|Publication number||US6890691 B2|
|Application number||US 10/415,400|
|Publication date||10 May 2005|
|Filing date||14 Dec 2001|
|Priority date||15 Dec 2000|
|Also published as||DE60110459D1, DE60110459T2, DE60118960D1, DE60118960T2, EP1341675A1, EP1341675B1, EP1341676A1, EP1341676B1, US20040033427, WO2002047918A1, WO2002047919A1|
|Publication number||10415400, 415400, PCT/2001/48930, PCT/US/1/048930, PCT/US/1/48930, PCT/US/2001/048930, PCT/US/2001/48930, PCT/US1/048930, PCT/US1/48930, PCT/US1048930, PCT/US148930, PCT/US2001/048930, PCT/US2001/48930, PCT/US2001048930, PCT/US200148930, US 6890691 B2, US 6890691B2, US-B2-6890691, US6890691 B2, US6890691B2|
|Inventors||Richard Albert Coveleskie, Harry Richard Zwicker|
|Original Assignee||E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (26), Classifications (30), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application claims benefit of 60/256,242 Dec. 15, 2000
This invention relates to processes and products for effecting laser-induced thermal transfer imaging. More specifically, the invention relates to a modified thermally imageable element and its use in adjusting the focus of the imaging laser for imaging thermally imageable elements.
Laser-induced thermal transfer processes are well known in applications such as color proofing, electronic circuits, and lithography. Such laser-induced processes include, for example, dye sublimation, dye transfer, melt transfer, and ablative material transfer.
Laser-induced processes use a laserable assemblage comprising (a) a thermally imageable element that contains a thermally imageable layer, the exposed areas of which are transferred, and (b) a receiver element having an image receiving layer that is in contact with the thermally imageable layer. The laserable assemblage is imagewise exposed by a laser, usually an infrared laser, resulting in transfer of exposed areas of the thermally imageable layer from the thermally imageable element to the receiver element. The (imagewise) exposure takes place only in a small, selected region of the laserable assemblage at one time, so that transfer of material from the thermally imageable element to the receiver element can be built up one pixel at a time. Computer control produces transfer with high resolution and at high speed.
The equipment used to image thermally imageable elements is comprised of an imaging laser, and a non-imaging laser, wherein the non-imaging laser has a light detector that is in communication with the imaging laser. Since the imaging and non-imaging lasers have emissions at different wavelengths, problems occur with the focus of the imaging laser.
A need exists for a process for adjusting the focus of the imaging laser for imaging a thermally imageable element.
The invention provides a thermal imaging process that uses modified thermally imageable elements that allow for the adjusting of the focus of an imaging laser in imaging thermally imageable elements. The invention greatly modifies the imaging latitude of the thermally imageable element by facilitateing laser focus and imaging from color to color.
The invention relates to a process for adjusting the focus of an imaging laser for imaging a thermally imageable element comprising the steps of:
(a) providing an imaging unit having a non-imaging laser and an imaging laser, the non-imaging laser having a light detector which is in communication with the imaging laser;
(b) contacting a receiver element with the thermally imageable element in the imaging unit, the thermally imageable element comprising a thermally imageable layer on a front side of a base element and a light attenuated layer on a back side of the base element comprising a light attenuating agent;
(c) actuating the non-imaging laser to expose the thermally imageable element and the receiver element to an amount of light energy sufficient for the light detector to detect the amount of light reflected from the light attenuated layer of the thermally imageable element and the receiver element; and
(d) actuating the imaging laser to focus the imaging laser in order to expose the thermally imageable element to an amount of light energy sufficient for imaging the thermally imageable element, the focus of light energy being determined by the amount of light reflected from the light attenuated layer of the thermally imageable element and communicated to the imaging laser by the light detector.
The light attenuating agent may be selected from the group consisting of an absorber, a diffuser, and mixtures thereof.
The process may further comprises the steps of:
(a) imaging the thermally imageable element to form imaged and non-imaged areas; and
(b) separating the imaged thermally imageable element from the receiver element to form an image on the receiver element.
Processes and products for laser induced thermal transfer imaging are disclosed wherein thermally imageable elements providing modified imaging characteristics are provided.
Before the processes of this invention are described in further detail, several different exemplary laserable assemblages made up of the combination of a receiver element and a thermally imageable element will be described. The processes of this invention are fast and are typically conducted using one of these exemplary laserable assemblages.
As shown in
The thermally imageable element may be simply a laser imageable element for a laser imaging process capable of imaging an imageable element as described herein by non-thermal methods.
The light attenuating agent may be selected from the group consisting of an absorber, a diffuser, and mixtures thereof. Depending on the range at which the non-imaging laser operates, such as about 300 nm to about 1500 nm, the absorbers and diffusers should be selected to operate in the same range. Depending on the wavelength range at which the imaging laser operates,which can be from about 300 nm to about 1500 nm, the absorbers and diffusers can be inoperable in the same range. For example, if the non-imaging laser operates in about the 670 nm region and the imaging laser at 830 nm, it is preferred that the absorbers and diffusers operate to absorb or diffuse light in the 670 nm region and the ability of these materials to absorb or diffuse light at 830 nm can be poor. Some examples of light absorbers include any blue phthalocyanine pigments with significant absorption in about the 670 nm range and minimal absoption at 830 nm; such as C.I. Pigment Blue 15 or 15-3, and universally absorbing black pigments such as any carbon black. Some examples of light diffusers are materials which scatter light or scatter and absorb light. They can include white pigments such as titanium dioxide, or combinations (extensions) of white pigments such as: titanium dioxide, barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, oxides, sulfates, carbonates of silicon (i.e. silicon dioxide) and magnesium, etc. Commercial examples of white pigments would include DuPont's TiPure® grades of titanium dioxide. Carbon black examples include any Monarch®, Regal®, Elftex® or Sterling® carbon blacks from Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass. Blue pigment examples would be the Sunfast® blue phthalocyanine pigment 15-3 series from Sun Chemical Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio.
The use of dyes or combinations of dyes could also conceivably be employed to affect the imaging properties of the herein described thermal imaging system. To one skilled in the art, combinations of blue, red and green dyes could be substituted for pigments. However, a disadvantage in using dyes is the lack of light fastness and tendency to migrate out of the layer.
The light attenuated layer can be applied by known coating techniques. The coatable composition can comprise a dispersion of the light attenuating agent in a binder. A suitable binder can be polymeric and can be the same as the polymers employed in the thermally imageable layer. A minor amount of a surfactant can also be employed. Typically, the binder is a copolymer of methylmethacrylate and n-butylmethacrylate and the surfactant is a fluoropolymer. Usually, the components of the light attenuated layer are mixed into an an aqueous dispersion which is applied as a coating to the back side of the base element by conventional techniques and dried.
The amount of the light attenuating agent is combined with the binder and other components of the back coating in an amount effective to absorb or diffuse the light from the non imaging laser. The light attenuated layer can comprise a polymeric binder which can be the same as that used in the thermally imageable layer. The light attenuating agent is used in the light attenuated layer in an amount sufficient to achieve an absorbance ranging from about 0.1 to about 2.0, typically from about 0.3 to about 0.9 even more typically about 0.6. The absorbance is a dimensionless figure which is well known in the art of spectroscopy. At an absorbance above about 2.0 the base is likely to be too highly absorbing for the imaging process and below about 0.1 there might not be a sufficient attenuating effect.
Typically, the base element (12) is a thick (400 gauge) coextruded polyethylene terephthalate film. Alternately, the base element may be polyester film, specifically polyethylene terephthalate that has been plasma treated to accept the heating layer such a the Melinex® line of polyester films made by DuPontTeijinFilms™ a joint venture of DuPont and Teijin Limited. When the base element is plasma treated, a subbing layer or ejection layer is usually not provided on the support. Backing layers may optionally be provided on the support. These backing layers may contain fillers to provide a roughened surface on the back side of the base element, i.e. the side opposite from the base element (12). Alternatively, the base element itself may contain fillers, such as silica, to provide a roughened surface on the back surface of the base element. Alternately, the base element may be physically roughened to provide a roughened surface on one or both surfaces of the base element said roughening being sufficient to scatter the light emitted from the non-imaging laser. Some examples of physical roughening methods include sandblasting, impacting with a metal brush, etc. If a support is employed it may be the same or different from the base element. Typically, the support is a thick polyethylene terephthalate film.
Ejection or Subbing Layer:
The optional ejection layer, which is usually flexible, or optional subbing layer, which may be on one side of the base element (12), as shown in
Examples of suitable polymers for the ejection layer include (a) polycarbonates having low decomposition temperatures (Td), such as polypropylene carbonate; (b) substituted styrene polymers having low decomposition temperatures, such as poly(alpha-methylstyrene); (c) polyacrylate and polymethacrylate esters, such as polymethylmethacrylate and polybutylmethacrylate; (d) cellulosic materials having low decomposition temperatures (Td), such as cellulose acetate butyrate and nitrocellulose; and (e) other polymers such as polyvinyl chloride; poly(chlorovinyl chloride) polyacetals; polyvinylidene chloride; polyurethanes with low Td; polyesters; polyorthoesters; acrylonitrile and substituted acrylonitrile polymers; maleic acid resins; and copolymers of the above. Mixtures of polymers can also be used. Additional examples of polymers having low decomposition temperatures can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,938. These include polymers which undergo acid-catalyzed decomposition. For these polymers, it is frequently desirable to include one or more hydrogen donors with the polymer.
Specific examples of polymers for the ejection layer are polyacrylate and polymethacrylate esters, low Td polycarbonates, nitrocellulose, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (CPVC). Most specifically are poly(vinyl chloride) and chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride).
Other materials can be present as additives in the ejection layer as long as they do not interfere with the essential function of the layer. Examples of such additives include coating aids, flow additives, slip agents, antihalation agents, plasticizers, antistatic agents, surfactants, and others which are known to be used in the formulation of coatings.
Alternately, a subbing layer may optionally be applied onto the base element (12) in place of the ejection layer resulting in a thermally imageable element having in order at least one subbing layer on one side of the base element (12), at least one heating layer (13), and at least one thermally imageable colorant-containing layer (14). Some suitable subbing layers include polyurethanes, polyvinyl chloride, cellulosic materials, acrylate or methacrylate homopolymers and copolymers, and mixtures thereof. Other custom made decomposable polymers may also be useful in the subbing layer. Specifically useful as subbing layers for polyester, specifically polyethylene terephthalate, are acrylic subbing layers. The subbing layer may have a thickness of about 100 to about 1000 A.
The optional heating layer (13), as shown in
Examples of suitable inorganic materials are transition metal elements and metallic elements of Groups IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIIA, IIB, IIIB, and VB of the Period Table of the Elements (Sargent-Welch Scientific Company (1979)), their alloys with each other, and their alloys with the elements of Groups IA and IIA. Tungsten (W) is an example of a Group VIA metal that is suitable and which can be utilized. Carbon (a Group IVB nonmetallic element) can also be used. Specific metals include Al, Cr, Sb, Ti, Bi, Zr, Ni, In, Zn, and their alloys and oxides. TiO2 may be employed as the heating layer material.
The thickness of the heating layer is generally about 10 Angstroms to about 0.1 micrometer, more specifically about 20 to about 60 Angstroms.
Although it is typical to have a single heating layer, it is also possible to have more than one heating layer, and the different layers can have the same or different compositions, as long as they all function as described above. The total thickness of all the heating layers should be in the range given above.
The optical density of the heating layer at the wavelength of the non-imaging laser is typically in the order of greater than about 0.1 and less than about 1.0 transmission density.
The heating layer(s) can be applied using any of the well-known techniques for providing thin metal layers, such as sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and electron beam.
Thermally Imageable Layer:
The thermally imageable layer, which in a color proofing application is typically a thermally imageable colorant-containing layer (14) is formed by applying a thermally imageable composition, typically containing a colorant, to a base element. For other applications, such as electronic circuit applications, the thermally imageable layer may not contain a colorant. For these applications, the thermally imageable element may contain electronically active conductors, insulators, semiconductors, or precursors to these functions.
When the thermally imageable layer is a colorant-containing layer it comprises (i) a polymeric binder which is different from the polymer in the ejection layer, and (ii) a colorant comprising a dye or a pigment dispersion.
The binder for the colorant-containing layer is a polymeric material having a decomposition temperature that is greater than about 250° C. and specifically greater than about 350° C. The binder should be film forming and coatable from solution or from a dispersion. Binders having melting points less than about 250° C. or plasticized to such an extent that the glass transition temperature is less than about 70° C. are typical. However, heat-fusible binders, such as waxes should be avoided as the sole binder since such binders may not be as durable, although they are useful as cobinders in decreasing the melting point of the top layer.
It is typical that the polymer of the binder does not self-oxidize, decompose or degrade at the temperature achieved during the laser exposure so that the exposed areas of the thermally imageable layer comprising colorant and binder, are transferred intact for improved durability. Examples of suitable binders include copolymers of styrene and (meth)acrylate esters, such as styrene/methyl-methacrylate; copolymers of styrene and olefin monomers, such as styrene/ethylene/butylene; copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile; fluoropolymers; copolymers of (meth)acrylate esters with ethylene and carbon monoxide; polycarbonates having higher decomposition temperatures; (meth)acrylate homopolymers and copolymers; polysulfones; polyurethanes; polyesters. The monomers for the above polymers can be substituted or unsubstituted. Mixtures of polymers can also be used.
Specific polymers for the binder of the colorant-containing layer include, but are not limited to, acrylate homopolymers and copolymers, methacrylate homopolymers and copolymers, (meth)acrylate block copolymers, and (meth)acrylate copolymers containing other comonomer types, such as styrene.
The binder polymer generally can be used in a concentration of about 15 to about 50% by weight, based on the total weight of the colorant-containing layer, specifically about 30 to about 40% by weight.
The colorant of the thermally imageable layer may be an image forming pigment which is organic or inorganic. Examples of suitable inorganic pigments include carbon black and graphite. Examples of suitable organic pigments include color pigments such as Rubine F6B (C.I. No. Pigment 184); Cromophthal® Yellow 3G (C.I. No. Pigment Yellow 93); Hostaperm® Yellow 3G (C.I. No. Pigment Yellow 154); Monastral® Violet R(C.I. No. Pigment Violet 19); 2,9-dimethylquinacridone (C.I. No. Pigment Red 122); Indofast® Brilliant Scarlet R6300 (C.I. No. Pigment Red 123); Quindo Magenta RV 6803; Monastral® Blue G (C.I. No. Pigment Blue 15); Monastral® Blue BT 383D (C.I. No. Pigment Blue 15); Monastral® Blue G BT 284D (C.I. No. Pigment Blue 15); and Monastral® Green GT 751D (C.I. No. Pigment Green 7). Combinations of pigments and/or dyes can also be used. For color filter array applications, high transparency pigments (that is at least about 80% of light transmits through the pigment) are typical, having small particle size (that is about 100 nanometers).
In accordance with principles well known to those skilled in the art, the concentration of pigment will be chosen to achieve the optical density desired in the final image. The amount of pigment will depend on the thickness of the active coating and the absorption of the colorant. Optical densities greater than 0.8 at the wavelength of maximum absorption are typically required. Even higher densities are typical. Optical densities in the 2-3 range or higher are achievable with application of this invention.
The optical density of the pigmented layer at the wavelength of the non-imaging laser may be in the range from greater than about 0.01 to less than about 5.0 transmission density, more typically in the order of about 0.2 to about 3.0 transmission density. This density may not be controlled in selection of the colorants, but the non-imaging laser must be able to accommodate at least this range of optical properties.
A dispersant is usually used in combination with the pigment in order to achieve maximum color strength, transparency and gloss. The dispersant is generally an organic polymeric compound and is used to separate the fine pigment particles and avoid flocculation and agglomeration of the particles. A wide range of dispersants is commercially available. A dispersant will be selected according to the characteristics of the pigment surface and other components in the composition as known by those skilled in the art. However, one class of dispersant suitable for practicing the invention is that of the AB dispersants. The A segment of the dispersant adsorbs onto the surface of the pigment. The B segment extends into the solvent into which the pigment is dispersed. The B segment provides a barrier between pigment particles to counteract the attractive forces of the particles, and thus to prevent agglomeration. The B segment should have good compatibility with the solvent used. The AB dispersants of utility are generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,698. Conventional pigment dispersing techniques, such as ball milling, sand milling, etc., can be employed.
The pigment is present in an amount of from about 15 to about 95% by weight, typically about 35 to about 65% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition of the colorant-containing layer.
Although the above discussion was directed to color proofing, the element and process of the invention apply equally to the transfer of other types of materials in different applications. In general, the scope of the invention is intended to include any application in which solid material is to be applied to a receptor in a pattern.
The colorant-containing layer may be coated on the base element from a solution in a suitable solvent, however, it is typical to coat the layer(s) from a dispersion. Any suitable solvent can be used as a coating solvent, as long as it does not deleteriously affect the properties of the assemblage, using conventional coating techniques or printing techniques, for example, gravure printing. A typical solvent is water. The colorant-containing layer may be applied by a coating process accomplished using the WaterProof® Color Versatility Coater sold by DuPont, Wilmington, Del. Coating of the colorant-containing layer can thus be achieved shortly before the exposure step. This also allows for the mixing of various basic colors together to fabricate a wide variety of colors to match the Pantone® color guide currently used as one of the standards in the proofing industry.
Thermal Amplification Additive
A thermal amplification additive is typically present in the thermally imageable colorant-containing layer, but may also be present in the ejection layer(s) or subbing layer.
The function of the thermal amplification additive is to amplify the effect of the heat generated in the heating layer and thus to further increase sensitivity to the laser. This additive should be stable at room temperature. The additive can be (1) a decomposing compound which decomposes when heated, to form gaseous by-products(s), (2) an absorbing dye which absorbs the incident laser radiation, or (3) a compound which undergoes a thermally induced unimolecular rearrangement which is exothermic. Combinations of these types of additives may also be used.
Decomposing compounds of group (1) include those which decompose to form nitrogen, such as diazo alkyls, diazonium salts, and azido (—N3) compounds; ammonium salts; oxides which decompose to form oxygen; carbonates or peroxides. Specific examples of such compounds are diazo compounds such as 4-diazo-N,N′ diethyl-aniline fluoroborate (DAFB). Mixtures of any of the foregoing compounds can also be used.
An absorbing dye of group (2) is typically one that absorbs in the infrared region. Examples of suitable near infrared absorbing NIR dyes which can be used alone or in combination include poly(substituted) phthalocyanine compounds and metal-containing phthalocyanine compounds; cyanine dyes; squarylium dyes; chalcogenopyryioacrylidene dyes; croconium dyes; metal thiolate dyes; bis(chalcogenopyrylo) polymethine dyes; oxyindolizine dyes; bis(aminoaryl) polymethine dyes; merocyanine dyes; and quinoid dyes. When the absorbing dye is incorporated in the ejection or subbing layer, its function is to absorb the incident radiation and convert this into heat, leading to more efficient heating. It is typical that the dye absorbs in the infrared region. For imaging applications, it is also typical that the dye has very low absorption in the visible region.
Absorbing dyes also of group (2) include the infrared absorbing materials disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,778,128; 4,942,141; 4,948,778; 4,950,639; 5,019,549; 4,948,776; 4,948,777 and 4,952,552.
When present in the colorant-containing layer, the thermal amplification weight percentage is generally at a level of about 0.95-about 11.5%. The percentage can range up to about 25% of the total weight percentage in the colorant-containing layer. These percentages are non-limiting and one of ordinary skill in the art can vary them depending upon the particular composition of the layer.
The colorant-containing layer generally has a thickness in the range of about 0.1 to about 5 micrometers, typically in the range of about 0.1 to about 1.5 micrometers. Thicknesses greater than about 5 micrometers are generally not useful as they require excessive energy in order to be effectively transferred to the receiver.
Although it is typical to have a single colorant-containing layer, it is also possible to have more than one colorant-containing layer, and the different layers can have the same or different compositions, as long as they all function as described above. The total thickness of the combined colorant-containing layers is usually in the range given above.
Other materials can be present as additives in the colorant-containing layer as long as they do not interfere with the essential function of the layer. Examples of such additives include stabilizers, coating aids, plasticizers, flow additives, slip agents, antihalation agents, antistatic agents, surfactants, and others which are known to be used in the formulation of coatings. However, it is typical to minimize the amount of additional materials in this layer, as they may deleteriously affect the final product after transfer. Additives may add unwanted color for color proofing applications, or they may decrease durability and print life in lithographic printing applications.
The thermally imageable element may have additional layers. For example, an antihalation layer may be used on the side of the flexible ejection layer opposite the colorant-containing layer. Materials which can be used as antihalation agents are well known in the art. Other anchoring or subbing layers can be present on either side of the flexible ejection layer and are also well known in the art.
In some embodiments of this invention, a material functioning as a heat absorber and a colorant is present in a single layer, termed the top layer. Thus the top layer has a dual function of being both a heating layer and a colorant-containing layer. The characteristics of the top layer are the same as those given for the colorant-containing layer. A typical material functioning as a heat absorber and colorant is carbon black.
An overcoat layer may also be present above the thermally imageable colorant-containing layer. The bleach agent for bleaching the light attenuating agent which may be present in the thermally imageable colorant-containing layer may be present in the overcoat layer. If the light attenuating agent is present in the overcoat layer, the light attenuating agent will have to be brought into contact with the overcoat layer prior to formation of the final element from a different source.
Yet additional thermally imageable elements may comprise alternate colorant-containing layer or layers on a support. Additional layers may be present depending of the specific process used for imagewise exposure and transfer of the formed images. Some suitable thermally imageable elements are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,773,188, 5,622,795, 5,593,808, 5,156,938, 5,256,506, 5,171,650 and 5,681,681.
The receiver element (20), shown in
The receiver element (20) may be non-photosensitive or photosensitive.
The non-photosensitive receiver element usually comprises a receiver support (21) and an image receiving layer (22). The receiver support (21) comprises a dimensionally stable sheet material. The assemblage can be imaged through the receiver support if that support is transparent. Examples of transparent films for receiver supports include, for example polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfone, a polyimide, a poly(vinyl alcohol-co-acetal), polyethylene, or a cellulose ester, such as cellulose acetate. Examples of opaque support materials include, for example, polyethylene terephthalate filled with a white pigment such as titanium dioxide, ivory paper, or synthetic paper, such as Tyvek® spunbonded polyolefin made by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company of Wilmington, Del. Paper supports are typical for proofing applications, while a polyester support, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) is typical for a medical hardcopy and color filter array applications. Roughened supports may also be used in the receiver element.
The image receiving layer (22) may comprise one or more layers wherein optionally the outermost layer is comprised of a material capable of being micro-roughened. Some examples of materials that are useful include a polycarbonate; a polyurethane; a polyester; polyvinyl chloride; styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer; poly(caprolactone); poly(vinylacetate), vinylacetate copolymers with ethylene and/or vinyl chloride; (meth)acrylate homopolymers (such as butyl-methacrylate) and copolymers; and mixtures thereof. Typically the outermost image receiving layer is a crystalline polymer or poly(vinylacetate) layer. The crystalline image receiving layer polymers, for example, polycaprolactone polymers, typically have melting points in the range of about 50 to about 64° C., more typically about 56 to about 64° C., and most typically about 58 to about 62° C. Blends made from 5-40% Capa® 650 (melt range 58-60° C.) and Tone® P-300 (melt range 58-62° C.), both polycaprolactones, are particularly useful as the outermost layer in this invention. Typically, 100% of CAPA 650 or Tone P-300 is used. However, thermoplastic polymers, such as polyvinyl acetate, have higher melting points (softening point ranges of about 100 to about 180° C.). Useful receiver elements are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,387 wherein an outermost layer optionally capable of being micro-roughened, for example, a polycaprolactone or poly(vinylacetate) layer is present on the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer layer disclosed therein. The ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer layer thickness can range from about 0.5 to about 5 mils and the polycaprolactone layer thickness from about 2 to about 100 mg/dm2. Typically, the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer comprising more ethylene than vinyl acetate.
One preferred example is the WaterProof® Transfer Sheet sold by DuPont under Stock #G06086 having coated thereon a polycaprolactone or poly(vinylacetate) layer. This image receiving layer can be present in any amount effective for the intended purpose. In general, good results have been obtained at coating weights in the range of about 5 to about 150 mg/dm2, typically about 20 to about 60 mg/dm2.
The image receiving layer or layers described above may optionally include one or more other layers between the receiver support and the image receiving layer. A useful additional layer between the image receiving layer and the support is a release layer. The receiver support alone or the combination of receiver support and release layer is referred to as a first temporary carrier. The release layer can provide the desired adhesion balance to the receiver support so that the image-receiving layer adheres to the receiver support during exposure and separation from the thermally imageable element, but promotes the separation of the image receiving layer from the receiver support in subsequent steps. Examples of materials suitable for use as the release layer include polyamides, silicones, vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers, vinyl acetate polymers and copolymers and plasticized polyvinyl alcohols. The release layer can have a thickness in the range of about 1 to about 50 microns.
A cushion layer which is a deformable layer may also be present in the receiver element, typically between the release layer and the receiver support. The cushion layer may be present to increase the contact between the receiver element and the thermally imageable element when assembled. Additionally, the cushion layer aids in the optional micro-roughening process by providing a deformable base under pressure and optional heat. Furthermore, the cushion layer provides excellent lamination properties in the final image transfer to a paper or other substrate. Examples of suitable materials for use as the cushion layer include copolymers of styrene and olefin monomers; such as, styrene/ethylene/butylene/styrene, styrene/butylene/styrene block copolymers, ethylene-vinylacetate and other elastomers useful as binders in flexographic plate applications. The cushion layer may have a thickness range from about 0.5 to about 5 mils (or higher).
Methods for optionally roughening the surface of the image receiving layer include micro-roughening. Micro-roughening may be accomplished by any suitable method. One specific example, is by bringing it in contact with a roughened sheet typically under pressure and heat. The pressures used may range from about 800 +/−about 400 psi. Optionally, heat may be applied up to about 80 to about 88° C. (175 to 190° F.) more typically about 54.4° C. (130° F.) for polycaprolactone polymers and about 94° C. (200° F.) for poly(vinylacetate) polymers, to obtain a uniform micro-roughened surface across the image receiving layer. Alternatively, heated or chilled roughened rolls may be used to achieve the micro-roughening.
It is typical that the means used for micro-roughening of the image receiving layer has a uniform roughness across its surface. Typically, the means used for micro-roughening has an average roughness (Ra) of about 1μ and surface irregularities having a plurality of peaks, at least about 20 of the peaks having a height of at least about 200 nm and a diameter of about 100 pixels over a surface area of about 458μ by about 602μ.
The roughening means should impart to the surface of the image receiving layer an average roughness (Ra) of less than about 1μ, typically less than about 0.95μ, and more typically less than about 0.5μ, and surface irregularities having a plurality of peaks, at least about 40 of the peaks, typically at least about 50 of the peaks, and still more typically at least about 60 of the peaks, having a height of at least about 200 nm and a diameter of about 100 pixels over a surface area of about 458μ by about 602μ. These measurements are made using Wyco Profilometer (Wyko Model NT 3300) manufactured by Veeko Metrology, Tucson, Ariz.
The outermost surface of the receiver element may further comprise a gloss reading of about 5 to about 35 gloss units, typically about 20 to about 30 gloss units, at an 85° angle. A GARDCO 20/60/85 degree NOVO-GLOSS meter manufactured by The Paul Gardner Company may be used to take measurements. The glossmeter should be placed in the same orientation for all readings across the transverse direction orientation.
The topography of the surface of the image receiving layer may be important in obtaining a high quality final image with substantially no micro-dropouts.
The receiver element is typically an intermediate element in the process of the invention because the laser imaging step is normally followed by one or more transfer steps by which the exposed areas of the thermally imageable layer are transferred to the permanent substrate.
One advantage of the process of this invention is that the permanent substrate for receiving the colorant-containing image can be chosen from almost any sheet material desired. For most proofing applications a paper substrate is used, typically the same paper on which the image will ultimately be printed. An example of a paper substrate is LOE paper. However, almost any paper stock can be used. Other materials which can be used as the permanent substrate include cloth, wood, glass, china, most polymeric films, synthetic papers, thin metal sheets or foils, etc. Almost any material which will adhere to the thermoplastic polymer layer, can be used as the permanent substrate.
Autofocus Process Steps
The process for adjusting the energy of an imaging laser for imaging a thermally imageable element comprises the steps of:
(a) providing an imaging unit having a non-imaging laser and an imaging laser, the non-imaging laser having a light detector which is in communication with the imaging laser;
(b) contacting a receiver element with the thermally imageable element in the imaging unit, the thermally imageable element comprising a thermally imageable layer on a front side of a base element and a light attenuated layer on a back side of the base element comprising a light attenuating agent;
(c) actuating the non-imaging laser to expose the thermally imageable element and the receiver element to an amount of light energy sufficient for the light detector to detect the amount of light reflected from the light attenuated layer of the thermally imageable element and the receiver element, whereby light reflected from interfaces beyond the back surface of the light attenuated layer is substantially reduced and is substantially dominated by the light reflecting from the light attenuated layer of the thermally imageable element into the light detector; and
(d) actuating the imaging laser to properly focus the imaging laser in order to expose the thermally imageable element to an amount of light energy sufficient for imaging the thermally imageable element, the focus of light energy being determined by the amount of light reflected from the light attenuated layer of the thermally imageable element and communicated to the imaging laser by the light detector.
The imaging unit has a non-imaging laser and an imaging laser, the non-imaging laser having a light detector which is in communication with the imaging laser. Typically the non-imaging laser emits in about the 300 nm to about the 1500 nm region. The non-imaging laser is not used to image the thermally imageable element, and is therefore constantly operational prior to and during imaging for focussing the imaging laser thereby adjusting the energy to the imaging laser for the imaging step. In one embodiment, the non-imaging laser may emit in the 670 nm region and the imaging laser may emit in about the 750 to 850 nm region. An example of a non-imaging laser is the Toshiba (Japan) 10 mW, 670 nm visible light laser diode. Suitable imaging lasers may be obtained from Spectra Diode Laboratries, San Jose, Calif. or Sanyo Electric Co., Osaka, JP. These may be used as part of a laser-spatial light modulator system such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,517,359, or electrically modulated directly as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,091. Some typically used light detectors, also known as position sensitive detectors include monolithic Silicon detectors comprising 2, 4, or a similar number of elements arrayed such that the portion of reflected beam on each segment can be measured, and the relative position of a feature such as the center of the beam can be determined. Suitable light detectors may be obtained from United Detector Technology (U.S.A.). Alternately, the position of the beam could be determined from a sensor having greater than 4 elements, such as a CCD or CMOS sensor having 1024 to 10,000,000 elements, as used in television image inspection systems. An example is the KAF-0400 from Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y. One example of an imaging unit is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,137,580.
As shown in
As shown in
The multiple reflected spots (51) could comprise 10 or more individual beams for the optical sandwich depicted in FIG. 3. The light detector, typically a position sensitive detector and its associated electronics and optional processing computer determines the position of the plane onto which to focus the imaging laser light based on these varying signals from the reflected light as the sandwich moves under the imaging system which includes the imaging laser. This determination of the optimum focus position is then communicated to the imaging laser.
The focus position is the distance in microns that the imaging laser beam travels into the thermally imageable element (color donor structure). The distance is measured starting from the outermost surface of the thermally imageable element and ending at the point where the beam reaches either the surface of the metal layer (if present) or the surface of the thermally imageable layer which is closest to the laser. The distance is measured empirically by imaging equipment software. This distance may not correspond exactly to the thicknesses of the layers of the thermally imageable element as measured by conventional means such as, a micrometer, because the laser beam does not travel perpendicular to the thermally imageable element. There can be some variation in focus positions for a given set of films as the imaging laser source ages and when films of the same color have different thicknesses because of non-uniformity of the thicknesses of the layers making up the thermally imageable element. The imaging laser is then actuated to focus the imaging laser in order to expose the thermally imageable element to an amount of light energy sufficient for imaging the thermally imageable element, the focus of light energy being determined by the amount of light reflected from the light attenuated layer of the thermally imageable element and the receiver element and communicated to the imaging laser by the light detector. Where one or more of the reflected non-imaging beams is spurious or otherwise makes determination of the position of the media sandwich erroneous or indeterminate, focusing errors of the imaging beam can occur. Elimination or reduction of reflected light from the interfaces beyond the light attenuated layer have been found to improve the accuracy of determining the proper focusing position for the imaging laser.
Imaging Process Steps
The first step in the process of the invention is imagewise exposing the laserable assemblage to laser radiation. The exposure step is typically effected with an imaging laser at a laser fluence of about 600 mJ/cm2 or less, most typically about 250 to about 440 mJ/cm2. The laserable assemblage comprises the thermally imageable element and the receiver element.
The assemblage is normally prepared following removal of a coversheet(s), if present, by placing the thermally imageable element in contact with the receiver element such that thermally imageable layer actually touches the image receiving layer on the receiver element. Vacuum and/or pressure can be used to hold the two elements together. As one alternative, the thermally imageable and receiver elements can be held together by fusion of layers at the periphery. As another alternative, the thermally imageable and receiver elements can be taped together and taped to the imaging apparatus, or a pin/clamping system can be used. As yet another alternative, the thermally imageable element can be laminated to the receiver element to afford a laserable assemblage. The laserable assemblage can be conveniently mounted on a drum to facilitate laser imaging. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other engine architectures such as flatbed, internal drum, capstan drive, etc. can also be used with this invention.
Various types of lasers can be used to expose the laserable assemblage. The laser is typically one emitting in the infrared, near-infrared or visible region. Particularly advantageous are diode lasers emitting in the region of about 750 to about 870 nm which offer a substantial advantage in terms of their small size, low cost, stability, reliability, ruggedness and ease of modulation. Diode lasers emitting in the range of about 780 to about 850 nm are most typical. Such lasers are available from, for example, Spectra Diode Laboratories (San Jose, Calif.). One preferred device used for applying an image to the image receiving layer is the Creo Spectrum Trendsetter 3244F, which utilizes lasers emitting near 830 nm. This device utilizes a Spatial Light Modulator to split and modulate the 5-50 Watt output from the ˜830 nm laser diode array. Associated optics focus this light onto the imageable elements. This produces 0.1 to 30 Watts of imaging light on the donor element, focused to an array of 50 to 240 individual beams, each with 10-200 mW of light in approximately 10×10 to 2×10 micron spots. Similar exposure can be obtained with individual lasers per spot, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,091. In this case each laser emits 50-300 mW of electrically modulated light at 780-870 nm. Other options include fibre coupled lasers emitting 500-3000 mW and each individually modulated and focused on the media. Such a laser can be obtained from Opto Power in Tucson, Ariz.
Optical imaging systems can be constructed based on any of these laser options. In each system, focus of the imaging laser can be determined manually or automatically. A common autofocus approach utilizes a separate non-imaging laser incident on the desired imaging plane and reflected into a sensor. There are many approaches to the design of this autofocus system, but they can be incorporated into imaging systems based on any exposure laser source.
The exposure may take place through the optional ejection layer or subbing layer and/or the heating layer of the thermally imageable element. The optional ejection layer or subbing layer or the receiver element having a roughened surface, must be substantially transparent to the laser radiation. The heating layer absorbs the laser radiation and assists in the transfer of the image forming material. In some cases, the ejection layer or subbing layer of the thermally imageable element will be a film that is transparent to infrared radiation and the exposure is conveniently carried out through the ejection or subbing layer. In other cases, these layers may contain laser absorbing dyes which aid in material transfer to the image receiving element.
The laserable assemblage is exposed imagewise so that the exposed areas of the thermally imageable layer are transferred to the receiver element in a pattern. The pattern itself can be, for example, in the form of dots or line work generated by a computer, in a form obtained by scanning artwork to be copied, in the form of a digitized image taken from original artwork, or a combination of any of these forms which can be electronically combined on a computer prior to laser exposure. The laser beam and the laserable assemblage are in constant motion with respect to each other, such that each minute area of the assemblage, i.e., “pixel” is individually addressed by the laser. This is generally accomplished by mounting the laserable assemblage on a rotatable drum. A flat bed recorder can also be used.
The next step in the process of the invention is separating the thermally imageable element from the receiver element. Usually this is done by simply peeling the two elements apart. This generally requires very little peel force, and is accomplished by simply separating the thermally imageable support from the receiver element. This can be done using any conventional separation technique and can be manual or automatic without operator intervention.
Separation results in a laser generated image, typically a halftone dot image, comprising the transferred exposed areas of the thermally imageable layer, being revealed on the image receiving layer of the receiver element. Typically the image formed by the exposure and separation steps is a laser generated halftone dot color image formed on a crystalline polymer layer, the crystalline polymer layer being located on a first temporary carrier which may or may not have a layer present directly on it prior to application of the crystalline polymer layer, wherein either the first temporary carrier or the optional layer that may be present directly on it comprise the light attenuating agent.
The so revealed image on the image receiving layer may then be transferred directly to a permanent substrate or it may be transferred to an intermediate element such as an image rigidification element, and then to a permanent substrate. Typically, the image rigidification element comprises a support having a release surface and a thermoplastic polymer layer.
The so revealed image on the image receiving layer is then brought into contact with, typically laminated to, the thermoplastic polymer layer of the image rigidification element resulting in the thermoplastic polymer layer of the rigidification element and the image receiving layer of the receiver element encasing the image. A WaterProof® Laminator, manufactured by DuPont is preferably used to accomplish the lamination. However, other conventional means may be used to accomplish contact of the image carrying receiver element with the thermoplastic polymer layer of the rigidification element. It is important that the adhesion of the rigidfication element support having a release surface to the thermoplastic polymer layer be less than the adhesion between any other layers in the sandwich. The novel assemblage or sandwich is highly useful, e.g., as an improved image proofing system. The support having a release surface may then removed, typically by peeling off, to reveal the thermoplastic film. The image on the receiver element may then be transferred to the permanent substrate by contacting the permanent substrate with, typically laminating it to, the revealed thermoplastic polymer layer of the sandwich. Again a WaterProof® Laminator, manufactured by DuPont, is typically used to accomplish the lamination. However, other conventional means may be used to accomplish this contact.
Another embodiment includes the additional step of removing, typically by peeling off, the receiver support resulting in the assemblage or sandwich comprising the permanent substrate, the thermoplastic layer, the image, and the image receiving layer. In a more typical embodiment, these assemblages represent a printing proof comprising a laser generated halftone dot color thermal image formed on a crystalline polymer layer, and a thermoplastic polymer layer laminated on one surface to said crystalline polymer layer and laminated on the other surface to the permanent substrate, whereby the image is encased between the crystalline polymer layer and the thermoplastic polymer layer.
Formation of Multicolor Images:
In proofing applications, the receiver element can be an intermediate element onto which a multicolor image is built up. A thermally imageable element having a thermally imageable layer comprising a first pigment is exposed and separated as described above. The receiver element has an image formed with the first pigment, which is typically a laser generated halftone dot color thermal image. Thereafter, a second thermally imageable element having a thermally imageable layer different from that of the first thermally imageable element forms a laserable assemblage with the receiver element having the image of the first pigment and is imagewise exposed and separated as described above. The steps of (a) forming the laserable assemblage with a thermally imageable element having a different pigment than that used before and the previously imaged receiver element, (b) exposing, and (c) separating are sequentially repeated as often as necessary in order to build the multi-colorant-containing image of a color proof on the receiver element. The image on the receiver therefore changes as the image is built up, and the transmission of this image at the wavelength of the non-imaging laser changes as the process is repeated. Light passing through this image and reflected into the light detector, typically a position sensitive light detector, causes imaging errors, which are greatly reduced by the light attenuated layer in the receiver.
The rigidification element may then be brought into contact with, typically laminated to, the multiple colorant-containing images on the image receiving element with the last colorant-containing image in contact with the thermoplastic polymer layer. The process is then completed as described above.
These non-limiting examples demonstrate the processes and products described herein wherein images of a wide variety of colors are obtained. All percentages are weight percentages unless indicated otherwise.
salt, free acid SDA 4927 Infrared dye [CAS No.
162411-28-1] (H. W. Sands Corp., Jupiter, FL)
Zonyl ® FSA fluoro surfactant; 25% solids in water
and isopropanol, [CAS No. 57534-45-7] A lithium
carboxylate anionic fluorosurfactant having the
following structure: RfCH2CH2SCH2CH2CO2Li
where Rf = F(CF2CF2)x and where x = 1 to 9
(DuPont, Wilmington, DE)
Zonyl ® FSD fluoro surfactant; 43% active ingredient
in water (DuPont, Wilmington, DE)
copolymer latex emulsion at 37.4% solids (DuPont,
Polyethylene glycol 6800 [CAS No. 25322-68-3],
100%, Scientific Polymer Products, Inc., Ontario, NY)
Surfynol ® DF110D (Air Products)
Zinpol ® 20
Zinpol ® 20, Polyethylene wax emulsion, 35% in
water (B. F. Goodrich Company)
Melinex ® 573
4 mil clear PET base (DuPontTeijinFilms ™, a joint
venture of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company)
Melinex ® 6442
4 mil PET base with 670 nm dye absorber
(DuPontTeijinFilms ™, a joint venture of E. I. du Pont
de Nemours & Company)
Dye is CAS # 12217-80-0 1H-Naphth[2,3-f]isoindole-
propyl)-(9Cl) (CA INDEX NAME)
Green Shade Phthalo Blue Waterborne Dispersion 40%
solids (Penn Color, Inc., Doylestown, PA)
Green Shade Yellow Waterborne Dispersion 41%
solids (Penn Color, Inc., Doylestown, PA)
Red Shade Yellow Waterborne Dispersion 40% solids
(Penn Color, Inc., Doylestown, PA)
Red 32R164D pigment dispersion; 40% in water
(Penn color, PA)
Violet 32S168D pigment dispersion; 41% in water
(Penn Color, PA)
Blue 32S187D pigment dispersion; 40% in water
(Penn Color, PA)
Transfer Sheet Stock Number H74900 (aka Receiver)
IRL Film Stock Number H71103
Donor Film Black Stock Number H71073
Donor Film Magenta Stock Number H71022
This example shows the preparation of a 670 nm absorbing coatable composition and a thermally imageable element. The back side of a magenta colored thermally imageable element was coated with a 670 nm absorbing composition and used in a color proofing application. The thermally imageable element was made from a 4 mil polyester backing (Melinex® 573) sputtered with about 70 Å of chromium, sufficient to produce about 60% transmission of light, by CP Films (Martinsville, Va.). The metal thickness was monitored in situ using a quartz crystal and after deposition by measuring reflection and transmission of the films. This metalized base was then coated with the Magenta donor formula described in Table 1 using production equipment. A composition of a 670 nm absorbing pigment dispersion was prepared using the recipe in Table 2, then coated on the back side of the magenta element (the side of the base element opposite the front side which was coated with the magenta formula) using DuPont's WaterProof® Color Versatility coater and wire rods #5, #6, and #7 followed by drying at 50° C. for 5 minutes.
Recipes for colorant-containing compositions:
Recipe for 670 nm absorbing coating:
Each of the so prepared back-side coated magenta elements prepared as described above were placed in the cassette of a Creo 3244 Spectrum Trendsetter, Creo, Vancouver, BC, and imaged onto a receiver to determine their focus positions for hot focus: 120-200 rpm and 12-18 wafts. The computer attached to the Trendsetter contained digital data files representing the 4 process colors (yellow, magenta, cyan and black).
This imaging equipment produced laser generated magenta color thermal digital halftone images (proofs).
The image was transferred to an image rigidification element (IRL). The receiver support was peeled off and the image was contacted with an LOE paper substrate followed by peeling off of the image rigidification element support to form an image on the LOE paper substrate sandwiched between the polycaprolactone layer and the IRL polymer layer).
The results in Table 3 show that the difference between the focus position for single and overprint images was less for the magenta element with a 670 nm absorbing back side coating than for the control element without the backside coating containing a 670 nm absorber.
Focus position data used in these examples was collected from the computer diagnostic port of the Creo 3244 Spectrum Trendsetter.
TABLE 3 Focus Position of Magenta Element Focus Position Coating Absorbance Single Over- Wire Rod # weight mg/dm 670 nm Color 5 6.1 .33 60 70 6 9.2 .40 65 80 7 12.5 .44 70 80 Control 30 60
Control sample is a magenta element without the back side coating of a 670 nm absorber.
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|US6094210||30 May 1997||25 Jul 2000||Eastman Kodak Company||Method and apparatus for focusing|
|US6137580||22 Sep 1998||24 Oct 2000||Creo Srl||Autofocus system|
|US6645681 *||14 Jun 2002||11 Nov 2003||E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company||Color filter|
|EP0138483A2||28 Sep 1984||24 Apr 1985||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.||Color sheets for thermal transfer printing|
|U.S. Classification||430/30, 430/200|
|International Classification||B41J31/00, G02F1/1335, G02B5/22, B41J31/06, B41J2/32, B41M5/40, B41M5/46, B41M5/392, B41J2/475, B41M5/42, B41M5/382, B23K26/04, G02B5/20, G03F9/00|
|Cooperative Classification||G02F1/133516, G02B5/223, B23K26/04, B41M5/426, B41M5/38221, B41M5/42, G02B5/201, B41J2/4753|
|European Classification||G02B5/22D, B41M5/42, G02B5/20A, B41M5/382A4, B23K26/04, B41J2/475B|
|30 Apr 2003||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, DELAWARE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:COVELESKIE, RICHARD ALBERT;ZWICKER, HARRY RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:013613/0897;SIGNING DATES FROM 20020318 TO 20020324
|9 Oct 2008||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4
|1 Oct 2012||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 8