Over the course of time much confusion and many questions have arisen over the surname of Juan Bautista de Anza:
The answers to these questions follow.
1) The answer to the first question is very straight forward. He was called "Anza." There are hundreds of original documents in existence, written by his contemporaries, in which they universally refer to him as "Anza." There are over fifty original documents in existence that were written by him and signed with only his surname. Without exception, when only signing his surname, he signed it "Anza." Furthermore, not one single document exists in which anybody in his day ever called him "de Anza" when referring to him by his surname. Calling him "de Anza" is an erroneous tradition that started in the twentieth century long after he was dead. To see examples of this, go to either the Spanish or English versions of Father Font's two diaries where Juan Bautista de Anza is referred to 169 times by name. Father Font only referred to him eight of those times by his full title of nobility, "Juan Bautista de Anza" (Font Diary Example ). The other 161 times he referred to him by surname, calling him "Comandante (Commander) Anza" 17 times (Font Diary Example ), "Capitãn (Captain) Anza" 20 times, (Font Diary Example ) "Señor Anza" 120 times,(Font Diary Example ) and just plain "Anza" four times (Font Diary Example ). Of course, Father Font was only one contemporary. There are easily over 500 instances of other contemporaries who referred to him as "Anza" and none who called him "de Anza".
2) Although the second question is more complex, why he was called "Anza" is also very straight forward. The confusion has arisen when people have tried to apply a supposed rule of Spanish name etymology, for indeed there are many Spaniards who have "de" in their surnames. However, one must go beyond rules of Spanish name etymology (if any such thing really exists) and examine history, culture, and ethnicity.
3) How the surname should be spelled is derived strictly from preference. Our subject always spelled it "Anza," and with the exception of his niece, Mar’a Rosa, he is the only one of his family who did. His godfather, aunts and uncles, various other relatives, and most contemporaries, including Father's Font and Garcˇs, spelled it "Ansa." Members of the family who still live in the vicinity of Hernani, Gipuzkoa, Spain, the hometown of his father and three generations of grandfathers, spell the name "Ansa." His father always spelled the name "Anssa." The usage of double "ss" and "tt" was something that developed in the late 1600's and continued as a fad for about the first third of the 1700's. So, "Anssa" was a common spelling, but so was "Anttonio," the name of Anza's grandfather. The earliest known signatures of his grandfather (beginning in 1689) have a double "ss" but as time passed they evolved into one "s" signatures ending in 1735. In the middle of that time span there was a mixing of the two signatures and once in 1709, Antonio signed his name "Ansa" on a document in the morning and "Anssa" on another in the afternoon. Like rules for Spanish name etymology, rules for spelling were virtually non-existent in those years. Since our subject, for whatever reasons, spelled his name "Anza" it is not only fitting that we do the same, but it cuts down on a lot of confusion if we just standardize the spelling to his way of thinking -- confusion that has even crept into scholarly literature. (See for example, Dr. Bolton's translation of Father Font's expanded diary at February 6, 1776)
4) Standardization of spelling aside, however, any confusion about pronunciation has come about because our subject spelled the name with a "z". It is not pronounced with a harsh "z" sound, but rather a soft "s," and the "a" is pronounced as in father. Thus, the proper pronunciation is ä'n - sa.
5) Anza, like other citizens of colonial Spain, regardless of ethnic background, had more than one way of signing his name:
Amador Carrandi, Florencio. Catálolgo de genealogías: archivo de la casa de juntas de Guernica. Bilbao: Gráficas Ellacuria, 1958.
Estornes Lasa, B. y M. ¿Como son los Vascos? San Sebastian: Editorial Auñamendi, 1967.
García Carraffa, Albert y Arturo. El solar vasco-navarro, Volume II. San Sebastian: Librería Internacional, 1967.
Garate, Donald T. Anssa of Ernani: A collection of documents establishing the birthplace, birthdate and parentage of Juan Bautista de Anza, Captain of La Caballería de las Fronteras garrisoned at the Royal Presidio of Santa Rosa de Corodéguachi. Tumacacori, Arizona: National Park Service, 1992.
Basque Ethnic Connections and the Expeditions of Juan Bautista de Anza to Alta California. Colonial Latin American Historical Review, Volume 4, Summer 1994.
- Basque Names, Nobility, and Ethnicity on the Spanish Frontier. Colonial Latin American Historical Review, Volume 2, Winter 1993.
- References to "Anza". Unpublished paper presented at the Anza World Conference in Arizpe, Sonora, 1997.
- Signatures of Antonio de Ansa and their corresponding spelling of his surname. Unpublished manuscript, 1997.
Garate, Donald T. and Maria de Lourdes Gortarez. Anza: A Documentary Analysis of the Surname of Juan Bautista de Anza. Tumacacori Arizona: National Park Service, 1993.
Mugica, José A. Apellidos Vascos de Iberia: Su origen y evolución. Bilbao: Editorial Edili, S.A., 1968.
Mujika, Luix Mari. Hiztegi orokor-teknikoa, 2 Euskara-Gastelera. Bilbao: Ediciones Vascas Argitaletxea, 1977.
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Revised June 6, 2000