|Publication number||US2944396 A|
|Publication date||Jul 12, 1960|
|Filing date||Feb 9, 1955|
|Priority date||Feb 9, 1955|
|Publication number||US 2944396 A, US 2944396A, US-A-2944396, US2944396 A, US2944396A|
|Inventors||Barton Daniel M, Schoeffel Eugene W, Zimmermann Frederick J|
|Original Assignee||Sterling Drug Inc|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (10), Referenced by (74), Classifications (17)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
D. M. BARTON ET AL 2,944,396 PROCESS AND APPARATUS POR COMPLETE LIQUID-VAPOR PHASE OXIDATION AND HIGH ENTHALPY VAPOR PRODUCTION `Fuly l2, 1960 Filed Feb. 9, 1955 PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR 'COMPLETE LIQUID-VAPOR PHASE OXIDATION AND HIGH ENTHALPY VAPOR PRODUCTION Daniel M. Barton and Eugene W. Schoetel, Kronenwetter, and Frederick J; Zimmermann, Weston, Wis., assignors to Sterling Drug Inc., New York, N Y., a Icorporation of Delaware Filed Feb. 9, 195s, ser. No. 487,174
s claims. (cl. en -39.05)
The present invention relates to a process yand apparatus for producing high enthalpy completely oxidized vapors yfrom partial oxidation processes., More particularly the present process andapparatus is `addressed to enhancing the power characteristics in condensible vapors such as are emitted in the partial oxidation of combustible materialdispersed in water.y
While the process of Frederick I. Zimmermann, appearing in United States Letters Patent 2,665,249, is directed to substantially complete combustion in the aqueous phase of carbonaceous dispersions, particularly for the elimination of waste materials, it became apparent following the process therein described that a surplus of steam energy occurred as a by-produ'ct of the liquid phase oxidation in excess of the amount necessary to render ,the process self-sustaining.V Various attempts closed and claimed in the Zimmermann Letters Patent 2,665,249 contemplated substantially complete oxidation, oper-ation of the Vequipment sometimes resulted vin reactor eiuent having a vapor-fuel fraction because of the conditions under which the oxidation was temporarily allowed to proceed. It was then discovered that, under these cirmumstances, the vapor phase material having a'fuel content (and therefore not completely oxidized) entrained therein was a useful materialv and the present process was devised whereby the fuel fraction in the vapor phase could be utilized with very advantageous re- Asults in the power generation field.
While attempting to treat the unoxidizedrmaterial it was observed that controlled partial oxidation might supply additional heat in order to enhance the enthalpy of material inthe vapor stage. This observation was further pursued inasmuch' as it was a simple matter 'tocloseol the stoichiometric supply of free oxygen-containing gas were made with varyingdegrees of success to make the M Vsteam available r for the conversion-of power. Quantities of steam were abundant but, the quality of the steam for power production'hampered the jecon'omic usage thereoi in the generation of power. The reason for the lack of qualityrin the steam relates to one of the problems which the 'basic process described in United States'Letters tion proceeded. This was necessary to prevent drying out Y of the reactor zone and to assure that no pluggingfof the equipment would occur. Thus, the eiuent yvapors from the reaction zone were saturated, in order to maintain aqueous phase oxidation, which limits the/temperature of the vapors to ranges below the critical temperature of the steam. So long as the vapors emitted from the reaction zone weresubstantially saturated there remained enough water vat all times in the reaction zone to carry away the insoluble and soluble non-combustible salts and ash. But the maintenance of saturatedconditions in the reactor effluent materials did not provide a method of enhancing the steam quality for the purpose of steam-power conversion. While enormousv amounts of. steam were available from the lcomplete oxidation process, it was not in the most desirable condition for power conversion since the saturated condition was required in the autogenetic aqueous phase process. If the material could be superheated to enhance the enthalpypoor saturated vapors, then it was conceivablethat the energy boost so supplied would make large scale power production from the etlluent reaction gases practical.
Various techniques for`superheating were tested and found wanting in some serious particular. 'Dheuse of heat from an external source, when available, reduced the economic potential of the process since the external heat required was both costly and complex to apply. At least all attempts had, in common, the rconcept of heating the euent reaction gases after removal from vthe reactor zone. f. 'rl i While the early experimentation with the process disin the system yand obtain an eiuent distillation wherein un'oxidized combustible vapor mingled with the saturated condensibles in the reactor eiuent vapor. Regulation of the. temperature and/or pressure or both appeared to have the same effect invadjusting the fuel value of the vapors resulting from the reaction. Oxidation could be regulated and the vapor products contained measured amounts of fuel value.r
There remained the matter of applyinga simple process which could be integrated with the partial oxidation so as to accomplish superheat and resulting energy enhanced vapors readily -adaptable to power conversions lby lreason of elevated enthalpy. Whereas the basicreaction which produced the saturated fuel-laden vapor was aqueous or liquid phase, any fuel-utilizing second phasewould necessarily be vapor phase and would have to accomplish what had "long .been considered impossible, i.e;, selfsustaining vapor phase oxidationwherein the vfuel -values available in .the reactor elliuent of partial oxidation were so'applied'V as to accomplish superheat Vof the-same Vcontinuous stream of saturated vapors. The present invention suppliedthat need and it will be seen that reactor eiuent from the partial aqueous-phase oxygenation of for power conversion. Further, it will be seen that the process for producing high enthalpy condensible gases accomplishes intimate heat exchange attending the reaction without the-intervention of conventional metallic barriers.l
Collaterally, it will be observed that substantially complete oxidation is still the end result and that the relatively high conditions of pressure and temperature within the lirst oxidation zone can be scaled down in any given installation resulting in considerable installation economies.
To accomplish the present process the apparatus necessary is simple yand requires only thev establishment of a second oxidation zone and an exchange arrangement capable of using a part of the exothermic heat liberated from the second oxidation to elevate the incoming vaporfuel-oxygen mixture to temperatures at which the entrained combustible vapors oxidize. Where temperature/pressure adjustments are made to cause only partial oxidation in liquid phase, the stoichiometric free oxygent containing gas, based on complete oxidation, is available to sustain the oxygenating superheat vapor phaseoxidation. v
In instances ywhere the amount of free Oxygen-Containing gas, is restricted tocause partial liquid phase oxidation,
fresh free oxygen-containing gas is entrained in the-vapor phase eiuent from' the liquid phase reaction zoneprior ,f
the oxidation dries or superheats the entrained water vapor and another part of the heat serves continuously to self-initiate oxidation in additional inliuent vapor phase material continuously introduced to the second reaction zone. This heat, warming the influent fuel-laden vapor, is not lost but is added to the incoming vapor prior to the vapor phase oxidation occurring in the second reaction zone. It will be seen that the operation is thus continuous and co-operative with any autogenetic partial oxidation process which occurs in the aqueous phase. The invention thus contemplates a modiiied version of the process described in United States Letters Patent 2,665,249 and the addition of, a secondl reaction zone to superheat the saturated effluent vapors from the liquid phase reaction and wherein the second reaction is selfexcited and self-sustaining.
it will thus be seen that one of the objects ofthe present invention is toV provide a process and `apparatus for the conversion of any partial oxidation processto a complete oxidation process.
A furthery object ofthe present inventionis to provide a method and apparatus for converting saturated vapors containing vapor phase combustibles to superheat conditions of high enthalpy and having high power conversion quality.
A further object is to accomplish vapor phase oxidation where the vapor phase exothernn'c reaction occurs without the intervention of metallic heat transfer barriers.
Another object is to provide a self-generating superheat.
A still further object is to provide a method and apparatus for producing'a superheated vapor devoid of corrosive properties and which is substantially completely oxidized.
A still further object is to provide a method and apparatus for treating aqueous dispersions of combustible material in such a manner as to produce iirst apar-tially oxidized vapor product from a liquid phase reaction and subsequently to produce a fully oxidized superheated vapor product. Y
These and other objects will become increasingly apparent as the description of the` present invention proceeds.
In the drawings:
Figure l is a schematic diagram of the present invention showing an aqueous phase partial oxidation wherein a stoichiometric supply of oxygen-containing g-as is entrained in the effluent material therefrom and the vapors led to the vapor phase reaction zone.
Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the present invention showing the insertion of an oxygen-containing gas to partially oxidized vapors before admission to the vapor phase reaction zone.
Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the present invention showing the entrainment of both combustible niateriai and oxygen-containing gas where the vapor stream is comprised of a substantially completely oxidized material such as steam.
Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the present invention wherein the vapor phase reaction zone contains a packed catalyst and represents a modication accomplishing a substantial lowering of the oxidation temperature of entrained combustible material.
General description The preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises withdrawing from a controlled partial oxidation zone a vapor containing at least some partially unoxidized organic material, heating said vaporous material incountercurrent heat exchange relationship with a hot efiiuent from a second oxidizing Zone, passing thev soheated vaporous material into the second oxidizing zone to substantially completely oxidize all of the oxidizable material entrained in the vapors, thereby raising the free energy level and enthalpy of the vapors by direct heat.
exchange within the vapor phase oxidation zone, passing the substantially completely oxidized high energy level eiuent from the second reactor in countercurrent heat exchange relationship with the partially oxidized vaporous material withdrawn from the first reactor (liquid phase) and subsequently recovering asutilizable power the free energy of the substantially completely oxidized material.
in the preferred embodiment of the present invention the conditions within the second oxidation zone are preferably maintained such as to excite and sustain an autog-enetic oxidation of the entrained combustible materials while in a vapor state.
Referring with more particularity to the drawings, a vapor-containing partially oxidized organic material in an amount between about 0.1 and about 5 percent cornbustible material to substantially inert vaporous material is withdrawn from the top of a controlled aqueous phase autogenetic reaction zone 11. A separator 12 is provided which treats the substantially saturated' vapor to drop out any liquid. The vaporous effluent from the separator i2' is passed in indirect countercurrent heat exchange relation in a heat exchanger 13 wherein the temperature' of the vaporous effluent is raised between about degrees Fahrenheit and about 660 degrees Fahrenheit above its exit temperature from they controlled liquid phase reaction zone. The high temperature vapors are introduced into a second oxidation zone 14 where the exothermic reaction excited in the vapor-phase exchange is liberated. The hot vapors are introduced in such an amount and at such a space velocity than substantially complete oxidation of all of the combustible material will occur during passage through the second reaction zone i4.' The hot substantially completely oxidized vapors are Withdrawn and passed in indirect countercurrent heat relationship with the unoxidized incoming oxidizable vapors in heat exchanger 13. The temperature drop of the substantially completely oxidized vapors within the exchanger 13 is between about 1'00 degrees Fahrenheit and about 100() degrees Fahrenheit. After passage through the heat exchanger i3 the hot substantially completely oxidized vapors are introduced into a power converter 15 wherein the free energy of the vapors is converted into utilizable power. Diagrammatically the power converter shown is a turbine but it will be understood that any well known power converter such as expanders ot various types may be used.
In the drawing the single lines entering reactor 11 at the bottom are. conduits carrying oxygen containing gas in one and combustibles in water in the other as designated on the drawing. The line connecting reactor 1I to separator 12v and'lZ in turn to heat exchanger 13,- passing therethrough to heater 14, and from the bottom of the heater 14 to the heat exchanger jacket andV from the exit end at the top of the exchanger jacket, or heat exchanger connecting with `the bypass, to the power generator, are conduitsY for conveying the vapors through theapparatus.
It will generally be advisable to introduce oxygen or an oxygen-carrying gas in an amount suicient to completely oxidize the combustible material prior to the aqueous phase reactor. Control of the oxidation reaction within the aqueous phase oxidation reactor to produce a partial oxidation therein being obtained by regulation of the temperature and/or pressure maintained within the reactor or the delay of unit quantities within the reactor. However, successful operation has been had upon introducingl an insuflicientamount of oxygen or oxygen-carrying gas into-the Vaqueous phase oxidation reactor; withdrawing an oxygen decient fuel-laden vapor therefrom and subsequentlyl introducing -additional oxygen or oxygen-carrying gas to the vapors prior tothe second (vapor phase) oxidation-zone. The pressure of the vaporous material withdrawn from the iirst oxidation zonel is preferably between about, p.s.i.a. and about 6500 p.s.i.a. The lower pressure conditions produce a higher percentage of entrainer). unoxidized material inthe vapors. The
ous phase) reaction zone'will be within therange of -about 330 degrees Fahrenheit and about'650'degrees Fahrenlheit and will vary directly with the pressure of oxidation. To maintain the aqueous phase character of the lirst react-ion zone the exiting vapor material will be in a substantially saturated state. The preferred temperature/pressure conditions within the first or aqueous phase reactor are between about 800 p.s.i.a'. and 6000l p.s.i.a. and between about 330 degrees Fahrenheit and about 650 degrees Fahrenheit.
The reaction conditions within the second or vapor phase oxidation zone are at a temperature above about 330 degrees Fahrenheit and preferably between about 400 degrees Fahrenheit and about 1200 degrees 'Fahrenheit and at a pressure above about 150 p.s.i;a. and in the range between about 800 p.s.i.a. and 6500 p.s.i.a. preferred range is about 800-3000 p.s.i.a. Satisfactory operation has occurred at the lower range of temperatures and pressures, but the energy level of the system is correspondingly lower and larger equipment is necessary to convert the free energy to utilizable power.
Where the process described in the United States Letters Patent 2,665,249 was operated at 900 pounds per square inch pressure and the temperature of the eiuent from the aqueous reaction material was about 482 degrees Fahrenheit, and where less than stoichiometric amounts of oxygen were admitted to the first reaction zone 11, the saturated vapors were found to contain 0.1- percent of combustible materials. Analysis of these-vapors indicated that the combustible fraction was composed of the following: Y
(l) Aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, etc.
V(2) Volatile organic materialcomposition unknown.
The eiuent vapors from theV first reaction zone after being mixed with a stoichiometric amount of oxygencontaini-ng gas (air) entered theV heat exchanger 13 where it was elevated in temperature to about 842 degrees Fahrenheit and vapor phase oxidation commenced. Vapors exiting from the second reaction zone 14 were at 1034 degrees Fahrenheit. At least a part of the superheated vapor effluent from the second reaction zone 14 was countercurrently heat exchanged against the eluent vapors from the first reaction zone l11 in the heat exchanger 13 where the eflluent vapors from the second reaction zone 14 dropped in temperature from about 1034 to about 690 degrees Fahrenheit.
The thus superheated vapor was led to a power conversion unit v15 and the energy delivered was found to exceed the entire input power requirements-of the entire process.
Analysis of the exiting superheated vapors from the heat exchanger indicated that no combustible materials were entrained therein and that combustion was substantially complete. Y A
The lfuel material originally admitted to the first reaction zone 11 was spent pulping liquor although any finely comminuted combustible material in water 'such as garbage, sewage, and various. liquid industrial wastes have proven amen-able to the present process.:
lt was also fund that exceptionally good superheat and high enthalpy results obtained using the instant equipment and injecting arhigh fuelV value material in vapor phase entrained in stoichiometrically determined oxygencontaining gas. This vapor phase fuel was then reacted in the vapor phase zone as previously indicated to enhance the energy content of the steam or non-condensible vapors. Methane was inserted, forexample, ina'substantially completely oxidized vapor eluent from an The aangaat aqueous Aphase reactor, alongwith appropriate, amounts of oxygen and satisfactory enhancement of the powerladen vaporswas observed. Eiciencies probably resulting from the avoidance of metallic heat transfer barriers yielded easily controlledl superheat conditions which were observed to bet-ter any attempted external heat as ra` vsuperheat source.
vapor phase reactor where the ultimate temperature of the steam and non-condensibles was elevated to superheat conditions. A
lt is believed that vapor phase oxidation occurs in the second reaction zone when the vapor phase combustible reaches a thermal condition approximating the ignition point of the entrained combustibles. When such point has been achieved oxidation occurs when atleast stoichiometric amounts of free oxygen-containing gas are present. The present invention thus provides a self-sustaining 'means and method for accomplishing the thermal elevation necessary to reach such ignition temperatures while providing superheated exiting vapors. Where it is desirable to lower the ignition or combustion point of the entrained fuels, various catalysts maybe inserted in the lsecond reaction zone. With the 'insertion of such oxidation enhancing catalysts, the temperature of the eliiuent material from the first reaction zone can be lowered and less exothermic heat needbe utilized for elevating the vtemperature of the effluent to combustion conditions, or
both. v f v The particular catalysts which are operative to lower the ignition or combustion point of the entrained fuels are quite varied as to composition. Both the adsorption or surface active types and the metallic types appear to jbe useful. Representative catalysts whichV are suit-able include, Afor examplesurface active catalystssuch as stainless steel, tool steel, and other kinds of` steel in pellets, shavings'and wire, ,activated silica compounds as used in petroleum catalytic crackers, silica gel, floridan earth, kieselguhr, etc.; that is, a material Vpresenting a rather large surface area yand not poisoned to the oxidation reaction described herein; metals, metallic oxides and alloys containing these metals including, for example, osmium, platinum, palladium, cobalt, iron, nickel, chromium, copper, et cetera, that is, a metal or metallic vI naterial Vstable at the reaction conditions. Where the high pressure and temperature gases from the reaction are to be passed through a turbine or other energy collecting device, the choice of catalyst may be narrowed because certain of the materials will be broken down by the high temperatures and pressures employed. These break-down materials may cause considerable damage to turbines or other devices, and care should be used in the selection of the particular catalyst for this reason.
While the process herein described becomes self-sustaining a'fter it is once initiated, the starting of the vsecond reaction zone necessitates the insertion ofsuiiicient initiating heat to elevate the temperature of the v-apor'from the first reaction zone 11 to'at least the ignition or combustion point of the entrained fuel. This is accomplished by a heater 16. The heater supplies suicient heat to start the oxidation in the second reaction zone 14 Once the oxidation has proceeded the exothermic heat available from the oxidation of the combustibles, in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of oxygen, is sucient to satisfactorily elevate the eilluent vapors from the first reaction side heat may be employed for bringing the eflluent vapors lfrom the first reaction zone 11 to vapor-phase combustion conditions. y i
. A by-pass BP, as Shown in Figure', 1, is employ/realta shunt superheated vapor around the exchanger 13, where desired. In this manner the superheated vapors from the second reaction zone 114 are led directly to the power conversion equipment. Such an arrangement renders the design considerations in exchanger 13 less critical since the amount of heat necessary in exchanger 13 can be readily regulated. When such by-pass is utilized the valves V and V (shown in phantom line) are employed for adjusting the ow.
The following symbolic notes, ignoring radiation and conduction losses, indicates the heat balance conditions believed to exist in the described process and apparatus where Rw is the heat (actual HT1 and potential HC1) in the eluent vapors from the first reactor 11. AHEX represents the amount of heat added to the eflluent vapors from the lirst reactor 11 to excite vapor phase oxidation and RVZ symbolizes the heat conditions of the eluent exiting `from the second reaction zone 14. it will be noted that the AHEX is still included in the RVZ value and is exchanged in the heat exchanger 13y to elevate RV1 to the thermal conditions for liberation of the potential heat HC1 in the entrained combustible material.
Analysis of the superheated vapors after the second reaction zone 14 indicated the presence of nitrogen, small quantities of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and substantial quantities of water vapor. No combustible material was found in the effluent from the second reaction zone 14 indicating that the reaction in the second reaction zone 14 had removed all oxidizable material. In the operation of power conversion units from the superheated vapors no unusual corrosion was observed.
RV1=HT1+ (HC1 potential) RV1+AHEX=conditions in exchanger where:
AHEX=heat necessary to cause vapor phase oxidation liberating HC1 HT=HT1+HC1=RV1 (where HT represents the heat value at entry to energy converter and Hc1=liberated heat) Thus, the HC1, or heat value of the entrained fuel contributes the superheat obtainable in the entry vapors to any energy conversion equipment.
When utilized in conjunction with the apparatus for accomplishing aqueous phase oxidation it was found that a much more satisfactory power operation was obtained in that superheat conditions were obtained in the vapors led to suitable turbines or expanders.
Having thus described the apparatus and process for superheating vapor phase combustibles making possible enhanced energy-laden vapors for power conversion, it will be understood that certain modiications may be made within known skills and that such modifications are intended to be included in the claims unless the claims themselves negate such inclusion.
l. In a self-sustaining process for superheating vapors, the steps which include: entraining combustibles in a vapo-r stream containing sufcient oxygen-containing gas to supply at least the stoichiometric oxygen demand of the combustibles; elevating the temperature of said vapor stream with entrained combustibles and oxygen-containing gas to a point at which complete oxidation occurs, causing superheat of the vapor stream; cycling at least a part of the thus produced superheated vapors in countercurrent heat exchange relation with the said vapor stream carrying the entrained combustibles and oxygen-containing gas; and withdrawing the balance ot superheated vapor for power conversion.
2. In a self-sustaining process for producing superheated vapors from an aqueous phase partial oxidation, the steps which include: passing saturated eiliuent vapors having a combustible material entrained therein and oxygen in stoichiometric amount suicient to completely oxidize the combustibles `through a heat exchanger; elevating the vtemperature of said vapor eiuent, combustibles, and oxygen to a temperature sufficient to liberate the potential heatV in said combustibles thereby superheating the total vapors; cycling said Vsuperheated vapors in countercurrent heat exchange relation with the incoming sat- `tu-ated vapors to elevate the combustibles entrained therein to combustion temperatures; converting the remainder of said superheated vapors to power in excess of the power demands of the entire system.
V3. ln a self-sustaining process for producing superheated vapors vfrom an aqueous phase partial oxidation, the steps which include: removing saturated partially oxidized vapors effluent from an aqueous phase partial oxidation; admixing an oxygen-containing gas with said effluent in stoichiometric amounts at least equal to the amount required to complete the oxidation of vapor phase combustibles entrained in the ypartially oxidized vapors; elevating the temperature of said vapors, vaporn phase combustibles, and oxygen-containing gas to a ternperature at which oxidation of the combustibles occurs; withdrawing from the vapor phase second oxidation zone completely oxidized combustible free superheated vapors; passing said superheated vapors in -countercurrent heat exchange relationship with the incoming partially oxidized vapors; utilizing the balance of said superheated vapors for power conversion.
4. In a process for superheating saturated vapors the steps which include: `withdrawing from a controlled partial oxidation zone a vapor containing at least some partially unoxidized combustible material, heating said vaporous material in countercurrent heat exchange relationship with a hot effluent from a second oxidizing zone, passing the soi-heated vaporous material into a second oxidizing zone so as to substantially completely oxidize. all of the oxidizable material entrained in the vapors, thereby raising the free energy level of the vapors by direct heat exchange within the second oxidation zone, passing the substantially completely oxidized and combustible free high energy level eflluent from Ithe seco-nd reaction zone inv countercurrent heat exchange relationship with the partially oxidized vaporous material withdrawn yfrom the first reaction zone and subsequently recovering as utilizable power the free energy of the substantially completely oxidized material.
5. In a method for super-heating vapors the steps 'which include: passing a vapor containing between about 0.1 and about 5 percent combustible material entrained therein in indirect heat exchange relationship with a hot vapor from a subsequent reaction zone; introducing said heated vapor into a surface active oxidation carrier material packed reaction zone; substantially completely oxidizing the combustibles in said vapors; and passing the products of reaction in heat exchange with said incoming combustible entrained vapor.
6. In a method for superheating vapors the steps which include: passing a vapor containing between about 0.1 and about 5 percent combustible material entrained therein in indirect heat exchange relationship with a hot vapor from a subsequent reaction zone; introducing said heated vapor into an oxidation catalyst charged reaction zone; substantially completely oxidizing the combustibles in said vapors; and passing the products of reaction in heat exchange relation with said incoming combustible entrained vapor.
7. In an apparatus for superheating vapors to enhance their power, the combination including: a rst liquid phase oxidation reactor; a separator connected to the efiluent line of said liquid phase reactor; a vapor line from said separator; a heat exchanger through which said vapor line passes and having a heating jacket surrounding said vapor line and said vapor line connecting with and discharging into a second catalytic oxidation reactor for vapor phase reaction; an` exhaust line from said vapor `phase reactor carrying superheated vapor to and through nhessaicl heat exchanger in `countercurrent heat exchanger 9 relation to said vapor line; and power conversion apparatus connected to a discharge line from said heating jacket of said heat exchanger and receiving the exited vapors from said exchanger.
8. In an apparatus substantially as described in c1aim 7 including: a regulated by-pass around said heat exchanger leading from said exhaust line to said power conversion apparatus.
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|U.S. Classification||60/775, 60/39.12, 60/39.53, 60/39.464, 210/763|
|International Classification||F22B1/00, D21C11/14, D21C11/12, C02F11/08, F22B1/18, C02F11/06|
|Cooperative Classification||C02F11/08, F22B1/1892, D21C11/14|
|European Classification||F22B1/18N, C02F11/08, D21C11/14|