Wild animals may be a key contributor to the continuing spread of African sleeping sickness, new research published in PLOS Computational Biology shows. The West African form of the disease, also known as Gambiense Human African trypanosomiasis, affects around 10,000 people in Africa every year and is deadly if left untreated.
The disease is caused by a brain-invading parasite transmitted by bites of the tsetse fly, and gets its name from the hallmark symptoms of drowsiness and altered sleeping patterns that affect late-stage patients, along with other physical and neurological manifestations including manic episodes and hallucinations that eventually lead to coma and death.
Despite numerous previous studies showing that animals can be infected with the parasite, the prevailing view has been that the disease persisted in its traditional areas almost only because of human-to-human transmission. A new study, from an international team of researchers led by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, challenges this assumption by using a mathematical model to show that the disease not only can persist in an area even when there are no human cases, but probably requires the presence of infected wild animals to maintain the chain of transmission. The authors' model was based on data collected in active screening campaigns between November 1998 and February 1999 in the Bipindi area of Cameroon. One of the species in the data group was the White-eyelid mangabey, pictured below.
The research provides an attractive explanation for why sleeping sickness survives in places which have undergone intensive efforts to find and treat infected people in the community. It suggests that efforts to eliminate the disease must factor in the wild animal populations.
"This research suggests that targeting human populations alone, the main current control strategy, might not be enough to control the disease," says Sebastian Funk, the lead author of the study. "Maintenance of transmission in wild animal populations could explain the reappearance of sleeping sickness in humans after years without cases."
Dr. Sebastian Funk
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
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Princeton, NJ 08544
Phone: +44 7726 026766
Financial disclosure: SF was supported by EU FP7 funded integrated project EPIWORK (grant agreement number 231807). HN was supported by the JST PRESTO program. FC was supported by an AXA Research Fund Post-Doctoral Fellowship. This work was also assisted through participation in the Mathematical Modeling of Wildlife Zoonoses Investigative Workshop at the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture through NSF Award #EF-0832858, with additional support from The University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Citation: Funk S, Nishiura H, Heesterbeek H, Edmunds WJ, Checchi F (2013) Identifying Transmission Cycles at the Human-Animal Interface: The Role of Animal Reservoirs in Maintaining Gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS Comput Biol 9(1): e1002855. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002855
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