Type A behavior pattern and dependency in the adjustment of post-myocardial infarction patients.
The World Health Organization (1969) has declared that heart disease is the largest plague that ever faced humanity. Myocardial Infarction (MD, in addition to causing more deaths than all other diseases of the heart combined, is responsible for changes, and in many cases deterioration, in the quality of life of survivors. Intervention programs tend to focus on preventing re-occurrence of MI. At the same time there is an urgent need for sophisticated rehabilitation programs that aim to improve quality of life after MI. It is speculated here that identification of the personality factors that relate to the different adjustment patterms of different subgroups of post-MI patients will assist in the design of an efficient rehabilitation program. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the inquiry of the psychological mechanisms that mediate between the Type A behavior pattern (TABP) and adjustment style. An integrated crisis and developmental theory based on psychoanalytical, attachment and social learning theories is proposed. The Thesis put forward is that TABP is not a homogeneous pattern and that interpersonal dependency is an underlying personality factor that subdivides Type A patients to subgroups with different developmental and adjustment patterns. It is claimed here that dependent Type A patients have a dependent-independent developmental psychodynamic conflict, and that for them, TABP is an adopted defense mechanism. They are expected to have more adjustment difficulties to the specific characteristics of the post-MI crisis than inde pendent Type A patients for whom TABP is a socially learned developmental process in an urban Western environment. Type B patients, who also lack the psychodynamic conflict, are expected to adjust as a group better than dependent Type A patients. Seventy-nine white urban South African males aged 30-60 years, after clinical MI, were tested. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods of assessment was used in order to test the relationships between personality factors and adjustment, which was defined by multi-dimensional criteria (32 indices of adjustment) that related to various aspects of life in the post-MI period. The results confirmed the heterogeneity of TABP, dependent Type A patients adjusted less well than independent Type A patients to 16 out of 32 indices of adjustment. As expected for the same 16 indices, the behavior of Type B patients was better adjusted than dependent Type A patients. The outcomes of the adjustment of post-MI patients to all 32 indices is discussed. On the basis of the study's results and the crisis and developmental theory set out here, a differential rehabilitation program is proposed that relates to the different needs of the subgroups of post-MI patients.