|Publication number||US5337054 A|
|Application number||US 07/885,300|
|Publication date||9 Aug 1994|
|Filing date||18 May 1992|
|Priority date||18 May 1992|
|Publication number||07885300, 885300, US 5337054 A, US 5337054A, US-A-5337054, US5337054 A, US5337054A|
|Inventors||Gerald F. Ross, Richard M. Mara|
|Original Assignee||Anro Engineering, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (5), Referenced by (80), Classifications (6), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
(1) U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,706; issued Jan. 28, 1992, entitled, "Synchronization of Very Short Pulse Microwave Signals for Array Applications", by Gerald F. Ross and Richard M. Mara.
(2) U.S. Pat. 3,755,696; issued Aug. 28, 1973, entitled "Detector Having a Constant False Alarm Rate and Method for Providing Same", by Alexander M. Nicolson and Robert J. Brophy.
(3) U.S. Pat. 3,983,422; issued Sep. 28, 1976, entitled, "Detector Having a Constant False Alarm Rate", by Alexander M. Nicolson and Richard M. Mara.
(4) U.S. Pat. 4,743,906; entitled, "Time Domain Radio Transmission System", by Larry W. Fullerton.
(5) U.S. Pat. 3,662,316; issued May 9, 1972, entitled, "Short Baseband Pulse Receiver", by Kenneth W. Robbins.
(1) U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 07/715,546; filed Jun. 14, 1991, entitled, "Short Pulse Microwave Source With a High PRF and Low Power Drain", by Gerald F. Ross, Richard M. Mara, and Kenneth W. Robbins.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to the field of radar and communication receivers and more particularly, to the reception of very short pulse microwave radiation or ultra-wideband (UWB) signals.
2. Description of Prior Art
It is difficult to detect pulse packets of very short duration microwave energy; for example, durations in the order of 1 ns or less. These signals may contain only several cycles of microwave energy (see Referenced Application (1) above describing a 1 ns duration pulse burst with a nominal band center frequency of 2.5 GHz). Early devices to detect very short pulse bursts used avalanche transistors as a simple threshold detector which were not very sensitive (e.g., a 50 mV threshold sensitivity), to later a tunnel diode detector appropriately biased by a manual potentiometer adjustment (see Reference (5)). Using a manually biased tunnel diode, one could achieve a threshold sensitivity of 10-15 mV for a microwave pulse packet having a nominal center frequency of 1.5 GHz. Since the nonlinear and negative resistance properties of a tunnel diode change with temperature, one could not safely approach or maintain the point of maximum sensitivity T; that is, the current or voltage where the stable state of the tunnel diode switched from one stable state A to the next C, as shown in FIG. 1.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,755,696, issued to Nicolson and Brophy (Reference (2)), and U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,422, issued to Nicolson and Mara (Reference (3)), significantly improved the threshold sensitivity to just several mV by the use of a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) feedback loop to control the bias on the tunnel diode using thermal noise to always maintain the static operating point dose to the negative resistance switching point regardless of temperature changes. A more detailed description of the operation of a CFAR single-hit receiver follows below.
The receiver uses an m out of n possible consecutive hits criteria to establish the detection of a target; that is, the use of a binary integration to establish detection. Other approaches to detect short pulse UWB signals involve mixing and correlating the returned signal with a replica of the transmitted waveform (see Reference Pat. (4)) using a multiplicity of hits. Detection occurs by threshold detecting on the output of the correlator.
The primary object of the subject invention is to increase the sensitivity of the tunnel diode CFAR binary integrator by several orders of magnitude.
It is an object of the invention to use an adjunct module to increase the sensitivity of the tunnel diode CFAR binary integrator.
It is another objective of this invention to ensure that the adjunct module has a low component and manufacturing cost and is simple to install.
It is still another objective of this invention to design the adjunct module in such a manner that it can be used to retrofit existing systems currently in the field.
The above objects and advantages are achieved in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. According to the preferred embodiment, this invention describes a means to detect the envelope of the microwave short pulse burst. It is indicated that a tunnel diode changes state (a detection event) when the area under the current vs. time waveform or charge, i.e., ∫idt, exceeds a prescribed number of picocoulombs. When several oscillatory cycles of microwave energy are incident on the terminals of the receiver described in Reference 3, it is the algebraic sum of the positive or negative energy under each half-cycle (depending upon how the terminals of the tunnel diode are connected) that determines whether or not the tunnel diode switches from stable state A to C shown in FIG. 1. By using the envelope of the incident, the signal area is maximized as is the resulting sensitivity.
The envelope of the received signal is obtained by assuring that the transmitted signal is coherent with a microwave CW source by counting down to generate the transmit trigger. For example, if a 2 GHz clock is used as the CW reference source, then if one counts down by a factor of 2×105, a 10 kHz trigger signal can be derived to excite the transmitter. Since the output transmitted signal is in coherence with the trigger, then if the referenced microwave oscillator was mixed with the incoming target return, one could derive the so-called envelope signal. If the referenced oscillator/mixer was chosen so that its beat frequency was related to the duration of the transmitted pulse in such a way that only one-half cycle of baseband (positive or negative) energy resulted, then the area is maximized and the stated goal is accomplished. Both microwave preamplification prior to the mixer and baseband post-amplification, together with appropriate filtering, are required to establish the proper noise figure and receiver sensitivity levels.
FIG. 1 Low Frequency Two-Terminal Properties of a Tunnel Diode
FIG. 2a Tunnel Diode Dynamic Switching Characteristics, Small Signal
FIG. 2b Tunnel Diode Dynamic Switching Characteristics, Larger Signal
FIG. 3 A Tunnel Diode CFAR Threshold Receiver
FIG. 3a CFAR Circuit Waveform
FIG. 3b CFAR Circuit Waveform
FIG. 4 A Tunnel Diode Superheterodyne CFAR Receiver
FIG. 5 Approximate Normalized Received Waveform
FIG. 6 Actual Received S-band Waveform of Preferred Embodiment at a scale of 250 ps/div
FIG. 7a-7d Circuit Waveforms in Subject Invention
FIG. 8. UWB Microwave Communication Link
The instant invention substantially improves the threshold sensitivity of the basic tunnel diode CFAR binary integrator of the referenced U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,422 by a microwave front-end addition. Theoretically, a 10-20 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity is realized by the instant invention. In the laboratory using the waveform generated by the source described in the referenced application (Ser. No. 715,546), a 17 dB improvement in sensitivity is realized.
This invention also accomplishes increased sensitivity at a component cost much lower than that realized using coherent processing and correlation techniques.
Before describing the preferred embodiment of the subject invention, it is necessary to review in more detail the operation of the tunnel diode and the CFAR receiver.
To receive a signal with such an exceedingly small time duration, it is necessary to find a device which is capable of triggering on very fast, low energy pulses. This threshold device is the key element in the front end of any UWB receiver. Two such devices do exist--namely, the avalanche transistor and the tunnel diode (TD). Of the two, the TD holds an advantage in that its v-i characteristics are well defined and its sensitivity is almost an order of magnitude greater than that of the avalanche transistor.
The TD can be operated in a bistable, monostable or astable (oscillator) mode. However, reliability is enhanced by operating the device in the bistable state. This requires that the device be reset after each detection. It was found experimentally that the TD will switch states only when the charge Q exceeds some threshold q0 ; that is, ##EQU1## where i is the current passing through the TD and t0 is the pulse duration. Typically, when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low, there may be some degree of uncertainty as to which cycle of the RF input waveform will trigger the device (FIG. 2a). At higher SNRs, on the other hand, TD triggering will occur within the first RF half cycle (FIG. 2b).
Tunnel diode disadvantages (i.e., a temperature sensitive v-i characteristic, being a two-terminal device requiring that both input and output be obtained off the same terminals, and its bistable nature for best reliability requiring reset before another operation can be performed) can be obviated through the use of both analog and digital feedback techniques. For pulse position modulation applications, the TD can be gated off except for a range gate interval which can be as short as a couple of nanoseconds. During this range gate window, the diode can be biased to be sensitive to as little as several mV of incident RF energy; while outside of the range gate, the diode can hold off greater than 11/2 volts of RF.
In the original use of the receiver of the referenced U.S. Pat. No. 3,983,422, an antenna element is connected through a balun to a low noise microwave amplifier; the output of the amplifier drives a TD element connected in a CFAR loop. The object of the closed loop is to maintain the operating point at point A in FIG. 1, where point A is as close as possible to the switching point T of the curve (Note: because of the negative resistance properties of the TD, only points A and C are stable points). The sensitivity of the TD increases as the load line approaches the point T at the expense of noise spikes creating false alarms.
A block diagram of a CFAR receiver 18, a transmitter 6, and a target 22 is shown in FIG. 3. Transmitter 6 sends a signal via an antenna 21 to the target 22. The reflected signal is received by a threshold detector 5 via an antenna 13 and a microwave preamplifier 14. This invention replaces jumper 27 by a tunnel diode envelope generator 23 between the microwave preamplifier 14 and the threshold detector 5.
In receiver 18, a system trigger is generated by a dock 10 which triggers the transmitter 6 on odd counts generated by a counter 11 or gates a shift register 1 on even counts generated by a counter 12. If the hits obtained from noise alone are fed to register 1 from threshold detector 5, register 1 then assigns a +1 each time a noise spike exceeds a threshold and a zero when it does not, then the outputs from, say, 32 stages of register 1 can conveniently be summed by a sum network 2. By appropriately feeding the register 1, a sliding average of detector hits in any group of 32 consecutive periods, M, can be obtained as shown by waveform 3 in FIG. 3a. The threshold can be arbitrarily lowered by a potentiometer 29 within a closed feedback loop via connection 25 until, on the average, two or three hits due to noise alone are contained in the register 1; the transmitter is disabled during this time.
A dc voltage derived from an output port 4 of sum network 2 is used via feedback loop 25 to automatically maintain, on the average, an arbitrary number of pulses in the register 1 due to noise. This loop 25 sets the constant bias current through a TD threshold detector 5 in the absence of signal (i.e., on alternate pulse-repetition periods when the transmitter 6 is disabled).
When the transmitter 6 is enabled, the threshold for establishing the presence of a target 22 is set in a separate shift register 7 and a sum network 8. For example, the target 22 is said to be present by decision block 24 when 27 or more of the 32 stages of the register 7 are filled as shown by waveform 9 in FIG. 3b where the alarm rate is identified as N and M =32. The probability of having a false alarm, PFA, during the period of M transmissions, is given by PFA (M)=(1/16)m, where it is assumed that 2 noise spikes out of 32 chances exceed the alarm level, N.
To maximize the charge incident on the tunnel diode in the threshold detector 5 for more sensitivity, the subject invention, in effect, converts the tunnel diode CFAR receiver 18 shown in FIG. 4 into a special fore of superheterodyne receiver 23.
FIG. 4 shows the Tunnel Diode envelope generator 23, a form of superheterodyne addition, and the CFAR receiver 18. The output of the antenna 13 is fed to the microwave preamplifier 14 as before to establish the required signal noise figure. In the case of the subject invention, the output of the preamplifier 14 is fed to a port R of a mixer 15. The other input to a local oscillator (LO) port of the mixer 15 is a CW microwave signal from a source 19 whose frequency is carefully selected so that only a portion of the envelope of the microwave pulse package received by the antenna 13 will appear at the output terminals of the mixer 15. The output of the mixer 15 is fed to a bandpass filter (BPF) 16 which selects only the difference frequency signal to be incident on the terminals of a baseband IF amplifier 17. For example, if the received transmission has a duration of 1 ns and a nominal center frequency of 2.5 GHz, then the choice of a 2 GHz oscillator 19 produces a difference frequency of 500 MHz at the output of the BPF 16. Attenuator 26 is selected to minimize the conversion loss of the mixer 15. A 500 MHz signal has a period of 2 ns, but since the total duration of the signal is only 1 ns, the resulting signal incident on the input terminals of the IF amplifier 17 can only be a baseband or video pulse with varying positive or negative amplitude, depending upon the position of the target 22 with respect to the radar. As the target 22 moves doser to the radar, the output from the baseband IF amplifier 17 will have a positive peak, a null, and a negative peak. Depending upon the connection of the tunnel diode 20 in the CFAR receiver 18, the threshold detector 5 of FIG. 3 will respond to either polarity. As shown by the TD 20 configuration in FIG. 4, only the positive peak of the transmission will trigger the tunnel diode threshold detection. Associated with TD 20 are embedded ancillary resistors and capacitors to supply appropriate biasing and bypassing, respectively, to TD 20.
To ensure coherence, it is necessary that the transmitter trigger 28 be derived from the same microwave CW source 19 by using a digital countdown chain. For example, for the 2 GHz source 19 described above, 2 GHz ÷2×105 will produce a 10 kHz system pulse repetition frequency (PRF).
The trigger pulse that is used to activate the transmitter 6 is derived by counting down from the CW oscillator 19 so that the output of the bandpass filter 16 is synchronous with the received transmission arriving at the antenna 13.
Although it is not generally known, it was found by laboratory experiment that tunnel diode sensitivity, especially for received signals buried in noise, can be improved dramatically by increasing the charge passing through the two-terminal device. The kernel of the subject invention maximized the charge by creating only a one-half cycle of rf energy or a baseband pulse which has a unipolarity.
It is difficult to calculate the advantage of using the proposed superheterodyne receiver scheme as opposed to the direct detection scheme because of the nonlinear behavior of the TD 20 in the presence of noise. However, it is possible to estimate its potential advantage by considering, by example, two simple waveforms incident on the TD 20 without noise. The first waveform, f(t), is a pulse modulated wave packet approximating the received signal; the second signal, f(t), is the envelope of the pulse packet. In the absence of circuit lead inductance and distributed capacity (which tend to establish an additional dc level), the ideal TD detector changes states when the charge or number of picocoulombs, q0, passing through the device exceeds a prescribed threshold, as indicated earlier. Thus, the area of the incident voltage across the TD is a critical measure for the detection of small signals.
If fit) is normalized, and given by the function
f(t)=(sin10πt)·(sin2πt) for O≦t≦1/2
as shown in FIG. 5, then the envelope function is given by
f(t)=sin2πt for 0≦t≦1/2.
For large signal strengths, the TD switches state during the first half cycle. As the signal level drops detection may take place during the first or next positive half cycle. After that the area begins to decrease so that no detection can result.
The area of the envelope function is ##EQU2##
The maximum positive area that can be achieved by integrating f(t) occurs when t =0.3 or ##EQU3## Therefore, the potential voltage gain by using the superheterodyne scheme is conjunction with the TD is given by
G=Ae /Ainc =2.65 or about 8.5 dB.
Using the actual waveform generated and received as described in Reference 4 and in FIG. 6, one can estimate the area of the envelope by a sampled-data approximation as shown in Table 1. Here the apparent increase in sensitivity appears to be somewhat less than 20 dB. In fact, the waveform shown in FIG. 6 does not contain a pure 2.5 GHz monotone, but has some frequency modulation. The result is that one cannot realize a pure half-cycle of baseband energy, but must accept a small undershoot (overshoot). In the preferred embodiment of the invention described below the actual increase in sensitivity was measured to be 17 dB.
TABLE 1______________________________________Sampled Data From Received Waveform A, Peak Amplitude, Ai ΣA; Area for TunnelCycle (normalized units) Diode Detection______________________________________1/2 +0.491 -1.65 11/2 +3.42 -4.71 ΣAi 21/2 +5.1 2.633 -4.9 31/2 +2.774 -1.65 Σ|Ai | 41/2 -0.63 25.3______________________________________ ##STR1## Note: Σ|Ai | is the envelope function.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the S-band preamplifier 14 of FIG. 4 has a gain of 34 db. An Avantek model AFT 4233 having a 2-4 GHz bandwidth is adequate to amplify without dispersion of the spectral components of the received pulse. The output of the preamplifier 14 is fed to port R of mixer 15 which is similar to Mini Circuits type ZFM4212. The other port LO of the mixer 15 is driven by an EMF Systems P/N 52747 mW microwave source 19 in series with an attenuator 24 of approximately 20 dB. The output of mixer 15 feeds LPF 16 similar to a Cirqutel LT 13-900AA unit with a lowpass of 900 MHz. The output of the filter 16 is fed to a baseband video amplifier 17 with a bandwidth of 500 MHz similar to Mini Circuits model 2F500 having a gain of 34 dB. The output from the baseband preamplifier 17 with a matched 50 ohm output impedance is fed directly to the TD CFAR receiver 18.
It should be noted that without the subject invention in place the receiver 18 has an optimum sensitivity based on the gain and noise figure of the selected preamplifier(s). Increasing the gain, for example, beyond an experimentally obtained optimum value of 40 dB results in no increase in receiver sensitivity because the thermal noise generated within preamplifier 14 begins to reduce the TD bias so that a constant false alarm rate based on noise spikes exceeding the tunnel diode 20 threshold, as shown in FIG. 3a, is maintained by the closed loop. In other words, increasing the receiver gain by 3 dB simply reduces the bias such that the same level of microwave signal at the antenna terminals will fill the target register 8 indicating detection. For the CFAR receiver 18, employing a type TD262A tunnel diode, the optimum preamplifier gain of 40 dB results in a minimum of discernable signal (MDS) of about 60 μvolts at the antenna 13 output terminals. In practice, the optimum gain of 40 dB is obtained by placing two preamplifiers in cascade, separated by an appropriate value of attenuation. The addition of the superheterodyne front-end envelope generator 23 described in the subject invention which produces one-half cycle of baseband energy improves the sensitivity by approximately 17 dB, resulting in a MDS of somewhat less than 10 μvolts.
FIG. 7 shows the approximate circuit waveforms incident and within the envelope generator 23. The waveform received by antenna 13 is just several cycles of microwave energy (FIG. 7a). It is amplified by the microwave preamplifier 14 having a gain A in FIG. 7b. It is beat with CW oscillator 19 after being attenuated by attenuator 26 to achieve the minimum mixer 15 loss. The output of the mixer 15 consists of the incident amplified microwave signal (FIG. 7b), the CW source frequency 19, and the sum and difference of both these signals. BPF 16 selects the difference frequency which, because of the choice of CW source frequency 19 and the duration of the incident signal, τ, is precisely a baseband unipolar pulse shown in FIG. 7c. Note that the amplitude of the pulse also depends on the conversion loss of the mixer 15. The resulting signal in FIG. 7c is amplified, the baseband IF amplifier 17 with a gain B is shown in FIG. 7d. This is the signal as opposed to FIG. 7b that is incident on the TD CFAR receiver. Although the subject invention was specifically described as a front-end improvement for a radar receiver, it is clear to one skilled in the state-of-the-art that the invention may also be used as part of transceiver link, as shown in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 depicts an A to B and B to A link using the subject invention to improve the range of the communications link. A separate synchronization module 30 of each transceiver 31 converts the sequence of unipolar pulses to information. An almost 20 dB improvement in the receiver sensitivity in the communication mode, as provided by the subject invention, extends the range of the link by about a factor of 10. Transceivers A and B each contains modules 6, 13, 18, 21, and 23 described earlier as well as synchronizer network 30.
While the invention has been shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the above and other changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|WO2007074237A2 *||22 Dec 2006||5 Jul 2007||France Telecom||Method and device for adjusting a pulse detection threshold and pulse d1 detection and a corresponding receiver|
|WO2007074237A3 *||22 Dec 2006||16 Aug 2007||France Telecom||Method and device for adjusting a pulse detection threshold and pulse d1 detection and a corresponding receiver|
|U.S. Classification||342/93, 342/205, 342/91|
|18 May 1992||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: ANRO ENGINEERING, INC., A CORP. OF FL, FLORIDA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:ROSS, GERALD F.;MARA, RICHARD M.;REEL/FRAME:006129/0528
Effective date: 19920513
|9 Aug 1998||LAPS||Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees|
|20 Oct 1998||FP||Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee|
Effective date: 19980809