|Publication number||US8188682 B2|
|Application number||US 11/767,400|
|Publication date||May 29, 2012|
|Priority date||Jul 7, 2006|
|Also published as||US20080012507|
|Publication number||11767400, 767400, US 8188682 B2, US 8188682B2, US-B2-8188682, US8188682 B2, US8188682B2|
|Original Assignee||Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (117), Non-Patent Citations (21), Referenced by (6), Classifications (6), Legal Events (2)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present application claims priority to and is a utility patent application of Nalbant's U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/819,049, filed Jul. 7, 2006, entitled HIGH CURRENT FAST RISE AND FALL TIME LED DRIVERS, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to the field of high current LED driver.
2. Background of the Invention
High brightness and high current light emitting diodes (LED) are increasingly being used as high intensity light sources. High intensity LEDs provide many benefits over other high intensity light sources, such as longer life, wider color range, less hazardous operating voltages, and higher efficiency. In some rear projection TVs and front projection systems the light from an LED is required to be switched very rapidly as required by the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD).
The digital micromirror device (DMD) imager is a digital light valve that either reflects or deflects a light source. Color images are formed by sequentially shining the DMD with a Red, Green and Blue light source and by temporal modulation of the intensity of the light reflected from each DMD pixel. Because of this fast modulation the DMD imager requires a red, blue, and green LED to be switched on and off very fast which necessitates the LED current to be switched ON and OFF very fast. The current switching required has been difficult with conventional means. In the past the switching of current to an LED was accomplished by charging and discharging the inductor in a switching regulator. In this case switching regulators with high efficiency are highly desirable to prevent excessive power loss as a result of switching several amperes of current. This suffers from many shortcomings, most importantly the difficulty in switching the current as quickly as needed.
The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent to those of skill in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.
The present invention contemplates a variety of improved techniques for the fast switching of high amplitude current. A current shunting device can be utilized to divert a high amplitude current away from a load at high speed when activated, thus enabling the control of the amount current that flows through the load. These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the following descriptions and a study of the several figures of the drawings.
These and other objects, features and characteristics of the present invention will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from a study of the following detailed description in conjunction with the appended claims and drawings, all of which form a part of this specification. In the drawings:
In the following description, several specific details are presented to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or in combination with other components, etc. In other instances, well-known implementations or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of various embodiments, of the invention.
In some example embodiments, the current shunting device 104 may shunt substantially all of current IC when the current shunting device is activated, making IS substantially equal to IC and ILOAD substantially equal to zero. When the current shunting device 104 is not activated the current shunting device 104 shunts substantially none of the current IC, making IC substantially equal to ILOAD. In an example embodiment, the current shunting device 104, when activated, may shunt only a portion of IC. The current shunting device 104 may vary in resistance and the resistance may be controlled by accompanying devices, circuitries and/or systems, e.g., by a video control signal derived from a source such as a video processor or a high speed pulse train. Depending on the resistance value of the current shunting device 104, IS and ILOAD may both be greater than zero, so long as IC is greater than zero.
In some example embodiments, the current source 102 includes an inductor. The inductor and its associated switching circuitry may be kept in a charged state, and may supply the substantially stable current, IC. The inductor may also be charged and discharged while in operation, which may result in a varying current source, IC, rather than a substantially stable current. Discharging the inductor may be used in combination with shunting the current IC.
In some example embodiments, the shunting device 104 includes a switch, which can be but is not limited to, a low impedance metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), an insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET), or a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). In the case of MOSFET, for a non-limiting example, the use of a MOSFET in the current shunting device 104 may require a voltage difference to be applied across the source and gate on the MOSFET. The voltage difference may be varied, and may result in the impedance of the MOSFET being varied. The MOSFET may also be used digitally where the voltage difference is varied between two states, one to divert substantially all of a current, and a second to divert substantially none of the current.
In some example embodiments, the load 106 is any device and/or system known or convenient. The load 106 may have substantially constant or varying impedance. In some exemplary embodiments the load 106 is coupled to a ground source such as ground 199. An example load 106 includes a light emitting diode (LED) or a string of LEDs. The load driver 100 may switch the LED or LEDs rapidly and may allow high amplitude current to be switched in sub-microseconds time. In some example embodiments, a LED may be switched in less than 2 μsecs.
In some example embodiments, the high current fast rise and fall time load driver 100 may have synchronous rectification 105 in
In some example embodiments, a freewheeling diode 307 in
In some example embodiments, the required and/or preferred properties of the inductor 302 will vary the operating requirements of the load driver 300. For example, switching frequency, peak inductor current and allowable ripple at the output may determine the inductance value and size of the inductor 302. In general, selecting higher switching frequencies reduces the inductance requirement of the inductor 302 but will result in a lower efficiency. Also, the charging and discharging cycle of the inductor 302 and the drain capacities in the switching transistor 304 may create switching losses. In some example embodiments, lower switching frequencies should be used to reduce switching losses.
The switching transistor 304 may be any transistor known or convenient. In some example embodiments, a MOSFET may be used. The MOSFET may operate as a gate or shunting device, allowing substantially zero current across the source and drain terminals when inactive. If a MOSFET is used as the switching transistor 304, an input pin named LEDPWM or DIM or PWM to controller 301 is operable to control the ON and OFF sequence of 304 via the DD pin on controller 301, where DD may activate the MOSFET by the voltage applied on the gate terminal. Alternatively, the control signal may come directly from a control system without first being applied to the controller 301. A MOSFET may be chosen by the total gate charge (RDS(ON)), power dissipation, package thermal impedance, cost, etc. A MOSFET optimized for high-frequency switching applications may be advantageous in some embodiments.
The LED 306 may be any LED known or convenient. In operation, the LED 306 may require high amplitude current to operate and may require and/or benefit from fast switching of the current. In some example embodiments, the LED 306 may be a string of LEDs. An input pin named ICOM to controller 301 is operable to adjust the amplitude of the current required to operate the LED.
The controller 401 includes at least the following pins PGN, GND, RTCT, CSS, COMP, SYNC, ICOM, PWM, EN, IN, REG5, BST, DH, LX, DL, CSP, CSN and DD. The DD pin is coupled to the switching transistor 404 and may activate the switching transistor 404, thereby controlling the switching of current from the inductor 402 away from the LED 406. The DD pin may control activation of the switching transistor 404 by the voltage value applied to the pin. The controller 401 may be implemented in any manner known or convenient, for example as an integrated circuit (IC), and in some example embodiments will include additional pins for increased functionality, while in others some pins may be omitted.
The inductor 402 may be any inductor known or convenient. The inductor 402 may control the ripple current and may oppose changes in current when charged, and thereby may provide a substantially stable current. The switching frequency, peak inductor current and allowable ripple at the output may determine the suitable inductance value and size of the inductor 402. In general, selecting higher switching frequencies reduces the inductance requirement of the inductor 402 but will result in a lower efficiency. The charging and discharging cycle of the inductor 402 and the drain capacities in the switching transistor 404 may create switching losses. Using lower switching frequencies may reduce switching losses.
The switching transistors 404 may be any combination of transistors known or convenient. In some exemplary embodiments, MOSFETs may be used for Q1 404-1, Q2 404-2, and Q3 404-3. The switching transistors 404 may operate as gates, allowing substantially zero current across the source and drain terminals when inactivate. If a MOSFET is used as Q1 404-3, input PWM from a control system to controller 401 is operable to control the ON and OFF sequence of 404-3 via the DD pin on controller 401, where DD may activate the MOSFET by the voltage applied on the gate terminal. Alternatively, the signal may come directly from the control system without first being applied to 401. Input ICOM to controller 401 is operable to adjust the amplitude of the current required to operate the LED. In some example embodiments, a MOSFET may be chosen by the total gate charge (RDS(ON)), power dissipation and package thermal impedance. In some example embodiments, it may be advantageous to choose a MOSFET optimized for high-frequency switching applications. The Q1 404-1 and Q2 404-2 may be controlled respectively by the voltages of the DH and DL pins of the controller 401.
The resistors 407 may be any combination of resistors known or convenient. The resistors 407 may be of any combination of resistance value, tolerance, and operating parameters as required for the driver and may depend on the values of the other components. Alternatively, this resistor can be placed between the common connection of the source of Q3 and LED cathode and the ground. This just makes it more convenient to sense the current flow and it is electrically equivalent to the connection method of
The capacitors 408 may be any combination of capacitors known or convenient. The capacitors 408 may be of any combination of capacitance value, tolerance, and operating parameters as required for the driver 400 and may depend on the values of the other components.
The diode 409 may be any diode known or convenient. For example, in some example embodiments the diode 409 may be a zener or schottky diode. The diode 409 may be of any combination of operating parameters as required for the driver 400 and may depend on the values of the other components.
The IC 501 includes the following pins PGN, CLP, OVI, ILIM, EN, IN, DH, DL, and CSP. The PGN pin may operate as a power-supply ground or as substantially equivalent to ground. The CLP pin may operate as a current-error amplifier output. The CLP pin may compensate the current loop by connecting an RC network to ground. The OVI pin may operate as an overvoltage protection. The OVI pin may be coupled to a difference amplifier coupled to the input and output terminals of the load 506, and if the difference output by the difference amplifier exceeds a predetermined value the DH and DL pin values are changed. The ILIM pin may operate as a current-limit setting input. The ILIM pin may be connected to ground through a resistor, and the resistance value of the resistor sets the “hiccup” current-limit threshold. The ILIM may be connected to the ground 599 through a capacitor to ignore output overcurrent pulses. The EN pin may operate as an output enable. The EN pin may be driven high or unconnected for normal operation mode. The EN pin may also be driven low to shut down the power drivers. The EN pin may also be connected ground through a capacitor to program a hiccup-mode duty cycle. The IN pin may operate as a supply voltage connection. The DH pin is coupled to the gate terminal on the Q1 504-1 and may operate as a high-side gate driver output for Q1 504-1. The DL pin is coupled to the gate terminal on the Q2 504-2 and may operate as a low-side gate driver output for Q2 504-2. The CSP pin may operate as a current-sense differential amplifier positive input. The differential voltage between the CSP and a negative voltage input may be amplified internally to measure the current from the inductor 502.
The inductor 502 may be any inductor known or convenient. The inductor 502 controls the ripple current and may oppose changes in currents when charged and thereby may provide a substantially stable current when charged. The switching frequency, peak inductor current and allowable ripple at the output of the inductor 502 may determine the inductance value and size of inductor 502. In general, selecting higher switching frequencies reduces the inductance requirement of the inductor 502 but will result in a lower efficiency. The charging and discharging cycle of the inductor 502 and the drain capacities in the Q3 504-3 may create switching losses. Lower switching frequencies may be used to reduce switching losses.
The switching transistors 504 may be any combination of transistors known or convenient. In some exemplary embodiments, a combination of MOSFETs and/or IGFETs may be used for Q1 504-1, Q2 504-2, and Q3 504-3. The MOSFETs may operate as gates, allowing substantially zero current across the source and drain terminals when inactivate and allowing substantially all current across the source and drain terminals when activated. If a MOSFET is used as Q3 504-3, the coupled pulse train 530 may activate the Q3 504-3 by changing a voltage on the gate terminal of Q3 504-3. A MOSFET may be chosen by the total gate charge (RDS(ON)), power dissipation and package thermal impedance. It may be advantageous to choose a MOSFET optimized for high-frequency switching applications. The Q1 504-1 and Q2 504-2 may be controlled by the voltages of the DH and DL pins, respectively, of the IC 501.
The resistor 507 may be any resistor known or convenient. The resistor 507 may be of any combination of resistance value, tolerance, and operating parameters as required for the driver 500 and may depend on the values of the other components. In some example embodiments resistor 507 operates so VI is not shorted to the ground 599.
The capacitors 508 may be any combination of capacitors known or convenient. The capacitors 508 may be of any combination of capacitance value, tolerance, and operating parameters as required for the driver 500 and may depend on the values of the other components.
In some example embodiments, the load driver 500 is in a basic buck topography where the inductor 502 is always connected to the high amp load 506. This design may minimize the current ripple by oversizing the inductor 502 and may allow for a very small output capacitor (C2 508-2). The Q3 504-3 may be activated and divert the current around the high amp load 506 at a very fast rate. The Q3 504-3 may also discharge an output capacitor (C2 508-2) and because the capacitance is so small the capacitor (C2 508-2) will not be stressed. In some example embodiments, the resistor 507 may sense the current and there is no reaction to the short that Q3 504-3 places the across the high amp load 506. The Q3 504-3 may need to dissipate the high amp load 506 current applied on the Q3 504-3 RDS(ON) at some maximum duty cycle. If the driver 500 needs to control very high currents switching transistors in parallel may be used.
The inductor 602 may be any inductor known or convenient. The inductor 602 controls the ripple current and may oppose changes in currents when charged and thereby may provide a substantially stable current when charged. The switching frequency, peak inductor current and allowable ripple at the output may determine the inductance value and size of inductor 602. In general, selecting higher switching frequencies reduces the inductance requirement of the inductor 602 but will result in a lower efficiency. The charging and discharging cycle of the inductor 602 and the drain capacities in the switching transistor 604 may create switching losses. Using lower switching frequencies may be used to reduce switching losses.
The switching transistors 604 may be any combination of transistors known or convenient. In some example embodiments, a MOSFET or IGFET may be used for Q3 604-3. The MOSFET will operate as gate, allowing substantially zero current across the source and drain terminals when inactivate. In some example embodiments, a MOSFET may be chosen by the total gate charge (RDS(ON)), power dissipation and package thermal impedance. In some example embodiments it may be advantageous to choose a MOSFET optimized for high-frequency switching applications. The Q1 604-1 and Q2 604-2 may be controlled respectively by the voltages of the DH and DL pins of the controller 601.
The resistors 607 may be any combination of resistors known or convenient. The resistors 607 may be of any combination of resistance value, tolerance, and operating parameters as required for the driver and may depend on the values of the other components.
The capacitors 608 may be any combination of capacitors known or convenient. The capacitors 608 may be of any combination of capacitance value, tolerance, and operating parameters as required for the driver 600 and may depend on the values of the other components.
In some example embodiments, the driver 600 may be in a buck/boost topography. During the on-time the current may flow from the input capacitor (C2 608-2), through the Q1 604-1, the L1 602-1, and the Q3 604-3 and back to the input capacitor. During the off-time current may flow up through the Q2 604-2, the inductor 602 and the diode 609 and to the output capacitor (C1 608-1). The driver 600 may allow the inductor 602 to reside between input and ground during the on-time and during the off-time and may allow the inductor 602-1 to reside between the ground 699 and the output capacitor (C1 608-1). This may allow the driver 600 to output voltage which may be any voltage less than, equal to, or greater than the input voltage.
As used herein, the term “embodiment” means an embodiment that serves to illustrate by way of example but not limitation.
It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the preceding examples and embodiments are exemplary and not limiting to the scope of the present invention. It is intended that all permutations, enhancements, equivalents, and improvements thereto that are apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings are included within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. It is therefore intended that the following appended claims include all such modifications, permutations and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
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|U.S. Classification||315/306, 315/193, 315/300|
|Jul 31, 2007||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: MAXIM INTEGRATED PRODUCTS, INC., CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NALBANT, MEHMET;REEL/FRAME:019624/0899
Effective date: 20070629
|Nov 30, 2015||FPAY||Fee payment|
Year of fee payment: 4