|Publication number||US7674113 B2|
|Application number||US 12/246,267|
|Publication date||Mar 9, 2010|
|Filing date||Oct 6, 2008|
|Priority date||Aug 17, 2007|
|Also published as||US7442045, US7837476, US7980862, US7985077, US20090068858, US20090305523, US20100105220, US20110039424, WO2009025971A1|
|Publication number||12246267, 246267, US 7674113 B2, US 7674113B2, US-B2-7674113, US7674113 B2, US7674113B2|
|Inventors||Thomas H. Di Stefano|
|Original Assignee||Centipede Systems, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (115), Non-Patent Citations (2), Referenced by (6), Classifications (18), Legal Events (2)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a division and claims benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/893,979 filed Aug. 17, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,442,045. The subject matter is similar to the subject matter found in a patent issued based on commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/670,340 filed Feb. 2, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,393,214 and of commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/774,725 filed Feb. 17, 2006, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to miniature electrical connectors, as for example ball grid array (BGA) connectors, including connectors having pin dimensions of less than 1 millimeter in diameter and pin pitches of less than two millimeters. One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to a high performance electrical connector, that is a connector for supplying high current (relative to connectors of comparable size) and high frequency (RF) signals to high performance microelectronic devices, for example, and without limitation, integrated circuits (“ICs”), including microprocessors, chips for peripheral functions and RAM memories.
Connectors are used widely in electronics to interconnect microelectronic devices such as semiconductor integrated circuits (“ICs”), printed wiring boards, system boards, backplanes and cable of various sorts. A socket is a type of connector used to connect terminals on an electronic device to corresponding contacts on a printed circuit board or other electrical interconnection means. It is often an array of female-type elements intended to engage male-type elements of a plug array. In addition, sockets are routinely used in systems for: (a) testing electronic device performance (an assortment of socket types have been developed to connect to a device under test (“DUT”) having a wide variety of terminals and configurations), or (b) burn-in of electronic devices at elevated temperatures. A cable connector is another type of connector that is typically used to connect an array of terminals on an electrical cable to a group of parallel electrical wired or other conductors. Backplane connectors and inter-board connectors are further types connectors used to connect an array of terminals on one printed wiring board to a corresponding array of terminals on another printed wiring board.
Prior art connectors are differentiated typically according to contactor type and intended end use (i.e., application). As such, connectors used in application in sockets are typically designed to make electrical contact to microelectronic devices having specific types of device terminals—types of device terminals contacted by sockets include pin grid arrays (“PGAs”), J-leads, gull-wing leads, dual in-line (“DIP”) leads, ball grid arrays (“BGAs”), column grid arrays (“CGAs”), flat metal pads (“LAN” grid arrays or “LGAs”), and many others. In order to provide sockets for microelectronic devices with this variety of terminals, many contactor technologies have been developed for sockets. In addition to the foregoing, further differentiation among prior art sockets refers to low insertion force (“LIF”) sockets, zero insertion force (“ZIF”) sockets, auto-load sockets, burn-in sockets, high performance test sockets, and production sockets (i.e., sockets for use in products). In further addition to the foregoing, low cost prior art sockets for burn-in and product applications typically incorporate contactors of stamped and formed springs to contact terminals on a DUT. In still further addition to the foregoing, for high pin-count prior art sockets, a cam is often used to urge device terminals laterally against corresponding contactors to make good contact to each spring while allowing a low or zero insertion force.
For specialized applications, prior art sockets have used a wide variety of contactors, including anisotropic conductive sheets, flat springs, lithographically formed springs, fuzz buttons (available from Cinch, Inc. of Lombard, Ill.), spring wires, barrel connectors, and spring forks, among others. Prior art sockets intended for applications where many test mating cycles (also referred to as socket mount-demount cycles) are required typically use spring pin contactors of the type exemplified by PogoŽ spring contacts (available from Everett Charles Technologies of Pomona, Calif.). Spring probes for applications in the electronics test industry are available in many configurations, including simple pins and coaxially grounded pins. Most prior art spring probes consist of a helical wire spring disposed between a top post (for contacting terminals on the DUT) and a bottom post (for contacting contacts on a circuit board—a device under test board or “DUT board”).
Prior art sockets typically have a plurality of contactors disposed in an array of apertures formed through a dielectric holder. By way of example, a high performance, prior art test socket may incorporate a plurality of PogoŽ spring contacts, each of which is held in a pin holder with an array of holes through a thin dielectric plate. The dielectric material in a high performance, prior art test socket is typically selected from a group of dimensionally stable polymer materials including: glass reinforced Torlon 5530 available from Quadrant Engineering Plastic Products, Inc. of Reading, Pa.; Vespel; Ultem 2000 available from GE Company GE Plastics of Pittsfield, Mass.; PEEK; liquid crystal polymer; and others. The individual PogoŽ spring contacts are typically selected and designed for signal conduction at an impedance level of approximately fifty (50) ohms. In certain high performance, prior art configurations, the contactor is a coaxial type having a center spring pin with a contactor barrel body enclosed within a cylindrical, coaxial, ground shield spaced to achieve a desired signal impedance, typically fifty (50) ohms.
Connectors used in applications for connecting one printed wiring board to another printed wiring board can be classified by type including edge connectors, pin-in-barrel connectors, stamped spring connectors, spring fork connectors, LAN-grid array connectors, conductive elastomeric connectors, and various types known in the art.
Cable connectors adapted to flat cables are generally similar to printed wiring board to printed wiring board connectors with the added feature that one side of the connection is made to a flex cable or a flat array of wires rather than to a printed wiring board. Cable connectors adapted to a round bundle of wires are generally of the type employing a pin in barrel wherein a spring in the barrel retains the pin and applies a lateral force on the pin to establish reliable electrical contact. The spring incorporated into the barrel element may be a spring insert, a bundle of spring wires or an integral spring in the barrel.
The class of connectors used for socketing ICs is specialized and important in the electronics industry. The recent growth in use of BGA terminals for IC packaging has resulted in use of new and varied sockets adapted to BGA terminals for increasing terminal count and area density. BGA sockets have evolved in several directions. One type involves use of a cam driven spring wire to contact the side of each ball. Spring pins or PogoŽ pins have been adapted to use in BGA sockets for certain applications in which the high cost of the socket is acceptable.
Low-cost BGA sockets for mass market applications have evolved the use of stamped and formed springs that cradle each ball of the BGA and provide some measure of mechanical compliance needed to urge a spring connector into contact with a mating ball. Variations of stamped and formed springs are configured to use two or more formed springs to grip each ball and thereby make positive electrical contact while retaining the ball mechanically. Miniaturization and density of the mechanically stamped and formed springs are limited by present capabilities to a certain size. Although advances continue to be made in the manufacturing art of stamping and forming springs, sockets with contactors so made are limited in density by the complexity of stamping and forming vary small miniaturized springs. Further, the mechanical compliance of a stamped and formed spring is typically small in a vertical direction perpendicular to a substrate of a ball. Because of small compliance in a vertical direction, a miniature stamped and formed spring may be unable to accommodate motion of a contactor support relative to a ball mated to it, thereby allowing vibration, mechanical shock load and forces, flexure, and the like to cause the connector to slide over the surface of the ball. It is known in the industry that repeated microscopic motion of one contact relative to a mating contact causes fritting or a build up of small particle debris that can lead to contact failure.
Stamped and formed spring contacts are typically held in an array of shaped holes through in a molded plastic housing to form a connector assembly. As connector assemblies are miniaturized, the molding and assembly process are increasingly difficult and costly, thereby limiting the extension of connectors based on formed spring contacts to very high densities.
BGA sockets have also been constructed with contactors that make electrical contact to a bottom region of a ball by means of bundles of helical wires, wires in elastomer material, cantilever springs, lithographically formed flat springs and other contactors that apply force vertically to a mating ball. The vertical force is necessary to make a good connection between a ball of a BGA and such contactor is significant for BGA packages with a large number of balls or bumps. For example, the clamping force for a BGA socket that applies force vertically to 1200 contact bumps is as high as 30 Kg, as needed to achieve adequate contact to each of the contact bumps. The clamping force needed by BGA sockets that make contact by applying force vertically is an increasing problem as the number of contact bumps increases into the thousands.
As is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, a primary function of prior art connectors is to provide reliable and repeatable electrical contact to electrical terminals without causing damage to either. Further, a connector must provide a low resistance connection over a product lifetime that involves repeated temperature cycles, mechanical shock, vibration and flexure. As such, contact resistance is one measure of reliability of a connector as determined as a function of a number of temperature cycles, a number of drops, a number of flexures and a G-force level of vibration. As connectors are miniaturized, improvements in reliability are needed to meet the requirements of future electronic systems.
Advances in the density and speed of electronic devices are placing additional demands on connectors. In particular, a continuing increase in the wiring density of electronic systems requires a corresponding advance in the density of connectors as determined by the number of contacts per unit area. Further, at higher frequencies and clock speeds, the size and the self inductance of connectors are becoming an important limitation to system performance. In addition to a lower inductance, advances in impedance control and shielding are required for future electronic systems.
In light of the above, despite the many connector technologies available in the prior art, there is a need in the art for a connector that can satisfy one or more of the above-identified demands relating to smaller size, higher density and higher performance.
The following is a listing of patents believed to be relevant to the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,676,838, which is believed to be the most relevant patent to the present invention, discloses a clamp-type connector having U-shaped elements in a socket intended to grip ball-like pins of a plug. Despite being of a substantially larger scale than the present invention, the structure of the gripping mechanism, particularly as represented by
U.S. Pat. No. 5,887,344 is another example of a ball pin fitting into detents of a gripping socket. Folded wings are intended to grip a ball-like tip. The invention therein disclosed features many of the same characteristics of the '838 patent.
U.S. Pat. No. Re. 36,442 illustrates an adapter for emulating a ball grid array type package. Pitch dimensions are equal to or greater than 1 mm and holes may be on the order of 300 microns. There is no evident provision for gripping pins upon attempted withdrawal.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,669,774 illustrates a ball grid array with sockets that have mounted therein petal-like tines to grip balls of the ball array and in that sense is similar to the 838 patent.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,518,410 illustrates a ball to ring contact where the socket contactor element is rotated by a cam upon socketing.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,264,476 illustrates a wire segment based interposer with coaxially shielded socket elements, where the wires, if resilient and in some configurations may have a gripping function, around an insulative core, as for example
U.S. Pat. No. 6,846,184 discloses various types of contacts composed of springs that impinge but do not grip confronting contact buttons. This type of contact should not be confused with a ball gripping array socket.
Various other ball grid array connectors, banana plugs with split ferrules, interposers, pin arrays and the like are known but are believed to be no more relevant than the illustrative patents.
According to the invention, a socket assembly for connecting an array of bulbous terminals such as balls wherein the female element is a miniature tube that has resilient prongs that grip the corresponding terminals with varying force during insertion and deletion. The tube is of resilient conductive material that has been sliced or helically partitioned into opposing prongs forming slots of a width that increases with axial distance from the end of the tube so as to allow the prongs of the connector to grip around the ball-like bulbous terminal and mechanically retain the terminal within the connector. The tubular element of the connector may be made by forming prongs in one or both ends of a tube by cuts of a width that increases with distance from the end of the tube. More particularly, the female element comprises a tube of resilient conductive material that has been sliced or partitioned into prongs of a width that is variable with distance along the axis of the tube so as to allow the prongs of the connector to deflect radially away from the axis and to capture within the tube a bulbous terminal thereby mechanically gripping the contact bulb as the bulb is inserted along the longitudinal axis of the tube. The radial deflection of the prongs varies as the contact bulb moves along the axis. The prongs of the connector tube make effective electrical contact at several locations around the circumference of the bulb. The tubular element according to some embodiments is made by forming resilient helical prongs in the end of a tube in at least two helical cuts of varying width (forming opposing prongs) through the tube from one end of the tube to a mid section of the tube, such that the width of the cut increases with distance away from the end of the tube.
The female prongs of the connector according to the invention preferably are able to grip a ball around its maximum circumference so as to retain the ball within the tube. By fabricating shaped prongs of varying width on an end of a straight-walled cylindrical metal tube by means of laser cutting techniques, a miniature connector may be made that is able to socket a ball as small a flip chip bump, i.e., on the order of 100 microns diameter. The connector according to embodiments of the invention is able hold a ball within resilient prongs by means of a retaining force to make good electrical contact notwithstanding vibration and mechanical stress. By shaping the prongs to have a circumferential width that decreases with distance away from the end of the tube, the extraction force needed to withdraw a bulbous terminal from the tube may be significantly greater than the insertion force. According to one or more embodiments of the invention, the extraction force is at least 150% of the insertion force for a bulbous terminal in a tubular connector.
Numerous benefits are achieved using the present invention over conventional connectors. For example, an embodiment of the present invention provides a means for contacting a dense array of bumps, such as solder balls, with a connector that is only slightly larger than the ball and therefore bumps can be more densely spaced than in the prior art. For example, a connector made by laser cutting a thin wall stainless steel tube can be made with an outside diameter only 50 microns larger than the diameter of the ball, allowing the spacing between connectors to be very small in order to form a high density array of connectors.
A further advantage of the present invention is provided by a tubular connector with shaped prongs on a first end that engage a first ball and helical prongs on a second and opposing end that engage a second ball, whereby the prongs of the first end resiliently pull the first ball toward the second ball. This advantage enables use of an array of such connectors to attach an electronic device to a substrate without need for a mechanical retaining component to apply force urging the device toward the substrate.
Another advantage of the present invention is provided by a tubular connector with shaped prongs on a first end that engage a first ball and shaped prongs on a second end that engage a second ball such that the first ball is relatively free to move with respect to the second ball in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the tubular connector. This motion offers advantages in relieving mechanical stress due to thermal expansion mismatch, shock, vibration, and other mechanical motion.
Yet another advantage is provided by the present invention embodied in a connector that has a low self inductance. Thin laser-cut grooves through the tube allow less magnetic flux penetration into the interior of the tube than a connector made of a helical wire spring. The self inductance of the connector of the present invention may be further reduced by making the helical prongs short, as they extend a small distance from a solid girth around the tubular connector. These and other aspects of the present invention allow a high performance connector.
Depending upon the embodiment, one or more of these benefits may exist. These and other benefits have been described throughout the present specification and more particularly below.
Various additional objects, features, and advantages of the present invention can be more fully appreciated with reference to the detailed description and accompanying drawings that follow.
According to the invention, a high performance connector is provided for making reliable electrical connection to miniature and typically closely spaced terminals on an electronic device. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention provide a straight walled cylindrical metal tube that is cut in a pattern of slots of varying width into several prongs that are adapted to contact a bulbous terminal post around its circumference and to provide electrical contact thereto.
As illustrated in
In accordance with one or more preferred embodiments, tubular connector 110 is made from hypodermic tubing of Type 304 stainless steel having an inner diameter of 440 microns and outer diameter of 550 microns. Such stock material is available from K-Tube Corporation of Poway, Calif. Four slots 114 1 to 114 4 of variable width are made by cutting along the length of the tube using for example a Nd-YAG laser. Slots 114 1 to 114 4 are typically cut to a width that increases with distance from tips 112 1 to 112 4 over at least a portion of the axial length of tubular connector 110. Slots 114 1 to 114 4 of embodiment 110 have a width of about 0.050 mm at the bottom distal end, and a maximum width of 0.25 mm at a distance of 0.35 mm from the bottom distal end.
After laser cutting, the hypodermic tube is plated with a 4 micron thick layer of nickel and a 1.5 micron thick layer of soft gold to form a highly conductive surface for contacting a mating bulbous terminal. The steel core provides sufficient resilience to grip a terminal while the tube 110 is expanded to accommodate bulbous terminals inserted along its longitudinal axis. The tubular connector of
When fully inserted into tubular connector 110, bulbous terminal 108 contacts prongs 116 1 to 116 4 at an operating point about 0.300 mm from the bottom distal end of connector 110. During insertion, prongs 116 1 to 116 4 are first urged outward away from the axis of the tube. As the terminal progresses along the axis of the tube, prongs 116 1 to 116 4 relax inwardly toward the axis of the tube, thereby holding ball 104 of terminal 108 inward and away from the bottom distal end of tubular connector 110. The force F exerted upon ball 104 by prongs 116 1 to 116 4 of the tubular connector is shown in
Although the embodiment of
The thickness of the tubing material of the connector 110 is selected to supply a required insertion force for insertion of a post into the connector, and is preferably between 2% and 20% of the inner diameter of the tube. The thickness and material of the cylindrical tube may vary depending upon requirements of the application. For example, the material may be selected from a group without limitation including stainless steel of various types, tempered steels, beryllium copper, phosphor bronze, copper alloys of various types, nickel tungsten alloys, nickel chromium alloys, nickel manganese alloys, nickel binary and ternary alloys, titanium alloys, and even nitinol-type alloys. (Nitinol is an acronym for Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory and refers to a family of intermetallic materials which contain a nearly equal mixture of nickel and titanium and other spring materials and which exhibit temperature sensitive spring properties including shape memory and superelasticity.) The connector may be plated with copper, nickel, cobalt, palladium, gold, and alloys thereof, as well as other conductive films. A high strength conductive film coating on the tube, for example and without limitation including Ni—W alloys, Ni—Co alloys, Ni—Cr alloys, Ni—Mn alloys, Ni—V alloys and combinations thereof, may be used to further strengthen the material of the tube. In further embodiments, a connector lubricant may be applied to the surface of the prongs of the connector to reduce fritting and improve lifetime of the connector.
In addition, the high performance connector of the invention may be fabricated by means including but not limited to; laser cutting of tubular material, plasma etching of tubular material, pattern etching of tubular material, pattern plating of tubular material, layer plating of tubular material, LIGA plating, and combinations thereof. The tubing of the connector is typically a straight walled cylinder of circular cross section, although oblong, square, or polygonal cross section tubes are also within contemplation of the invention. For example, the tube may be a cylindrical tube of circular cross section that has been flattened on four sides. Laser annealing, flash annealing, ion beam treatment, pickling, quenching, heat treating and other treatments known in the art may be used to improve properties of the spring material of the connector.
Further advantages accrue in embodiments of the invention in which a double-ended connector is provided in which each of the two ends are interchangeable or otherwise equivalent.
Double-ended connector of
In the embodiment shown in
In practical applications, tubular connectors 110 are held in predetermined positions by a carrier sheet. Copper sheets with holes provided for each of the tubular connectors may be added in order to provide shielding and impedance control. In addition to the construction of an embodiment described above, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that other configurations of a carrier sheet may be used to hold connectors of the invention. By way of example, carrier sheet 132 may comprise; one or more layers of dielectric material such as polyimide, G-10, UltemŽ (available from GE Polymers), glass reinforced epoxy, metal reinforced epoxy, liquid crystal polymer materials, and other polymers; and one or more adhesive materials including but not limited to B-staged epoxy, FEP, PFA, UltemŽ, acrylics, PTFE, polyethylene, polyamide, and polyamide blends. The adhesive material may be used in sheet form; in layered form such as bondply laminates; in stencil printable paste such as B-staged epoxy available from CTI, Inc. of Baltimore, Md. in dispensable adhesive materials; and other adhesive materials known in the art. The carrier sheet may be further be formed by embossing, punching, drilling, stretching, and mechanical shaping to fit specific applications.
In further variants, carrier sheet 132 may include one or more metal layers that may provide thermal conductivity, ground plane connections, power plane connections, electromagnetic shielding, control of thermal expansion, mechanical rigidity, intra-connector shielding, impedance control of connectors, pressure seals, integral capacitors between metal layers, radiation shielding, means for mounting for discrete components, substrates for additional wiring layers, over-voltage protection grounding, stress relief springs, and other applications known in the art.
As shown in
Tubular connector 200 provides electrical contact that is resistant to shock and vibration. Resilient prongs 212 grip ball 202 and flex to allow the ball to move in a lateral and in a vertical direction without loosening its grip on ball 202. Mechanical stress, vibration, mechanical shock, warpage, and thermal cycling cause prongs 212 to flex while they retain a grip on ball 202. By way of example
The force F exerted on ball 202 is shown in
A double-ended connector of the invention shown in
Connector 300 has helical slots 310 that increase in width 302 with axial distance away from the top end of the connector over a portion of the length of the connector. This increase in width 302 acts to produce a downward force on a mating ball such that the ball is pulled downwardly over a range of vertical position for which the width 302 of slot 310 increases with distance from the top end of connector 300. In order that prongs are sufficiently resilient, the angle of slot 310 between prongs 312 is between 15° and 75° or more preferably between 20° and 70° as measured with respect to a plane perpendicular to the axis of the connector. More preferably, each slot 310 between prongs 312 has a length as measured along its midpoint that is at least one half of the circumference of the tube of connector 300, each as measured on the outer diameter of the tube. In addition, the mechanical properties of retention of a bulbous terminal engaged with double ended connector 300 are enhanced by making the width 302 of slot 310 increase with axial distance from top end of connector 300, and likewise making the width 304 of slot 308 increase with axial distance from bottom end of connector 300. The increase of the width 304 of slot 308 with distance from the end of connector 300 acts to produce an inwardly directed force on a mating ball that is exerted by prongs 306 contacting the circumference of the ball as the ball moves along a region of the axis of connector 300. Preferably the ball is mounted to a substrate in a way such that the maximum circumference lies above the surface of the substrate to which the ball is mounted. Although bulbous terminals including but not limited to terminals 330, 340, 350 and 360 of
Bulbous terminals including but not limited to those shown in
Bulbous terminal 340 of
Bulbous terminal 350 of
Bulbous terminal 360 of
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, an array of connectors 410 1 to 410 n may be used to electrically and mechanically connect an electronic device, such as device 408 containing integrated circuit 402, to an electronic system such as circuit board 422 without use of clamps or mechanical constraints as is illustrated in
In certain applications requiring that connectors 410 1 to 410 n be permanently attached to board 422, connectors 410 1 to 410 n may be permanently affixed to terminals 414 1 to 414 n on substrate 422 by reflowing solder bumps of terminals 414 1 to 414 n thereby wetting and attaching connectors 410 1 to 410 n to terminals 414 1 to 414 n on printed wiring substrate 422. In certain other applications, device 408 may be temporarily connected to the board 422 in order to test the assembled system before permanently connecting device 408 to board 422 by heating the assembly. Solder may be prevented from flowing up the downwardly directed prongs by solder stops, such as oxidized nickel or other solder stops known in the art. One skilled in the art will understand that electronic device 408 and substrate 422 may be used interchangeably in attachment to the array of connectors 410 1 to 410 n.
Connectors 410 1 to 410 n hold mating terminals 412 1 to 412 n device 408 and mating terminals 414 1 to 414 n on substrate 408 together resiliently whereby terminals 412 1 to 412 n may move a small amount in a horizontal direction and a small amount in a vertical direction with respect to terminals 414 1 to 414 n without losing electrical or mechanical connection therebetween. As shown in the embodiment of
By way of example,
Practical use may be made of the invention in mechanically attaching and electrically connecting one electrical device to another. By way of example,
Connectors 620 1 to 620 n may be double ended wherein upwardly directed prongs thereon grip balls on the BGA of device 606 whilst downwardly directed prongs grip bulbous terminals (not visible in
The invention has been explained with reference to specific embodiments. Other embodiments will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, modifications, and alternatives. It is therefore not intended that this invention be limited, except as indicated by the appended claims.
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|U.S. Classification||439/66, 439/81, 439/82, 439/71|
|Cooperative Classification||Y02P70/613, H01R4/027, H05K2201/10242, H01R13/111, H01R12/523, H05K2201/10424, H01R12/58, H05K3/3436, H01R13/6315|
|European Classification||H05K3/34C4B, H01R12/58, H01R9/09F3, H01R4/02M|
|Oct 6, 2008||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CENTIPEDE SYSTEMS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DI STEFANO, THOMAS H.;REEL/FRAME:021639/0048
Effective date: 20071017
Owner name: CENTIPEDE SYSTEMS, INC.,CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:DI STEFANO, THOMAS H.;REEL/FRAME:021639/0048
Effective date: 20071017
|Aug 14, 2013||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4