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How Does Tobacco Deliver Its Effects?
With each puff of a cigarette, a smoker pulls nicotine and other harmful
substances into the lungs, where it is absorbed into the blood. It takes just 8
seconds for nicotine to hit the brain. Nicotine happens to be shaped like the
natural brain chemical acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is one of many chemicals
called neurotransmitters that carry messages between brain cells. Neurons (brain
cells) have specialized proteins called receptors, into which specific
neurotransmitters can fit, like a key fitting into a lock. Nicotine locks into
acetylcholine receptors, rapidly causing changes in the brain and body. For
instance, nicotine increases blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration
Nicotine also attaches to acetylcholine receptors on neurons that release a
neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine is released normally when you
experience something pleasurable like good food, your favorite activity, or the
company of people you love. But smoking cigarettes causes neurons to release
excess dopamine, which is responsible for the feelings of pleasure. However,
this effect wears off rapidly, causing people who smoke to get the urge to light
up again for another dose of the drug.
Nicotine may be the primary addictive component in tobacco but it's not the
only ingredient that is biologically important. Using advanced neuroimaging
technology, scientists have found that people who smoke have a significant
reduction in the levels of an enzyme called monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the brain
and throughout the body. This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of
dopamine, other neurotransmitters involved in mood regulation, and in a variety
of bodily functions. Having lower amounts of MAO in the brain may lead to higher
dopamine levels and be another reason that people who smoke continue to do so -- to
sustain the pleasurable feelings that high dopamine levels create.
Also, researchers have recently shown in animals that acetaldehyde, another
chemical constituent of tobacco smoke, dramatically increases the rewarding
properties of nicotine -- particularly in adolescent animals -- which may be one
reason why teens are more vulnerable to becoming addicted to tobacco than