copper film deposlt? coating or cathodic sputtering. It is preferred that silver Over the sllver treated Wlth surfactant and oxldzed or copper be applied by methods in accordance with the 'f I one hour at about The resultmg teachings of Us Pat 3 457 138 to Milken In articles exhibit interference colors when viewed toward the examples which follow sevei al embodiments of this either p c.0103 ranging from gold 9 blue are invention are described 8331:3311;glzgitlilfgllntjependlng upon the thickness of the EXAMPLE IV EXAMPLE Ix Nickel films are deposited on glass plates as in Example ig gi g i gleposited b li and the I by contacting the plates for 60 seconds with nickel salt 5 gg are i e a i solution. The films are treated with tin chloride solutions i or iron b a a fl e as in Example I but not with a palladium salt solution exhibit z gg g z ermg' e Iesu tmg artlcles as m 1e The films then Spray contacted with When the underlying layer of coatin is an oxide it is a solution identical to the nickel solution except that the referable t a I o I b g t nickel salt is re laced with an iron salt Som e en p 0 Pp y an yer ay-er y sput enng or vapor r t t d fP 3 d f- P elm s deposition or by reduction using a relatively weak rea e T? e f mmutes an stoma or 5 i The ducing agent such as a hypophosphite, borazole, borane fi ms are treated Yvlth an adsorbmg 'f or borazene in order to avoid reducing the underlayer to tantas in Example I, and the articles are heated to oxidize metaL w employing electroless plating techniques to the iron. The heat treatment 1s ar l d ut a about deposit a metal over a metal oxide it is preferable to overshould be thern n rnum temperature used). coat iron oxide rather than copper oxide for it is easier The resulting articles exhibit interference colors in reto maintain the oxide as an oxide without substantial re- 13' duction at the oxide-metal interface. It has been found that copper metal may be applied over iron oxide by electroless plating.
The thickness of a copper film which is applied may be precisely controlled by controlling the concentration of reactants in the copper solution and controlling the contact time between the coppering solution and the substrate being coated. Since oxidation of the copper film results in a film thickness growth of about a factor of three, wide ranges in thickness are possible by controlling the deposition of copper, and the precision of coppering thickness control is adequate to precisely control the thickness of the copper oxide film despite this thickness growth.
Included within the scope of this invention are articles wherein the oxide layer includes elements such as tin, zinc and cadmium which alloy with copper. For example tin, zinc or cadmium may be deposited over copper by electroless or electrolytic techniques and caused to migrate into the copper layer during oxidation.
While this invention has been described with particular reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize variations and modifications which are encompassed by the concepts of this invention and by the claims which follow.
What is claimed is:
1. A transparent article of manufacture for the selective reflectance of radiation over an extended spectral range comprising, in combination:
(a) a glass substrate; and
(b) at least two coating layers affixed to at least one side of said glass substrate:
(1) a transparent metal coating layer consisting essentially of nickel substantially in its reduced metallic state afiixed to a surface of said glass substrate; and
(2) a transparent metal oxide coating layer having a thickness of from about 50 to about 1500 angstroms consisting essentially of copper oxide atfixed to said metal coating layer.
2.'The article according to claim 1 wherein the thickness of the metal layer is such that the luminous transmittance of the combination of glass and metal layer is from 5 to 60 percent and the article has a luminous transmittance of from 23 to 25 percent, a transmittance dominant wavelength of from 566 to 570 nanometers and a trans wavelength excitation purity of from 8 to 21 percent, and from the glass side the article has a luminous reflectance of from 32 to 35.5 percent, a reflective dominant wavelength of from 465 to 515 nanometers and a reflective excitation purity of from 2.5 to 8.0 percent.
3. The article according to claim 1 wherein the thick ness of the metal layer is such that the luminous transmittance of the combination of glass and metal layer is from. 5 to percent and the article has a luminous transmittance of from 21 to 23 percent, a transmittance dominant. wavelength of from 570 to 573.5 nanometers and a transmittance excitation purity of from 21 to 35 percent, and from the glass side the article has a luminous reflectance of from 35.5 to 38.5 percent, a reflective dominant wavelength of from 515 to 555 nanometers and a reflective excitation purity of from 8 to 14 percent.
4. the article according to claim 1 wherein the thick ness of the metal layer is such that the luminous transmittance of the combination of glass and metal layer is from 5 to 60 percent of the article has a luminus trans mittance of from 12 to 21 percent, a transmittance dominant wavelength of from 573.5 to 576 nanometers and a transmittance excitation purity of from 35 to 40 percent, and from the glass side the article a. luminous re flectance of from 31 to 40 percent, a reflective dominant; Wavelength of from 555 to 578 nanometers and a reflective excitation purity of from 14 to 19 percent.
5. The article according to claim 1 wherein the thick ness of the metal layer is such that the luminous trans' mittance of the combination of glass and metal layer is from 5 to 60 percent and the article has a luminous transt mittance of from 7.5 to 12 percent, a transmittance domi nant wavelength of from 575 to 576 nanometers and a transmittance excitation purity of from 38 to 44 percent, andfrom the glass side the article has a luminous reflec tance of from 25 to 31 percent, a reflective dominant: wavelength of from 578 to 590 nanometers and a refiective excitation purity of from 10 to 19 percent.
References Cited UNITED STATES; PAflENTSt WILLIAM D, MARTIN, Primary Examiner.
W. SCHMIDT, Assistant Examiner HIS. Cl.v Kit.
52-616; ill-71R, 124A, (3; 148-6.}, 6.31; 161-490, 196; 350- 1.66
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE I x r HFICATE OF QORRECTION Patent No. 3,846,152 Dated November 5, 1974 O Inventor(s) Helmut Franz It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
laim 2, line 6, after "a" cancel "trans" wavelength" and insert -transmittance before excitation.
Claim 4, line 4, cancel "of" and insert -and--.
Claim 4, line 4, cancel "luminus" and insert --luminous-.
Signed and Sealed this nineteenth D y of Augusf1975 5 [SEAL] Arrest:
RUTH C. MASON C. MARSHALL DANN Q Arresting Officer Commissioner oj'Palenls and Trademarkx FORM PO-10SO (10-69) USCOMM-DC 60376-P69 s u.s. euvsnumsm PRINTING omcs 1969 0-366-334.
U ITED STATES PATENT GFFICE CERTEMQAEE 9F QRRECTKN Patent No. 3,846,152 Da ed November 5, 1974 gnventofls) Helmut Franz It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that saidLetters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Claim 4, c0lumn 14, line 13, "of" should be and Signed and sealed this 18th day of February 1975.
-' C. MARSHALL DANN RUTH C. MASON Comissioner of Patents Attesting Officer and Trademarks FORM PO-105O (10-69) V USCOMM-DC 6O376-P69 u.s. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE I969 o-ass-asz,
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|U.S. Classification||428/333, 428/433, 359/890, 148/240, 427/168, 427/165, 52/786.11, 427/160, 427/169|
|Cooperative Classification||C03C17/3605, C03C17/3649, C03C17/3642, C03C17/3689, C03C17/3697, C03C17/3681, C03C17/36, C03C17/3607|
|European Classification||C03C17/36, C03C17/36B356, C03C17/36B390, C03C17/36B310, C03C17/36B312, C03C17/36B370, C03C17/36B340, C03C17/36B344|