|Publication number||US8124154 B2|
|Application number||US 12/760,727|
|Publication date||Feb 28, 2012|
|Filing date||Apr 15, 2010|
|Priority date||Jan 21, 2003|
|Also published as||CA2595124A1, CA2595124C, CN101198260A, CN101198260B, EP1858345A2, EP1858345A4, US7798058, US20050181102, US20100196568, WO2006088530A2, WO2006088530A3|
|Publication number||12760727, 760727, US 8124154 B2, US 8124154B2, US-B2-8124154, US8124154 B2, US8124154B2|
|Inventors||Varadharajan Radhamani Basker, Wilfred Marcellien Bourg, Jr., Steven Andrew Bresnahan, Thomas George Crosby, Pravin Maganlal Desai, Phillip Stuart Frazier|
|Original Assignee||Frito-Lay North America, Inc.|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (31), Non-Patent Citations (1), Classifications (8), Legal Events (1)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/056,660 entitled “Fryer Atmosphere Control for Mold Form Fryer” filed on Feb. 11, 2005, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/347,993, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,875,458, titled “Single Mold Form Fryer with Enhanced Product Control” and filed on Jan. 21, 2003, the technical disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to improved atmosphere control for a fryer assembly for the fabrication of snack food. More particularly, the invention relates to using inert, non condensable and non reactive, gases with precise location of inert gas injection within an enclosed environment within the fryer housing in order to reduce frying medium degradation, such as oil, and product defects by reducing frying medium and product exposure to undesired condensable or reactive gases such as steam and oxygen.
2. Description of Related Art
Snack pieces are known to be prepared with the use of fryers. Generally, snack pieces such as fabricated potato crisps are formed from dough and are sheeted and cut into discrete pieces (pre-forms) for treatment. Treatment involves cooking the pre-forms in a fryer to produce cooked snack pieces. There are several types of prior art fryers typically used in the snack food industry for frying snack food products that require relatively even frying on all sides of the product. In general, these fryers cook product as it passes through in a stream of hot oil.
Particularly with potato crisps, a form fryer is beneficial because pre-forms can be molded and cooked into a desired product shape. A form fryer is a fryer for producing snack pieces having generally two conveyors, an upper and a lower conveyor. On each conveyor are molds or surfaces designed to interact with the opposing conveyor's molds or surfaces. After pre-forms are placed in the fryer, the top mold or contact surface keeps the now cooking pre-form beneath the surface of the oil until the fryer exit.
In general, potato slices release steam when they are fried. In many prior art deep-fat/oil frying processes, the amount of steam released during frying helps keep oxygen from entering and oxidizing the cooking oil. Fabricated potato pieces, however, typically have much lower moisture content upon frying compared to fresh potato slices. With less steam available to keep oxygen out of the fryer, the cooking oil oxidizes more rapidly. In the prior art, this problem has been addressed by introducing sparge steam into the atmosphere above the frying oil. Prior art systems also control oil oxidation levels by bleeding and discarding oil from the fryer and replacing discarded oil with fresh oil.
For cooking, pre-forms are led towards the fryer by the bottom belt 30 starting at about the input-side roller 32. The pre-forms are then followed from above by the top belt 20 and led towards a point in the oil 52 where the bottom belt 30 comes into close proximity with the top belt 20. By at least this point, the pre-forms have made contact with at least one mold surface. While not depicted, molds are commonly placed on at least the exterior surface of the top belt 20 but may also be placed on the exterior surface of the bottom belt 30. Once the pre-forms are secured between the top and bottom belts 20, 30, which run substantially parallel to each other through the oil 52, they are introduced to the hot cooking oil 52 at an oil entry point 53. The pre-forms thereafter travel through the hot oil 52 in the oil pan 50 completely submerged until they emerge from the oil 52 at an oil exit point 55. A typical form fryer may be operated with an oil frying temperature between 240 to 400° F., although it is preferably operated between 320 to 380° F. Thereafter, the cooked snack pieces are transferred by the oil and conducted along the exit portion of the bottom belt 30 and are transferred to the next segment of the overall process at about the output-side roller 34 for seasoning, if desired, and packaging.
By using a form fryer such as the prior art example fryer assembly 10, snack foods, such as potato crisps, are capable of being fabricated with a standard and desirable shape. The frying of individual pieces presents numerous difficulties such as wrinkling, folding, clumping, and sticking to cooking surfaces. With the use of a form fryer, as opposed to other types of frying, a number of these difficulties can be resolved.
While form fryers resolve a significant number of problems in frying snack pieces, form fryers require a significant volume of oil. A large volume of equipment, along with the food product to be fried, must pass through hot oil and remain submerged for a time sufficient to cook the product. In traditional form fryers, there must be enough oil to submerge two conveyor belts, at least one product mold, and the product to be cooked. A considerable amount of energy, and thus money, is required to heat, pump and maintain this large volume of oil.
In addition, there is significant expenditure associated with replacing oxidized oil with fresh oil. Because form fryers typically have at least one conveyor with surfaces that cycle between the air and oil, the equipment itself introduces oxygen to the oil. Oil in the system gradually becomes oxidized as it absorbs oxygen at the air/oil interface and from submerging conveyor material. Oil oxidation causes oil to go rancid over time, thus the oxidized oil in the system must be replaced with fresh oil periodically. It would therefore be advantageous to reduce the volume of submerged equipment without adversely affecting the performance of the fryer. If the volume of submerged equipment can be reduced, the opportunity for such equipment to introduce oxygen into the oil can be reduced, thus slowing oxidation and reducing costs associated with replacing oxidized oil with fresh oil. In addition, expenditures for heating, pumping, and maintaining the oil can also be reduced.
A desirable feature of molded snack pieces is that they can be made uniform in size and shape. With uniformity, the snack pieces can be packaged in a seated alignment. This allows for the packaging of snack product into a canister as opposed to being packed loosely in a bag. Canister packaging provides a degree of protection against breakage of the snack pieces while providing improved transportability of the snack pieces both in bulk and in individual canisters. Also, canisters can be sealed with a lid after opening to deter product degradation.
For packaging of uniformly shaped product such as curved ellipses, (for example, an ellipse having its longer sides curved upward in the same direction) snack pieces are stacked first before filling in a canister. Snack pieces can be stacked one directly over another, or they can be partially overlapped in a similar manner as rooftop shingles are overlapped. After such overlapping, the product pieces are then pushed together so that each piece is directly over the other. While it is possible to stack curved product pieces either with concave sides up or concave sides down, the product pieces may be more amenable to stacking in one particular orientation, depending on the product shape.
For example, thin, elliptical product pieces having upwardly-curved sides are more easily stacked with their concave sides down rather than up. In the event that two adjacent product pieces fail to overlap, those pieces can only be forced to stack one over the other if their adjacent edges are at different heights. With their concave sides up, two adjacent elliptical product pieces cannot be restacked because their adjacent product edges would lie flat against the conveyor, and those edges would confront each other upon pushing the pieces together. With their concave sides down, however, the product pieces are able to rock back and forth on their downwardly curving edges in the direction of travel. This ability to rock makes it highly unlikely that the adjacent edges of two pieces would confront each other at the same vertical level. One product piece will thus be able to overlap and eventually stack over the other.
Conventional molds are convex and produce shaped snack pieces with concave sides facing upwards and away from the bottom belt. While the concave-side up orientation may be more suitable for seasoning, the concave-side down orientation, as previously explained, is often better for stacking. The product therefore must be flipped prior to packaging. If the cooked product left the fryer with concave sides facing down towards the fryer bottom belt, the product would not require flipping, albeit at the slight expense of seasoning efficiency.
Another problem encountered with prior art form fryers is the difficulty of providing a bottom conveyor that can accommodate the evolving shape of cooking product. As the product to be fried typically enters the fryer with one shape and exits with another, it is difficult to design a prior art bottom conveyor with product receptacles that can accommodate the shapes of both pre-forms and cooked product.
One solution to the above issues is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/347,993, which is incorporated herein by reference. Specifically, a form fryer for cooking snack products is disclosed in accordance with one embodiment of that invention in
Prior to being cooked, dough, formulated to produce the preferred snack pieces, is formed and sheeted into pre-forms (uncooked snack pieces). The dough typically comprises a substantially dry mixture of starch product, sugar and other additives. Examples of starch products that may be utilized include any starches, native (unmodified) and modified, selected for their ability to improve the texture, consistency, and durability of food products and to improve the processing of dough into food products, all as known in the field of art.
For cooking, pre-forms are fed toward the top conveyor 120 on the bottom entrance conveyor 130. The bottom entrance conveyor 130 may comprise an oil-pervious, chain-link structure of a durable material such as stainless steel or another type of metal, a ceramic, or a polymer-based material capable of withstanding exposure to hot oil. Alternatively, the bottom entrance conveyor 130 may also comprise any food-grade, perforated, durable, but flexible material able to withstand frying oil temperatures. The bottom entrance conveyor 130 is supported and conducted by several rollers 132, 134, 136, 138, at least one of which is a submerged roller 134. As shown in
The configuration in
At about the input-side roller 132, pre-forms are deposited onto a feeding segment of the bottom entrance conveyor 130 and are conducted into the fryer housing 112. Alternatively, pre-forms can be deposited onto the bottom entrance conveyor 130 at a point closer to where the pre-forms enter the oil in order to reduce exposure to heat prior to immersion in the cooking oil 152. As pre-immersion thermal stress can cause pre-forms to wrinkle and deform, it is important to reduce heat exposure prior to cooking in the oil 152. Pre-immersion heat exposure also makes the pre-forms more likely to stick to the bottom entrance conveyor, which makes it more difficult to transfer the pre-forms to the top conveyor. Another way to reduce pre-immersion heat exposure is to minimize the length of the feeding segment of the bottom entrance conveyor. The feeding segment is the top surface of the bottom entrance conveyor between the input-side roller 132 and the submerged roller 134. For example, the bottom entrance conveyor can be led horizontally into the fryer housing, then tilted downwards into the oil as soon as possible after reaching the oil pan 150.
However, the bottom entrance conveyor must also be tilted downwards so that pre-forms on the bottom entrance conveyor 130 approach a location where the top conveyor 120 parallels and is in close proximity with the bottom entrance conveyor 130. The pre-forms are strategically positioned information on the surface of the bottom entrance conveyor 130 for eventual meeting with the molds on the top conveyor 120. At the point where the top and bottom conveyors begin to parallel each other in close proximity, pre-forms are disposed between the molds on the top conveyor 120 from above and the exterior surface of the bottom entrance conveyor 130 from below. To direct the pre-forms into the fryer oil pan 150 for cooking in the hot oil 152, the top conveyor 120 and bottom entrance conveyor 130 are guided along an arcuate pathway into the oil 152.
It is important to note that the gap between the top conveyor 120 and the bottom entrance conveyor 130, as well the angle at which both conveyors 120, 130 enter the oil, should be adjusted so that at least a portion of each pre-form is in contact with at least one conveyor at any time. If the gap and angle are not properly adjusted, the horizontal distance between the conveyors 120, 130 at the oil surface may be larger than the product length. The entire product must then remain at or near the oil surface for some distance while being transferred from the bottom entrance conveyor 130 to the top conveyor 120, during which time product control is undesirably lost. Thus, the gap and angle must be controlled.
When both the conveyor gap and angle are properly adjusted, the length of the air/oil interface between the top conveyor 120 and bottom conveyor 130 should be less than the length of each pre-form. In other words, the horizontal distance between the top conveyor 120 and the bottom entrance conveyor 130 at the oil surface, also known as the float length, should be less than the product length. This ensures that the product is under positive control at all times. For example, at a very shallow approach angle into the oil, only a small gap between the top conveyor 120 and bottom entrance conveyor 130 can be tolerated before the horizontal distance between them at the oil surface becomes as large as the product length. At a steep approach angle, however, a larger vertical gap between the two conveyors 120, 130 can be tolerated before the horizontal distance between them at the oil surface becomes as large as the product length. By keeping the float length shorter than the product length, at least one conveyor will be in contact with at least a portion of the product at any time in order to exert positive control over the product.
After the bottom entrance conveyor 130 contacts the oil 152 in an oil pan entrance area 158, the snack pieces encounter the hot oil 152 and begin to fry. At the same time that the frying begins, the declining top conveyor 120 forces the pre-forms to take the shape of the molds on the top conveyor 120. Once the product is against the molds of the top conveyor 120, the bottom entrance conveyor 130 is no longer needed for the cooking of these snack pieces. The bottom entrance conveyor 130 then rotates about a submerged roller 134 and begins its return path to receive new pre-forms. This returning segment of the bottom entrance conveyor 130 is called the post-feeding segment. It should be noted that the pathways of the bottom entrance conveyor 130 and the bottom exit conveyor 140 are at least partially inclined in order to deliver the pre-forms into the oil from above.
It is important to note that the pre-forms do not necessarily have to be less dense than the oil 152 in order to remain against the molds of the top conveyor 120. While it is true that heavier-than-oil pre-forms would sink in stagnant oil, gases evolved from the oil 152 during cooking provide an upward force against the pre-forms. This upward force keeps the pre-forms firmly seated against the top conveyor molds.
Unlike conventional form fryers as shown and discussed above for the prior art fryer shown in
Referring back to
After the product travels downstream through the oil pan entrance area 158, a reduced volume segment 151 is encountered. As the width of the fryer oil pan does not change, it is the height in this segment 151 that is reduced. This reduction is possible along this segment because of the absence of a bottom conveyor, thus oil 152 is only needed at about where the snack pieces are cooking along the top conveyor 120. Therefore, the height along this segment 151 needs to at least accommodate the height of a top conveyor 120 with its molds but does not have to accommodate the height of two conveyors. Prior art form fryer assemblies utilizing conveyors require a volume of oil large enough to submerge a top conveyor with molds, a lower conveyor used to transport snack pieces into and out of the cooking oil 152, as well as rollers and other equipment necessary to guide those conveyors. This renders prior art form fryer assemblies more expensive to operate because of the need to heat, purify, pump, and maintain a larger volume of oil. Having a reduced volume segment 151 with no bottom conveyor, in accordance with the present invention, thus reduces the oil volume and cuts costs associated with oil heating and maintenance.
In addition, the reduced volume segment 151 with no bottom conveyor helps reduce the expenditure associated with replacing oxidized oil with fresh oil. Because there is no bottom conveyor throughout the reduced volume segment 151, there is less bottom conveyor material submerged in the oil at any time. Hence there is less opportunity for the bottom conveyors to introduce oxygen into the oil to oxidize it. This reduces the rate at which the oil becomes oxidized, as well the rate at which oxidized oil must be replaced with fresh oil. This is beneficial because oil oxidation causes the cooking oil 152 to go rancid, which in turn decreases the freshness of the product. Reducing oil oxidation therefore reduces costs expended to keep both the oil 152 and the product fresh.
Because the form fryer 100 with the reduced volume segment 151 dispenses with the need for a bottom conveyor through a portion of the fryer, less conveyor material is needed to bring pre-forms into the fryer. This means that less energy is therefore required to cool the bottom conveyor material before it receives pre-forms for transportation into the fryer. Having less bottom conveyor material also reduces the amount of necessary support machinery, such as rollers, supports, and drive shafts, which in turn reduces the likelihood of mechanical jams and malfunctions. Thus, the form fryer 100 with the reduced volume segment 151 can increase productivity both by reducing heating and cooling costs, as well as reducing the occurrence of mechanical malfunctions.
In the preferred embodiment, the oil pan 150 itself serves as a heat-exchanging surface through which heat may be transferred to the oil. To increase the heat-exchanging surface area, the oil pan 150 can be contoured or fluted. For example, the oil pan 150 may comprise a waved, rippled, or finned pan. Oil 152 thus flows in and above channels that run down the length of the oil pan 150. Such contoured or fluted oil pans provide a higher surface-area-per-volume ratio, allowing one to more efficiently replenish the heat dissipated and absorbed by cooking product as the oil travels along the fryer.
In order to keep the oil 152 in the fryer at the proper frying temperature, heated fluid may be provided to flow under and in contact with the oil pan 150. Other methods of heating the oil pan 150 are acceptable, such as using electrical heating elements under the oil pan, or using a radiative heat source to provide heat.
At the end of the reduced volume segment 151, snack pieces pass through the fryer oil pan exit 160. The fryer oil pan 150 at the exit 160 has an enlarged depth similar to the segment at the oil pan entrance area 158, but the depths of the entrance and exit sections are not necessarily identical. In the exit area, the bottom exit conveyor 140 approaches and parallels the top conveyor 120 after passing a submerged roller 142.
The bottom exit conveyor 140 is supported and rotated through a pathway, defined by several rollers 142, 144, 146, 148, which demonstrates one of many possible fryer exit conveyor pathways. Like the bottom entrance conveyor 130, the bottom exit conveyor 140 is constructed of any food-grade, flexible and durable materials that can withstand fryer processing conditions, such as metal, various plastics, or ceramics. The bottom exit conveyor 140 should also comprise an oil-pervious structure so that oil can pass through the conveyor.
A submerged roller 142 is situated before and below the point where the top conveyor 120 and the bottom exit conveyor 140 parallel each other in close proximity in order to allow the bottom exit conveyor 140 to gently approach the now cooked snack pieces. As the top and bottom conveyors 120, 140, with the cooked snack pieces encased between, exit the cooking oil 152, the upward forces of the cooking oil 152 no longer support the snack pieces against the top conveyor 120. The snack pieces are then directed into contact with a receiving segment of the bottom exit conveyor 140. If needed, steam or inert gas may be blown through or at the molds to assist the cooked snack pieces in their departure from mold surfaces. The bottom exit conveyor 140 should run parallel to the top conveyor 120 for some distance after it exits the oil 152 so that the product falls into its proper position when it finally dislodges. After passing over an exit-side roller 146, the cooked snack pieces are passed on for seasoning and packaging. After passing over the exit-side roller 146, the bottom exit conveyor 140 is directed back into the oil 152 to receive more snack pieces. This returning segment of the bottom exit conveyor is called the pre-receiving segment.
Because the bottom entrance and exit conveyors 130, 140 operate independently from one another, each conveyor can be specifically designed for their respective product shapes. While the entrance conveyor 130, for example, might have a flat surface or a plurality of flat platforms for receiving flat pre-forms, the exit conveyor 140 might instead have curved saddles for receiving curved, cooked product. In addition, the bottom conveyors 130, 140 can be made from different materials and have different structures to suit their respective functions.
Another advantage of having separate entrance and exit conveyors 130, 140 is the ability to operate each one at a different speed. The bottom entrance conveyor 130 has a delivering velocity Vdelivering, the oil 152 has an oil velocity Voil, the top conveyor 120 has a top conveyor velocity Vtop conveyor, the bottom exit conveyor 140 has a removing velocity Vremoving, and the velocities of all four mediums may share the following relationship:
In the preferred embodiment, the velocity of the exit conveyor 140 is either equal to or slightly greater than the velocity of the top conveyor 120, which is slightly greater than the velocity of the oil 152, which in turn is slightly greater than the velocity of the entrance conveyor 130. By operating each successive conveyor at a transporting velocity slightly greater than that of the preceding conveyor, more positive control can be maintained over the product, particularly at the inlet. Each successive medium in effect pulls the product along and away from the preceding medium.
However, if the cooked product tends to temporarily adhere to molds of the top conveyor 120 after exiting the oil 152, it is desirable to run the bottom exit conveyor 140 and top conveyor 120 at the same speed. This ensures that the product pieces fall into their proper places upon the bottom exit conveyor 140 after they finally dislodge from the top conveyor 120.
In cooking, pre-forms are deposited onto the feeding segment of the bottom entrance conveyor 230 prior to entry into the fryer housing 212. As the pre-forms are conveyed into the oil, frying starts at a cooking start point 226. Thereafter, the snack pieces first begin to separate from the surface of the bottom entrance conveyor 230. Next, the portion of each piece that has separated from the bottom entrance conveyor 230 temporarily remains at the surface of the oil 252 before contacting the top conveyor 220. A submerged roller 234 in the oil pan entrance area 258 directs the post-feeding segment of the bottom entrance conveyor 230 back to collect new pre-forms for frying. The snack pieces, at the latest upon reaching the submerged roller 234, are disposed against the surfaces of the molds on the top conveyor 220. The snack pieces in position against the top conveyor 220 are then carried into a reduced volume segment 251 for completion of the cooking process. This reduced volume segment 251, shown in
Rotation may be provided from a roller positioned outside of the fryer housing 212 as shown in
A plurality of fully cooked snack pieces 319 is shown in
The convex shapes of a plurality of fully cooked snack pieces 419 are shown in
When the volumetric oil flow rate is fixed, the oil velocity is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area through which the oil flows. In
Without the use of pan extensions, the product must pass through three different oil velocity zones: a slow oil pan entrance area, a quick reduced volume segment, and a slow oil pan exit area. However, returning to
With the pan extensions of
Referring back to
With the use of form fryer assemblies made in accordance with the invention, equipment, heating, maintenance, oil, and other expenses are reduced because of the reduced volume of the fryer oil pan. By eliminating a continuous bottom conveyor within the fryer, a reduced fryer oil pan volume is possible and will not affect the quality of the snack pieces produced. Less supports and enclosures are needed in the fryer oil of the present invention as compared to prior art continuous conveyors as the bottom conveyors are not continuously running throughout the length of the fryer oil pan. With less equipment running through the fryer, oil oxidation can be reduced. In addition, productivity increases as there is less equipment that could potentially breakdown.
By eliminating a continuous bottom conveyor throughout the fryer and replacing it with separate bottom entrance and bottom exit conveyors, the frying process benefits from the ability to tailor each bottom conveyor to the differing pre- and post-cooking conditions. The bottom entrance and bottom exit conveyors can have differing shapes, comprise different materials, and rotate with differing speeds depending on what is appropriate for their functions, locations, and operating conditions. For example, in one embodiment of the fryer, the bottom entrance conveyor comprises a flat, perforated, polymeric sheet for receiving flat pre-forms, whereas the bottom exit conveyor comprises several lanes of chains with curved seats for receiving curved, cooked product.
A prior art approach to maintaining oil quality in reducing oxidation applied to the fryer described above would involve the addition of steam into a partially enclosed environment in order to purge the oil-gas interface of excess oxygen. As previously described, fabricated potato chips typically do not produce sufficient steam in a form fryer for this purpose, thus requiring the addition of steam. However, in either case, excess steam can accumulate on product introduced into the frying oil, which can lead to adverse consequences. In addition, in a high speed form frying process, the raw chips must be introduced into the fryer on a conveyor traveling at high velocity. The high speed conveyor and product can convey entrained air into the fryer front end increasing the level of oxygen in the fryer environment and increasing oil oxidation.
While the level of product defects is affected by many factors such as dough moisture content, lecithin content, and oil-flow turbulence, the inventors have discovered that steam condensation upon dough pieces at the fryer entrance (fryer front end) can also significantly affect the level of product defects. For example, product that accumulates excess steam upon entering the frying oil can experience problems remaining centered against molds or can fry in undesirable shapes with undesirable characteristics. An increase in steam levels in the frying atmosphere causes an increase in product defects but also decreases the rate of oxidation of the frying oil. The opposite happens with a decrease in steam levels. Therefore, the manipulation of steam levels alone requires a trade-off between oxygen values (or concentrations) and defect rates. Consequently, a need exists for an apparatus and method for simultaneously decreasing oxygen values and product defect rates rather than decreasing one at the expense of the other or discarding frying oil.
After frying, some prior art systems have also used nitrogen gas to keep oxygen away from finished product as it cools and is packaged. However, no prior art systems have combined the use of sparge steam and nitrogen gas within a fryer as disclosed herein to simultaneously reduce oil degradation rates and product defect rates.
Consequently, a need exists for an improved apparatus, as well as a method for designing and optimizing such an apparatus, for controlling the atmospheric conditions of a fryer, particularly when using a form fryer the same or similar to that described immediately above. Ideally, such improvements should purge oxygen from the frying environment while also reducing steam-related product defects.
A form fryer in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention typically has a top conveyor to produce cooked snack pieces such as fabricated potato crisps with a desired shape. The top conveyor is disposed longitudinally within the fryer and is positioned above a fryer oil pan. Uncooked snack pieces are delivered by a bottom entrance conveyor into oil within the fryer oil pan for cooking. After delivering the uncooked snack pieces, the bottom entrance conveyor is configured to rotate away from the fryer oil pan after delivering the uncooked snack pieces. The snack pieces then rise up in the oil and dispose themselves against molding surfaces on the top conveyor. Note, however, that the fryer housing apparatus and optimization method of the present invention can also be used with other fryers, including prior art fryers.
In reference to a form fryer in a preferred embodiment, the present invention utilizes sparge steam in the main portion of the fryer and nitrogen gas introduced from precisely-placed points in or near a steam-shielded front end portion of the fryer housing. This combination of a steam shield and precisely placed nitrogen injection points can be manipulated in order to dramatically reduce the potential for steam/water deposit on the product as it enters the fryer. This method can also be designed to simultaneously reduce the amount of outside air entering the front of the fryer hood resulting in a significant reduction of oil oxidation/degradation. Thus, the invention provides a way to achieve simultaneous reduction in fried product defects and oil oxidation/degradation.
The above as well as additional features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following written detailed description.
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as well as a preferred mode of use, further objectives, and advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
As explained above in the Background section, sparge steam is often introduced into an enclosed area above a fryer to displace oxygen, which undesirably oxidizes or degrades cooking oil. As used herein, sparge steam and steam are interchangeable and can include any inert gas. As used herein, an inert gas is defined as any gas that does not react with the product or the frying medium. Use of an inert gas such as sparge steam is particularly useful where the frying product does not produce enough steam to displace the air in the fryer. In addition to using sparge steam, losses due to oxidation/degradation of the oil can also be reduced by modifying the fryer itself. For example, when manufacturing molded, fried products, a prior art double-mold form fryer (two molding surfaces—top and bottom—for each product piece) can be replaced with a single-mold form fryer (one molding surface for each product piece) such as the single-mold form fryer disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/347,993. Reducing the number of mold surfaces helps reduce the amount of entrained oxygen drawn into the fryer along the mold conveyor. Such a form fryer also uses less frying oil, which must be replaced with fresh oil over time. Note that while the apparatus and optimization method of the present invention are discussed herein with respect to a single-mold form fryer, the apparatus and optimization method of the present invention are also of benefit to other fryers including, but not limited to: prior art form fryers, traditional deep fryers, and surface-floating fryers.
However, one undesirable consequence of using sparge steam is that steam may condense onto the lower-temperature dough pieces entering the fryer. Exposure to steam in the product-entry zone is known to cause several product defects, such as wrinkles, and other shape and/or surface deformities. In addition to affecting product quality, these defects can affect the product bulk density and interfere with the product's ability to stack and to be packaged efficiently should that be desired.
The inventors have discovered that one solution to this problem is to place a steam shield at or near the entrance of the fryer. As used herein, a steam shield is a physical boundary which extends the width of the fryer housing and from a point close to the surface of the oil in the pan to a point above the entering product at the entry to the fryer. The purpose of this steam shield is to create a protected vestibule area at the front product entry portion of the fryer to enable the creation of a separate and different atmosphere from that on the outside of the vestibule. Any structure that achieves this purpose can be used, including a series of baffles. Such a steam shield helps prevent steam from contacting the entering dough pieces. While this reduces the occurrence of condensate-related defects, small amounts of steam can still enter the fryer through gaps in the steam shield, and the conveyor belt (or belts) and product pieces entering the fryer can also pull oxygen from the ambient air into the fryer. Because the steam shield keeps sparge or product steam away from the entrance of the fryer, there is a need for a different mechanism for displacing oxygen at the fryer entrance.
The inventors have discovered a solution to this displacement problem. In addition to a steam shield at or near the entrance of the fryer, the fryer front end can also comprise a vestibule enclosing, as much as possible, the entrance of the fryer up to the steam shield. An inert gas manifold having at least one nozzle or port can be positioned within this vestibule to fill and continuously replenish the vestibule with a non-condensing inert gas, thereby displacing both oxygen and steam. As used herein, a non-condensing inert gas is any gas that will not condense on product entering the frying medium nor will it react with the product or frying medium under process conditions. The non-condensing inert gas can comprise, but is not limited to, nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, and helium. In one embodiment, the manifold produces a relatively uniform flow of a non-condensing inert gas across a vestibule opening. In one embodiment, the uniform flow of non-condensing inert gas is produced by a plurality of nozzles. In an alternative embodiment, the uniform flow of non-condensing inert gas is produced by a continuous slit in the manifold. The above are provided as examples of ways to satisfy the objective of flushing the vestibule opening with a non-condensing inert gas to prevent a condensing inert gas such as steam from entering the vestibule. This solution allows operators of the fryer to break free from the balancing problem between oxygen displacement (using sparge steam) and product defects (due to condensation). An extended hood can also be placed in front of the fryer entrance to further protect the fryer entrance from the ambient air. Such an extended hood may or may not have an inert-gas manifold.
The inventors further discovered, however, that simply filling the vestibule (and extended hood, if present) with a non-condensing inert gas may not be enough. The precise place of introduction and direction of non-condensing inert gas flow substantially affects the system's ability to prevent oxygen from entering the fryer hood, as well as its ability to prevent sparge steam from passing through gaps in the steam shield and from being pumped in by the moving mold conveyor into the fryer front-end vestibule. In a preferred embodiment, the front end of the fryer housing has a steam shield that separates the front portions of the fryer housing from the rest of the enclosed fryer volume. The steam shield has an opening through which the mold conveyor can pass. While ideally the conveyor opening can be just large enough for the conveyor to pass, the opening can also be slightly larger than the conveyor for safety reasons. The steam shield within an industrial-sized fryer preferably comprises a vestibule opening having a gap of less than 1-inch, more preferably less than about ½ inch and most preferably about ¼-inch around the conveyor so that the conveyor will not contact the steam shield. In one embodiment, the steam shield is configured such that the gap between the mold conveyor and the steam shield is uniform. Several nozzles for introducing non-condensable inert gas can be positioned at, and angled in, various positions. Some can be positioned to deter steam from being pumped into the protected product entry environment, while others can be positioned to prevent outside air from entering the fryer along with the incoming product. This promotes a low steam and low oxygen front-end vestibule where dough pieces can enter the frying oil without carrying excess surface condensate or oxygen into the frying oil.
It should be noted that in alternative embodiments, the vestibule opening 1822 can use a non-gaseous, mechanical seal to aid in maintenance of a separate and different atmosphere within the vestibule 1860. For example, in embodiment, a brush can be placed along a portion of the entire width of the vestibule opening 1822.
Several variables, including cost, can be optimized by using computation fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling to determine an efficient way in which to produce a gaseous seal at the vestibule opening 1822 including, but not limited to, ways of reducing the amount and therefore the cost of non-condensing inert gas required to effect a desired seal and/or desired levels of oxygen and non-condensing gases in the vestibule 1860. For example, a higher pressure could simply be provided in the vestibule 1860 by pumping sufficient quantities of non-condensing inert gas into the vestibule at higher pressure to force flow from the vestibule 1860 through the opening 1822 and thereby prevent condensing gases from entering the vestibule 1860 from the opening 1822. Alternatively, the entire fryer hood could be filled with non-condensable inert gas. However, such options may be more expensive than desired and/or may introduce potential safety issues. Consequently, the design and optimization method described below can be used to determine the optimal location, number, and direction of non condensing inert gas manifolds in other embodiments.
In a preferred embodiment, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modeling is used to determine the optimal placement and positioning of the steam shield, baffles, and non-condensing inert-gas nozzles. From an efficiency standpoint, mere introduction of non-condensable inert gas into a separate front-end vestibule is not enough. Placement and positioning are also very important, as the inventors have found that improper placement can cause the front-end vestibule to fail in its purpose of creating a sufficiently low oxygen and sufficiently low condensable gas or steam environment. As used herein, a sufficiently low oxygen environment preferably has less than about 5% oxygen by weight, more preferably less than about 1% oxygen and most preferably less than about 0.5% oxygen. As used herein, a sufficiently low condensable gas environment comprises a gas that, under process conditions, is preferably more than about 1 degree Fahrenheit above its dewpoint, more preferably more than about 10 degrees Fahrenheit above its dewpoint and most preferably more than about 20 degrees Fahrenheit above its dewpoint. In some cases, improper placement of non condensable inert-gas nozzles can even worsen oil degradation.
The method for designing and optimizing the atmosphere control in a continuous fryer having a steam-shielded front-end vestibule of the present invention comprises the following general steps:
In practicing a preferred embodiment of the method, the inventors began with a continuous, single-mold form fryer, such as the one discussed above with respect to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/347,993, in accordance with step a). In step b), oxygen and steam concentrations are measured throughout the fryer front end. In step c), this information is used in combination with other environment properties—such as temperatures, volumes, physical boundaries, flow rates, pressures, and moving boundaries—to create a computation fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the front end environment. Then, in step d), dynamic simulations of the process system are conducted and compared to actual field test data to hone the system model. After repeated dynamic simulations, comparisons to actual test data, and adjustments to the model, the CFD model is able to predict the behavior (i.e. the resultant environment properties) of the fryer front end to an acceptable degree of accuracy. In step e), as a baseline for future comparison, the CFD model is used to measure/predict the effectiveness of the system in reducing oxygen concentration—particularly at the oil surface, as well as the effectiveness in reducing steam in the product entry area.
As can be seen in the figures, the nitrogen flow shown in
Although it was initially theorized that it would be most effective to direct nitrogen at a downward angle towards the product submerging point,
In performing method steps h) and i), the inventors conducted the following case studies:
Total N2 into
Shield Gap (inches)
In step j) of the method, which involves identifying trouble spots, the inventors noted that while the steam shield did significantly reduce the amount of steam present in the fryer front-end (reducing the general steam concentration from at least 80% to roughly 50%), there was still a significant amount of steam at the product submerging point—roughly 50%. Moreover, the lack of steam in the fryer front-end (the vestibule, in particular) allowed more oxygen to occupy the space, and the nitrogen flow was not enough to substantially displace the oxygen from the front-end. The oxygen levels were still as high as about 4% at the product submerging point. Oxygen from the ambient air appeared to follow along the surface of the oil and entering product, slipping under the blanket of nitrogen within the vestibule. The inventors also noted that significant amounts of steam leaked through the mold-conveyor opening of the steam shield.
After identifying the trouble spots as discussed above, the inventors, in accordance with step k) of the method, modified the fryer by changing the direction of the primary nitrogen manifold (previously the single nitrogen manifold), adding more nitrogen manifolds in various locations, and redistributing the nitrogen flow among the several nitrogen manifolds. The inventors repeated steps i) through k) until they were satisfied with the results. Afterwards, the primary nitrogen manifold was re-aimed at a downward angle toward the fryer entrance rather than at the product submerging point.
The modified vestibule of Case 1, shown in the left column of
The nitrogen (or other inert gas manifolds) manifolds preferably comprise a multi-ported manifold for introducing a curtain of nitrogen gas having a relatively uniform distribution. The multiple nitrogen flows from each single nozzle or port should ideally join together shortly after leaving each port in order to form such a curtain of inert gas. In one embodiment, each port has fan-shaped tips for spreading the nitrogen gas in several directions, thus creating an overall gaseous curtain. In one embodiment, this curtain of gas runs the width of the vestibule opening. The objective is to flush, with a flow stream, the vestibule opening to prevent non-condensable gases from entering the vestibule. Thus, other devices for introducing a curtain of inert gas of which those skilled in the art may be aware can also be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
In one embodiment, the inert gas is pre-heated prior to being introduced into the environment. The non-condensable inert gas is preferably preheated to a temperature of more than about 212° F., more preferably pre-heated to a temperature of more than 300° F., and most preferably heated to a temperature of more than about 350° F. Heating the inert gas reduces its density and thereby increases its volume in the open environment which will improve the effectiveness of a given amount of gas and allow for a reduction in inert gas usage to achieve a given performance. In addition, a heated non-condensable gas contributes to a lower dewpoint in the vestibule, further decreasing the rate of product defects. It is recognized that one skilled in the art could also extend this concept to include using superheated steam as an inert non-condensing gas if the steam were superheated sufficiently.
Note that this invention can be applied to other types of fryers and other food product dehydration systems where steam condensation is a problem. For example, in a conventional deep-frying device (batch or continuous) where the product to be fried is introduced at one end of the fryer and removed at the other end, the front-end feeding area immediately above the frying oil can be separated from the main body of the fryer with a steam shield so that steam evolved from frying does not travel upstream and condense on the cooler-temperature, entering products. If frying oil degradation is also of concern, the front end of the fryer, upstream from the steam shield, can be enclosed to form a vestibule, and inert gas manifolds, nozzles, and/or ports can be used to displace the oxygen within the vestibule. The vestibule effectiveness can be optimized by the CFD modeling method discussed above. Other methods of optimizing, however, can be used including but not limited to brute-force experimentation and pilot-plant modeling. In a brute-force method of optimization, for example, the pre-existing fryer is tested and then modified progressively with repeated tests throughout for comparisons of different combinations of variables, and a final arrangement is found by using the settings that produced the most favorable results. If mathematical modeling is used, several tests results are taken, and those data points are then interpolated to derive a mathematical relationship between input variables and output results. Those mathematical relationships can then be used to determine the theoretical optimal arrangement and/or flow rates.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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|U.S. Classification||426/438, 426/442|
|International Classification||A23L1/01, A47J37/12|
|Cooperative Classification||A47J37/1214, A21B5/08|
|European Classification||A47J37/12B, A21B5/08|