More people in India have access to cellphones than to basic sanitation. Meanwhile, more than 7,000 villages in the northwestern part of the country suffer drinking water shortages as the water table in this breadbasket region continues to drop. And the same story can be told all over the world, according to participants of a water conference at Columbia University on March 28.
This may be the "Blue Marble" with 70 percent of the planet’s surface covered in watery oceans, but the abundance is primarily made up of saltwater. Freshwater that’s clean enough for people to drink and plentiful enough to grow crops and other vital human activities is in increasingly short supply.
In the U.S., agriculture, industry and people combine to use more water than flows in the nation's rivers. The difference is pulled up from beneath surface of the earth. "We depend on ground water, it's going away," noted economist Jeff Sachs, director of the Earth Institute, which convened the State of the Planet: Water conference. "This is a new geologic era where humanity has taken over key [planetary] drivers: the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle."
The obvious solution, at least to economists, is: if water has become a scarce good then it needs an appropriate price to properly allocate it. Water engineer John Briscoe of Harvard University noted that Australian farmers survived the recent crippling drought—which resulted in a 70 percent reduction in water flow in the Murray-Darling river basin—because of a water trading system that shifted water use from low-value, high-water use crops like rice to cities that needed the H2O more. "This is Econ 101 at work," he said.
Financial products innovator Richard Sandor—pioneer of interest rate derivatives and carbon market evangelist—suggested that water would prove the big commodity play of the 21st century. He predicted that both water quantity and quality could be traded as goods. Such a cap-and-trade market also garnered support from Brian Richter, leader of the global freshwater team at The Nature Conservancy: "There is an ability for a market-based system to provide strong incentives to drive water conservation," he noted. "Efficiency of use goes up very quickly."
The problem is that "efficiency of use" may mean some get to use no water at all. Many farmers in Australia have been driven bankrupt by the drought, as Briscoe admitted while also arguing that a market proved better at allocation than government rationing would have. "Markets are well-trained to ignore the poorest people," the Earth Institute's Sachs later countered. "They direct the resource to those who will pay for it and direct it away from those who cannot."
As a result privatizing water has not proven popular, prompting protests and even riots. Demonstrations in Bolivia in 2000 and 2005 turned back a similar government scheme and the mayor of Atlanta canceled a private water supply contract in 2003 because the company failed to invest in maintenance.
Privatized water has even led to public health catastrophes around the world. When water was priced out of reach of the poorest South Africans in 1998, they turned to contaminated water in streams, ponds and lakes and thus endured one of the nation's worst cholera outbreaks between 2000 and 2002.
Government management of water is not without its own problems, however, thanks to everything from a lack of tools to outright corruption and theft. "We are trying to figure out what works and what does not," said mechanical engineer Vijay Modi of Columbia University, who directs infrastructure programs for the Millennium Villages Project. "We do not have a magical solution."
One idea is to treat water more like cellphone minutes. Sachs suggested employing "smart cards" that would credit everyone with a basic amount of water—Sandor calculated the amount needed for "hydration and hygiene" at 20 to 30 gallons per day—and then allow the purchase of water above that amount like prepaid minutes on a cellphone. "An affordable or zero price for some basic amount and, if you need more than that, you pay the marginal cost for that water," Sachs said.
That also might work well for higher volume users, like farmers who rely on irrigation. Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of world water use, much of which is wasted. "It takes water to grow our food and other crops we're so dependent on," the Nature Conservancy's Richter said. "Can we do that while using less water? I'm convinced we can." Simply shifting from flood irrigation to pivot or, even better, drip irrigation could cut water use by as much as 20 percent in agriculture.
The cost of that switch is the challenge. So putting a market price on water might be used to shift resources from city to country. "Urban areas have to invest in these solutions," Richter added, in order to have access to more water.
And then there's all of us who live in the most prosperous countries. Our food is the primary driver of our individual water consumption. While it's unlikely that anyone will stop washing clothes, eating, or using electricity, reducing the amount of meat in rich-world diets could help reduce the water burden. As Upmanu Lall, director of the Columbia Water Center, noted, it takes 100 to 1000 times more water to raise a certain amount of meat than to grow the equivalent portion of food from plants.
Not to mention tackling the largest crop in the U.S.—grass. "First, tear out your lawn," suggested climate modeler Mark Cane of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.
Water challenges are likely to get worse, thanks to another dominant man-made effect: climate change. "We fully expect that wet areas will get wetter and dry areas will get drier," Cane said. Droughts and floods put all kinds of pressure on the human system, from public health to crop yields, and have contributed to recent instability from Syria to Mali. "You never miss your water until the well runs dry," Cane added.
That means extending clean water to the poorest people who still lack it will become an even bigger challenge in future. Columbia's Modi suggested that an investment of as little as $300 per family could extend water systems to many if not all of those without today. "I think it's within reach of the governments of the world," he argued. "If you make that investment, then even the poorest are willing to pay for maintaining that system.
But keeping that water clean may prove the hardest challenge of all. "More people in sub-Saharan Africa have cellphones than have electricity," Modi added. "Electricity is the next challenge but, even harder than electricity is water, and even harder than water appears to be sanitation."