|Publication number||US7319949 B2|
|Application number||US 10/445,534|
|Publication date||Jan 15, 2008|
|Filing date||May 27, 2003|
|Priority date||May 27, 2003|
|Also published as||CN1573740A, CN101673260A, EP1482416A2, EP1482416A3, US20040243390|
|Publication number||10445534, 445534, US 7319949 B2, US 7319949B2, US-B2-7319949, US7319949 B2, US7319949B2|
|Original Assignee||Microsoft Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (4), Non-Patent Citations (13), Referenced by (42), Classifications (9), Legal Events (5)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to learning relationships among words. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of training a machine translator using bilingual text.
Machine translation is a process utilizing computer software and components to translate text from one language, such as German, French, or Japanese, into a second language, such as English, Spanish, or Arabic. Machine translation is anything but a straightforward process. Machine translation is not simply substituting one word for another, but is based upon knowing all of the words that comprise the give text, and how one word in the text influences other words in the text. However, human languages are complex and consist of several characteristics, such as morphology, syntax or sentence structure, semantics, ambiguities and irregularities. In order to translate between the two languages a machine translator must account for the grammatical structure of each of the languages. Further, it must use rules and assumptions to transfer the grammatical structure of the first language (source) into the second language (target).
However, given the complexities involved in languages, machine translation tends to be only between 30% and 65% accurate. Many phrases and colloquial terms do not translate easily. Attempts to translate the names of places, people, scientific words, etc. are made when they should not be translated. Rules which are hard-coded for certain grammatical features may always be applied, even though many exceptions to the rules exist, since writing code for all the exceptions would be a prolonged task, resulting in a slow translation process. So a document translated by current machine translation techniques may or may not even be understandable to a user; worse yet, some important elements of the document may be translated incorrectly.
Machine translators are only as good as the training data used to train the system. Machine translators are usually trained by using human authored translations. These translations are fed through a training architecture that identifies various pairs of words that are related. These word pairs are often the translations for the words in the text, but sometimes these words are not exact translations of the related words. Other machine translators are trained using data from a bilingual dictionary. However, training from these type of translations is not always the best way to train a machine translator, as the translations can lead the translator to chose the wrong word in a given circumstance.
One problem with using human authored translations to train a machine translator is that the translations are often not translations in the true sense of the word, but are more like interpretations of the text. For example, in Canada, parliamentary debates provide a ready source of human authored translated data that can be used to train a machine translator. However, these translations are often not true translations. Hence they do not provide training data to the machine translator to a level necessary to generate accurate translations.
The accuracy problem with machine translation can be explained by a simple-example. Using presently available machine translation, if a user was to translate a sentence from English to French, a certain degree of inaccuracy would be involved. In translating the sentence back to English using machine translation, the original translation inaccuracy is amplified, and the sentence will in most instances be different than the original English sentence. Take for example the following statement from a Canadian debate.
M. Hermanson: J'invoque le Rčglement, monsieur le Président. Je pense que vous trouverez qu'il y a consentement unanime pour que le chef du Parti réformiste, le député de Calgary-Sud-Ouest, engage ce débat et que le député de Red Deer prenne ensuite la parole quand ce sera son tour.
Which translates back to English as:
I call upon the requirement, Mr. President. I think that you will find that there is a unanimous consent to the proposition that the head of the reformist party, the member from Calgary-Southwest start this debate, and that the member from Red Deer makes his statement when it is his turn.
However, when translated back to English using a machine translator it becomes:
As can be seen from the above example, the quality of a machine translation leaves much to be desired. The reliance on human authored translations tends to make the machine translator dependent upon interpretations as opposed to translations, when learning the relationship between words. Also there are a limited number of materials that are available for use as training data. (e.g. Bibles, debates at bilingual or multilingual organizations, and other documents that are specifically created in a bilingual format.) Further, to generate more translated documents to use for training a machine translator is an expensive process, that still does not provide enough accuracy to effectively train the machine translator. Therefore, it is desirable to train a machine translator with a large amount of translated data at a minimum of cost, while preserving or enhancing the accuracy of the machine translator.
The present invention is directed to a machine translator that is trained by textual inputs derived by other machine translators. A textual input in a first language is provided by a user or other source. This textual input is then translated by a machine translator and generates a translated version of the textual input in a second language. The machine translator used for this translation is a prior art type of machine translator that is trained using a human authored aligned bilingual corpi, trained using a bilingual dictionary or both.
Both the textual input and the translated version of the text are provided to an aligning component. This aligning component can be part of a training architecture or can be a stand alone component. The aligning component pairs words or phrases in the textual input with words and phrases in the translated version of the textual input. These pairs are then converted into logical forms. Following the derivation of the pairs for the textual input, the pairs are processed by the training architecture. The textual input from the machine translator can be supplemented with data from human authored sources or bilingual dictionaries.
The training architecture is configured to learn from imperfect translations generated by the machine translator through the use of a robust parser that gives reasonable logical forms from even flawed input. The training architecture builds a transfer mapping database which contains transfer mappings that link the logical forms, or parts thereof, in the source language, to logical forms, or parts thereof, in the second language. Once the transfer mapping database is created, the results are provided to a second machine translator.
The second machine translator is configured to translate a textual input from a first language to a second language using the transfer mappings developed by the training architecture. During the translation process a textual input is provided in a source language to second machine translator. The second machine translator receives the textual input and generates source logical forms for each word in the textual input using an analysis component.
Following the generation of the source logical forms, a matching component in the second machine translator matches the source logical forms with logical forms in the transfer mapping database. Links are then created on nodes of the source logical form to copies of the corresponding target logical form segments. Target logical forms are then created by performing a top down traversal of the linked logical form. The target logical form segments pointed to by the links on the source logical form nodes are combined. Following the mapping process the target logical forms are mapped into a target sentence and a translation of the textual input is generated and output from the second machine translator in the target language.
The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
A user may enter commands and information into the computer 110 through input devices such as a keyboard 162, a microphone 163, and a pointing device 161, such as a mouse, trackball or touch pad. Other input devices (not shown) may include a joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 120 through a user input interface 160 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 191 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 121 via an interface, such as a video interface 190. In addition to the monitor, computers may also include other peripheral output devices such as speakers 197 and printer 196, which may be connected through an output peripheral interface 195.
The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a hand-held device, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110. The logical connections depicted in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
While logical forms are not required for the present invention, they are discussed in relation to the machine translation architecture shown in
Specifically, a logical relation consists of two words joined by a directional relation type (e.g., Part, Time, Hypernym, LogicalSubject, Cause, Domain, Location, Manner, Material, Means, Modifier, Possessor, Purpose, Quasihypernym, Synonym, LogicalObject, and User). A logical form is a graph of connected logical relations representing a single textual input, such as a sentence. It minimally consists of one logical relation. The logical form portrays structural relationships (i.e., syntactic and semantic relationships), particularly argument and/or adjunct relation between important words in an input string.
In one illustrative embodiment of the machine translation architecture, the particular code that builds logical forms from syntactic analyses is shared across the various source and target languages that the machine translation system operates on. The shared architecture greatly simplifies the task of aligning logical form segments from different languages since superficially distinct constructions in two languages frequently collapse onto similar or identical logical form representations.
First machine translator 220 in one embodiment can be any currently existing machine translator. However, other machine translators can be used for first machine translator 220. The first machine translator 220 receives the textual input 210 in a first (or source) language. This is illustrated at step 290. This textual input 210 is translated from the source language to a target language (for example German to English or Spanish to English) according to the internal programming structure for the machine translator 220. This is illustrated at block 291. The translated version of the textual input 210 is output from machine translator 220 as translated text 221 at block 292. Following the translation of the textual input 210 by first machine translator 220 the textual input 210 and output 221 are combined with each other to derive translation pairs 230 for the textual input. This is illustrated at block 293. An illustrative example of a method of deriving the translation pairs 230 at block 293 is described below. However other methods of deriving translation pairs 230 can be used. Further, in one embodiment the generation of translation pairs 230 is a component of the training architecture 240. However, depending on the arrangement and programming of training architecture 240 the generation of translation pairs 230 can be accomplished through a component separate from the training architecture 240.
Illustratively the translation pairs 230 are generated, in one embodiment from an aligned bilingual corpus. The bilingual corpus includes aligned translated sentences from text 210 and 221 (e.g., sentences in a source or target language, such as English, aligned with their translations in the other of the source or target language, such as German.). During pairing, the sentences are fed from the aligned bilingual corpus into training architecture 240 as source sentences from textual input 210 (the sentences to be translated), and as target sentences from the translated text 221 (the translation of the source sentences).
The aligned corpus is parsed into its component words (e.g., lemmas as discussed above, but it could also be maintained in surface form). The aligned corpus is parsed into source and target logical forms. However, the present invention is not confined to operating on textual inputs that are parsed into logical forms, but instead simply needs to have the aligned corpus parsed into its content words. Additionally, certain lexical compounds can be identified as if they are single units. If such multi-word expressions are placed in the lexicon, because they have a specific meaning or use, or because they are in one of a number of general categories such as proper names, names of places, time expressions, dates, measure expressions, etc., they are identified as multi-words.
Next a word association scores for individual word pairs in the aligned, parsed, bilingual corpus is calculated. Any word association metric can be used that provides a score indicative of a statistical word association between word pairs in the training corpus. For example, the log-likelihood-ratio statistic discussed by Dunning in Dunning, Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidence, Computational Linguistics, 19(1):61-74(1993) can be used.
The list of word pairs for which association scores are computed can also be pruned. In other words, the process of computing the word association scores generates association scores for a large number of word (or lemma) pairs for a large training corpus. Therefore, in one illustrative embodiment, the set of word pairs is pruned to restrict further processing to those pairs having at least some chance of being considered as translation pairs 230. One illustrative heuristic sets this threshold to be the degree of association of a pair of words or lemmas that have one co-occurrence, plus one other occurrence each.
Next the occurrence of compounds in the training data are hypothesized and replaced with a single token. The association scores for the rewritten input text (i.e., the compounds and any remaining individual words) are recalculated and rewritten.
Then the association scores are again recomputed. However, this time, only co-occurrences are taken into account where there is no equally strong or stronger other association in the aligned sentences. In other words, assuming that all of the compounds needed for translation have been correctly identified and reformulated in the training data as a single item, the training data can be treated as if all translations are 1-to-1. Therefore, the final set of ranked translation pairs are chosen on the assumption that true translation pairs will always be mutually most strongly associated in a given aligned sentence pair. The final set of associations is then sorted in decreasing order according to the strength of association.
Finally, those pairs of words and/or compounds that have association scores above a threshold in the final list are identified as translations of one another. The threshold can be empirically chosen, or it can be chosen based on a linguistic analysis of the results provided in the final pair list, or it can be chosen using another desired technique.
Referring back to
Once the transfer mapping database is created, the results are provided to machine translator 250 at block 295. A brief description of one exemplary training architecture 240, which can be used to train the machine translator 250 is provided below and described with respect to
As discussed above a bilingual corpus is used to train the system. The bilingual corpus includes aligned translated sentences (e.g., sentences in a source or target language, such as English, aligned with their translations in the other of the source or target language, such as Spanish or French, etc.). During training, sentences are fed from the aligned bilingual corpus into training architecture 240 as source sentences 330 (the sentences to be translated), and as target sentences 332 (the translation of the source sentences). Parsing components 304 and 306 parse the sentences from the aligned bilingual corpus to produce source logical forms 334 and target logical forms 336. During parsing, the words in the sentences are converted to normalized word forms (lemmas). The term “lemma” as used herein refers to a stem or root word for a content word. For example, “sleep” is the lemma for the surface forms “sleep”, “sleeping” and “slept.” It should be noted that the training architecture can be applied to surface forms instead of content word lemmas, but performance may suffer somewhat. In any case, the lemmas are then fed into statistical word association learning component 308. Both single word and multi-word associations are iteratively hypothesized and scored by learning component 308 until a reliable set of each is obtained. Statistical word association learning component 308 outputs learned single word translation pairs 338 as well as multi-word pairs 340.
The multi-word pairs 340 are provided to a dictionary merge component 316 that is used to add additional entries into bilingual dictionary 314 to form updated bilingual dictionary 320. The new entries are representative of the multi-word pairs 340.
The single word pairs 338, along with source logical forms 334 and target logical forms 336 are provided to logical form alignment component 310. Component 310 first establishes tentative lexical correspondences between nodes in the source and target logical forms 330 and 336, respectively. This is done using translation pairs from a bilingual lexicon (or bilingual dictionary) 314 which are augmented with the single word translation pairs 338 from statistical word association learning component 308. After establishing possible correspondences, alignment component 310 aligns logical form nodes according to both lexical and structural characteristics and creates logical form transfer mappings 342.
Basically, alignment component 310 draws links between logical forms using the bilingual dictionary information 314 and single word pairs 338. The transfer mappings are filtered based on a frequency with which they are found in the source and target logical forms 334 and 336 and are provided to a lexical knowledge base building component 312.
In one example, if the transfer mapping is not seen at least twice in the training data, it is not used to build transfer mapping database 318, although any other desired frequency can be used as a filter as well. It should also be noted that other filtering techniques can be used as well, other than frequency of appearance. For example, transfer mappings can be filtered based upon whether they are formed from complete parses of the input sentences and based upon whether the logical forms used to create the transfer mappings are completely aligned.
Component 312 builds transfer mapping database 318 which contains transfer mappings that basically link logical forms, or parts thereof, in one language, to logical forms, or parts thereof, in the second language.
In alternative embodiments additional translation pairs 230 can be created through the use of additional machine translators. Referring back to
Machine translators 222 and 224 generate translations for the textual inputs 212 and 214. These translations are represented at blocks 223 and 225. As machine translators 222 and 224 are different than machine translator 220 different translation results can be achieved for the same textual input. This variance in the translations is often due to the training received by each of the machine translators. Often a machine translator is generated to handle a specific subject of text, that another machine translator is not designed to handle.
Also when the training architecture 240 is used to train the machine translator 250 optional, additional sources of translated data can be provided to the training architecture. These additional data pieces can include a human authored bilingual corpus 260, and a bilingual dictionary 270. Human authored bilingual corpi are the usual method used to train a machine translator. The corpus is generally a translated version of a transaction such as a parliamentary debate, or a contract, but may be any translated text. The bilingual dictionary 270 is generally a dictionary listing word equivalents in the source and target languages (e.g. “Fenster” in German is “Window” in English). When these additional pieces of data are present the training architecture assesses the information provided by the bilingual corpus 260 and the bilingual dictionary 270 and trains the machine translator using the same process used for the translation pairs 230 generated for the textual input 210.
Following the training of machine translator 250 through the training architecture 240, the translation mapping can be edited by an optional post training editing component 275. Post training editing component 275 can edit the mapping by removing invalid lexical information or links within the lexical knowledge base.
Analysis component 410 is configured to receive a source sentence 406 and to create a source logical form 412 based upon the source sentence input. This source logical form 412 is provided to the matching component 420.
Matching component 420 is configured to match the source logical form 412 to logical forms in the transfer mapping database 318 of
Matching component 420 is also configured to create links on nodes in the source logical form 412 to copies of the corresponding target logical form segments received by the transfer mappings, to generate linked logical form 422.
Transfer component 430 is configured to receive linked logical form 422 from the matching component 420. Transfer component 430 is also configured to create a target logical form 432 that forms the basis of the target translation. This is done by performing a top down traversal of the linked logical form 422 in which the target logical form segments pointed to by links on the source logical form 412 nodes are combined. When combining together logical form segments for possibly complex multi-word mappings, the sublinks set by matching component 420 between individual nodes are used to determine correct attachment points for modifiers, etc. Default attachment points are used if needed.
In cases where no applicable transfer mappings are found, the nodes in source logical form 412 and their relations are simply copied into the target logical form 432. Default single word translations may still be found in transfer mapping database 318 for these nodes and inserted in target logical form 432. However, if none are found, translations can illustratively be obtained from updated bilingual dictionary 320 that was used during alignment.
Generation component 440 is illustratively a rule-based, application-independent generation component that maps from target logical form 432 to the target string (or output target sentence). Generation component 440 may illustratively have no information regarding the source language of the input logical forms, and works exclusively with information passed to it by transfer component 430. Generation component 440 also illustratively uses this information in conjunction with a monolingual (e.g., for the target language) dictionary to produce a target sentence 446. One generic generation component 440 is thus sufficient for each language.
A textual input 406 is provided to system 250. Textual input 406 is a written version of a document or other text that a user desires to translate from a source language to a target language. For example, textual input 406 can be “Para obtener mas información acerca de WSH, consulte Windows Script Host”. This providing of the textual input to the machine translation system 250 is illustrated at block 510.
At block 520, the machine translator 250 receives the textual input 406 and prepares to translate the textual input 406 from Spanish to English. However other languages can be used for the translation. Next the source logical forms are generated for each word in the textual input 406 by the analysis component 410. This is illustrated at block 530.
Following the generation of the source logical forms the matching component matches the source logical forms with logical forms in the transfer mapping database. This is illustrated at block 540. Links are created on nodes of the source logical form to copies of the corresponding target logical form segments. This is illustrated at block 550. Target logical forms are created by performing a top down traversal of the linked logical form. The target logical form segments pointed to by links on the source logical form nodes are combined. This is illustrated at block 560. If no transfer mappings are found the machine translator obtains the translations form the bilingual dictionary. This is illustrated at block 570.
For example, during the processing of the above example textual input the words “para obtener” are linked as “to obtain.” Whereas in a prior art machine translator the word “para” is linked as “in order” and the word “obtener” is linked as “to obtain.” Further the word “información” is linked to “information” in the present invention, and linked to “data” in the prior art. This difference in the linking and mapping of the words between the two machine translators is due to the differences in the training methods for each of the machine translators.
Following the mapping process the target logical forms are mapped into the target sentence 446. So our example sentence would be translated by the machine translator 250 as “To obtain more information about WSH, consult Windows Script Host,” instead of “In order to obtain more data about WSH, it consults Windows Script Host.” translation that is obtained from a prior art machine translator. This translation is illustrated at block 580. The translation is outputted to the user at step 590.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|US20120213276 *||Aug 23, 2012||Makoto Hagai||Picture coding method and picture decoding method|
|US20130129156 *||May 23, 2013||Adobe Systems Incorporated||Methods and Apparatus for Chatter Reduction in Video Object Segmentation Using a Variable Bandwidth Search Region|
|U.S. Classification||704/3, 704/2|
|Cooperative Classification||G06F17/2818, G06F17/289, G06F17/2827|
|European Classification||G06F17/28U, G06F17/28D2, G06F17/28D4|
|May 27, 2003||AS||Assignment|
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